Pausanias Analysis

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Chapter 4.25

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4.25.1 1 historical high ἐπεὶ δὲ ἔσχον τὴν Ναύπακτον, οὐκ ἀπέχρη πόλιν τε αὐτοῖς καὶ χώραν εἰληφέναι παρὰ Ἀθηναίων, ἀλλὰ σφᾶς πόθος εἶχεν ἰσχυρὸς χερσὶ ταῖς αὑτῶν φανῆναι λόγου τι κεκτημένους ἄξιον. But after they had taken Naupactus, it was not sufficient for them merely to have gained a city and territory from the Athenians; rather, a powerful desire drove them to prove by their own strength that they possessed something worthy of reputation. Refers to the historical capture of Naupactus from the Athenians, a post-500 BC event.
4.25.1 2 historical high καὶ ἠπίσταντο γὰρ Οἰνιάδας Ἀκαρνάνων γῆν τε ἔχοντας ἀγαθὴν καὶ Ἀθηναίοις διαφόρους τὸν πάντα ὄντας χρόνον, στρατεύουσιν ἐπʼ αὐτούς. Knowing also that the Oeniadae held good land in Acarnania and were continually hostile to the Athenians, they undertook an expedition against them. An expedition against the Oeniadae and enmity with the Athenians are historical/political matters, not mythic or purely descriptive.
4.25.1 3 historical medium ὄντες δὲ ἀριθμῷ μὲν οὐ πλείους, ἀρετῇ δὲ καὶ πολὺ ἀμείνονες ὄντες τῇ σφετέρᾳ νικῶσι, καὶ ἐπολιόρκουν κατακεκλειμένους ἐς τὸ τεῖχος. Though not superior in numbers, they were far superior in valor and skill, and thus won a victory by their own prowess, subsequently laying siege to their enemies who had shut themselves within the walls. Describes a military victory and siege, which are historical actions rather than mythic or purely descriptive.
4.25.2 1 historical high τὸ δὲ ἐντεῦθεν, οὐ γάρ τι τῶν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις εὑρημένων ἐς πολιορκίαν οἱ Μεσσήνιοι παρίεσαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κλίμακας προστιθέντες ἐπειρῶντο ὑπερβαίνειν ἐς τὴν πόλιν καὶ ὑπώρυσσον κάτωθεν τὸ τεῖχος, μηχανήματά τε, ὁποῖα ἐνῆν διʼ ὀλίγου παρασκευάσασθαι, προσαγαγόντες ἀεί τι ἤρειπον· And from that time forward, the Messenians omitted no device invented by men for siege warfare; employing ladders, they attempted to scale the city's walls, undermined the fortifications from below, and, bringing up whatever siege machinery could be quickly prepared, continually pulled down parts of the defenses. Describes a siege tactic and military action in a historical conflict, not mythic material.
4.25.2 2 historical high δείσαντες δὲ οἱ ἔνδον μὴ ἁλούσης τῆς πόλεως αὐτοί τε ἀπόλωνται καὶ αἱ γυναῖκές σφισι καὶ οἱ παῖδες ἐξανδραποδισθῶσιν, εἵλοντο ἀπελθεῖν ὑπόσπονδοι. Those within, becoming fearful that if the city were captured they themselves would perish and their women and children would be enslaved, chose instead to depart under covenant. Describes a concrete wartime decision and fear of enslavement in a city capture, i.e. historical event.
4.25.3 1 historical high καὶ ἐνιαυτὸν μὲν μάλιστα οἱ Μεσσήνιοι κατέσχον τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἐνέμοντο τὴν χώραν· The Messenians held the city and occupied the territory for about one year. Describes a concrete post-Mythic political occupation of a city and territory.
4.25.3 2 historical high τῷ δὲ ἔτει τῷ ὑστέρῳ δύναμιν οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες ἀπὸ πασῶν συλλέξαντες τῶν πόλεων ἐβουλεύοντο ἐπὶ τὴν Ναύπακτον στρατεύειν. But in the following year, the Acarnanians collected a force from all their cities and debated whether to march against Naupactus. A dated military-political action involving the Acarnanians and Naupactus, not mythic or descriptive.
4.25.3 3 historical high καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἀπέδοξεν αὐτοῖς τήν τε πορείαν ὁρῶσιν, ὅτι ἔσεσθαι διʼ Αἰτωλῶν ἔμελλε πολεμίων ἀεί ποτε ὄντων, καὶ ἅμα τοὺς Ναυπακτίους κεκτῆσθαί τι ναυτικὸν ὑπώπτευον, ὥσπερ γε καὶ εἶχον, ἐπικρατούντων δὲ ἐκείνων τῆς θαλάσσης οὐδὲν εἶναι κατεργάσασθαι μέγα οὐδὲ στρατῷ πεζῷ· They abandoned the plan when they realized that their route would pass through Aetolian lands, for the Aetolians were at all times hostile to them, and they also suspected that the people of Naupactus possessed a certain naval force, as indeed was the case, and concluded that as long as the Naupactians ruled the sea, no significant achievement could be won with a land army. Describes a military decision and naval power in a post-mythic conflict context, not a mythic or purely geographical notice.
4.25.4 1 historical high μετεβουλεύετό τε δή σφισι καὶ αὐτίκα ἐπὶ Μεσσηνίους τρέπονται τοὺς ἐν Οἰνιάδαις. So after reconsideration, the Acarnanians immediately turned themselves against the Messenians in Oeniadae. Describes a specific military action involving the Acarnanians and Messenians, which belongs to historical narrative rather than myth or geography.
4.25.4 2 historical low καὶ οἱ μὲν ὡς πολιορκήσοντες παρεσκευάζοντο· They prepared as if about to besiege them. Describes a military preparation/attempted siege, which is historical action rather than mythic or purely geographical.
4.25.4 3 historical high οὐ γάρ ποτε ὑπελάμβανον ἄνδρας οὕτως ὀλίγους ἐς τοσοῦτον ἀπονοίας ἥξειν ὡς μαχέσασθαι πρὸς τὴν Ἀκαρνάνων ἁπάντων στρατιάν. For they never supposed that men so few in number would reach such madness as to fight openly against the whole force of the Acarnanians. Refers to a conflict with the Acarnanians, a historical military event.
4.25.4 4 historical high οἱ δὲ Μεσσήνιοι προητοιμασμένοι μὲν καὶ σῖτον καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἦσαν ὁπόσα εἰκὸς ἦν, πολιορκίας πειράσεσθαι μακροτέρας ἐλπίζοντες· The Messenians, however, had previously stocked up food and all other things which might reasonably be needed, expecting they would face a prolonged siege. Describes preparations for a siege in the Messenian Wars, a historical event.
4.25.5 1 historical high παρίστατο δέ σφισι πρὸ τῆς μελλούσης πολιορκίας ἀγῶνα ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ ποιήσασθαι, μηδὲ ὄντας Μεσσηνίους, οἳ μηδὲ Λακεδαιμονίων ἀνδρίᾳ, τύχῃ δὲ ἠλαττώθησαν, καταπεπλῆχθαι τὸν ἥκοντα ὄχλον ἐξ Ἀκαρνανίας· Before the impending siege, they determined openly to engage in battle, lest the Acarnanian host that had come should lose heart, thinking that the Messenians, though defeated by the Spartans through adverse fortune rather than through inferiority in valor, were incapable fighters. Describes a pre-siege military decision and host morale in a historical conflict, not myth.
4.25.5 2 historical high τό τε Ἀθηναίων ἐν Μαραθῶνι ἔργον ἀνεμιμνήσκοντο, ὡς μυριάδες τριάκοντα ἐφθάρησαν τῶν Μήδων ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν οὐδὲ ἐς μυρίους ἀριθμόν. They recalled too the deed of the Athenians at Marathon, in which thirty thousand of the Medes were destroyed by men numbering fewer than ten thousand. Refers to the Battle of Marathon, a post-500 BC historical event.
4.25.6 1 historical medium καθίσταντό τε δὴ τοῖς Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἐς ἀγῶνα καὶ ὁ τρόπος λέγεται τῆς μάχης γενέσθαι τοιόσδε. And indeed the Acarnanians drew up for battle against them; and the manner of the fight is said to have been as follows. Describes the Acarnanians drawing up for battle, an event in a historical military narrative rather than myth or geography.
4.25.6 2 historical medium οἳ μέν, ἅτε πλήθει προέχοντες πολύ, οὐ χαλεπῶς περιέβαλον τοὺς Μεσσηνίους, πλὴν ὅσον αἱ πύλαι τε ἀπεῖργον κατὰ νώτου τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις γινόμεναι καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχους τοῖς σφετέροις προθύμως ἀμύνοντες· Since the Acarnanians were greatly superior in number, they easily surrounded the Messenians, except where the gates behind the Messenians blocked their rear, and where those from the wall zealously defended their countrymen. Describes a military action involving the Acarnanians and Messenians, which is historical rather than mythic.
4.25.6 3 other high ταύτῃ μὲν δὴ μὴ περισχεθῆναι σφᾶς ἐκώλυε, On that side alone they were prevented from being completely encircled. Purely tactical/geographical description of an encirclement, with no mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
4.25.6 4 historical high τὰ δὲ πλευρὰ ἀμφότερα ἐκυκλώσαντο αὐτῶν οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες καὶ ἐσηκόντιζον πανταχόθεν. Yet on both flanks the Acarnanians closed around them, pelting them with missiles from every direction. A battle action involving the Acarnanians, a historical military event rather than myth or geography.
4.25.7 1 historical high οἱ δὲ Μεσσήνιοι συνεστραμμένοι μετʼ ἀλλήλων, ὁπότε ἀθρόοι τοῖς Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἐμπέσοιεν, ἐτάρασσον μὲν τοὺς κατὰ ταὐτὸ ἑστηκότας καὶ ἐφόνευόν τε αὐτῶν καὶ ἐτίτρωσκον πολλούς, But the Messenians, gathered close together, whenever they fell upon the Acarnanians in a massed charge, threw into confusion those standing opposite them, slaying and wounding many. Describes Messenians and Acarnanians in combat, a post-archaic historical military event.
4.25.7 2 historical high τελέαν δὲ οὐκ ἐδύναντο ἐργάσασθαι φυγήν· ὅπου γὰρ τῆς τάξεως αἴσθοιντό τι οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες τῆς αὑτῶν ὑπὸ τῶν Μεσσηνίων διασπώμενον, κατὰ τοῦτο ἀμύνοντες τοῖς βιαζομένοις αὑτῶν ἀνεῖργον τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἐπικρατοῦντες τῷ πλήθει. Yet they could not bring about a complete rout; for whenever the Acarnanians perceived that their formation at some point had been broken by the Messenians, they immediately rallied and, coming to the aid of those under attack, checked the Messenians, prevailing by their superior numbers. Describes a battle action in a historical military context, not mythic or purely geographical.
4.25.8 1 historical high οἱ δὲ ὁπότε ἀνακοπεῖεν, κατʼ ἄλλο αὖθις πειρώμενοι διακόψαι τὴν Ἀκαρνάνων φάλαγγα τὸ αὐτὸ ἂν ἔπασχον· Whenever the Messenians pressed forward and were held back, then made fresh attempts elsewhere to break through the Acarnanian line, they suffered the same outcome again and again. Describes a battle maneuver involving Messenians and Acarnanians, an event of historical warfare rather than myth.
4.25.8 2 historical high ὅτῳ μὲν προσβάλλοιεν, διέσειόν τε καὶ τροπὴν ἐπὶ βραχὺ ἐποίουν, ἐπιρρεόντων δὲ αὖθις κατὰ τοῦτο σπουδῇ τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων ἀπετρέποντο ἄκοντες. At whichever point they moved to attack, they shook their adversaries and momentarily forced them into retreat; yet whenever the Acarnanians swiftly reinforced the threatened spot, the Messenians were unwillingly repulsed. Describes a battle maneuver involving the Acarnanians and Messenians, an identifiable historical military event.
4.25.8 3 historical high γενομένου δὲ ἰσορρόπου τοῦ ἀγῶνος ἄχρι ἑσπέρας καὶ Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ὑπὸ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν νύκτα ἐπελθούσης δυνάμεως ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων, οὕτω τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις περιειστήκει πολιορκία. When the struggle remained indecisive until evening, and during the following night the Acarnanians received reinforcements from their cities, the Messenians found themselves surrounded and under siege. Describes a military engagement and siege, which are historical events rather than mythic or purely descriptive.
4.25.9 1 historical high καὶ ἁλῶναι μὲν κατὰ κράτος τὸ τεῖχος ἢ ὑπερβάντων τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων ἢ καὶ ἀπολιπεῖν βιασθεῖσιν αὐτοῖς τὴν φρουρὰν δέος ἦν οὐδέν· There was no fear among them that their wall might be stormed either by force or by the Acarnanians scaling it, nor were they afraid that they would be compelled to abandon their garrison post. Describes a military situation involving a wall, garrison, and Acarnanians; this is historical conflict material.
4.25.9 2 other high τὰ δὲ ἐπιτήδειά σφισι πάντα ὁμοίως ὀγδόῳ μηνὶ ἐξανήλωτο. Nevertheless, by the eighth month their provisions had all alike been exhausted. Describes the depletion of provisions over time; this is narrative/descriptive, not mythic or historical event.
4.25.9 3 historical high ἐς μὲν δὴ τοὺς Ἀκαρνᾶνας ἐχρῶντο ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχους χλευασίᾳ, μὴ σφᾶς τὰ σιτία προδοῦναί ποτε ἂν μηδὲ ἐς ἔτος δέκατον πολιορκουμένους· Still, from the rampart they mocked the Acarnanians, declaring scornfully that they would never be betrayed by lack of provisions, even though they were besieged for ten years. A siege of ten years and mocking during a military conflict are historical-period events, not mythic or merely descriptive.
4.25.10 1 other high αὐτοὶ δὲ περὶ ὕπνον πρῶτον ἐξελθόντες ἐκ τῶν Οἰνιαδῶν They themselves had first marched out from Oiniadai at about the hour of sleep. Purely route/time description of departure from Oiniadai, with no mythic or historical event.
4.25.10 2 historical medium καὶ γενομένης τοῦ δρασμοῦ σφῶν τοῖς Ἀκαρνᾶσιν αἰσθήσεως καὶ ἐς μάχην ἀναγκασθέντες ἀφικέσθαι But the Acarnanians realized that they were fleeing, and thus compelled the enemy to come to battle. Describes a battle action involving the Acarnanians, a historical military event rather than myth or mere description.
4.25.10 3 historical high περὶ τριακοσίους μὲν ἀποβάλλουσι καὶ πλείονας ἔτι αὐτοὶ τῶν ἐναντίων κατεργάζονται Then the Oiniadai lost about three hundred of their men; even more of the enemy, however, they themselves slew. Reports casualties in a battle involving identifiable historical actors, not mythic material.
4.25.10 4 historical high τὸ δὲ πολὺ αὐτῶν διεκπίπτουσι διὰ τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων καὶ ἐπιλαμβανόμενοι τῆς Αἰτωλῶν ἐχόντων σφίσιν ἐπιτηδείως ἐς τὴν Ναύπακτον ἀνασώζονται The majority of their force broke away through the Acarnanians, and being joined by the Aetolians—who were favorably disposed toward them—they reached Naupactus safely. Describes a military movement and escape involving Acarnanians, Aetolians, and Naupactus, a post-mythic historical event.