Pausanias Analysis

Current sentence-level mythic, historical, and other tags

Chapter 8.4

PassageSentenceBucketConfidenceGreekEnglishRationale
8.4.1 1 mythic high μετὰ δὲ Νύκτιμον ἀποθανόντα Ἀρκὰς ἐξεδέξατο ὁ Καλλιστοῦς τὴν ἀρχήν· After the death of Nyctimus, Arcas, the son of Callisto, assumed the rule. Arcas and Callisto belong to mythic genealogy and succession narrative.
8.4.1 2 mythic high καὶ τόν τε ἥμερον καρπὸν ἐσηγάγετο οὗτος παρὰ Τριπτολέμου καὶ τὴν ποίησιν ἐδίδαξε τοῦ ἄρτου καὶ ἐσθῆτα ὑφαίνεσθαι καὶ ἄλλα, τὰ ἐς ταλασίαν μαθὼν παρὰ Δρίστα. It was he who introduced cultivated crops from Triptolemus, taught people the making of bread, and instructed them in weaving garments and other skills related to spinning wool, having learned these arts from Dristas. Triptolemus is a mythic figure and the sentence attributes cultural inventions to him.
8.4.1 3 mythic medium ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ βασιλεύσαντος Ἀρκαδία τε ἀντὶ Πελασγίας ἡ χώρα καὶ ἀντὶ Πελασγῶν Ἀρκάδες ἐκλήθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι. From his reign onward, the land, formerly known as Pelasgia, was named Arcadia, and its inhabitants, previously called Pelasgians, were called Arcadians. Names the renaming of Arcadia and its people from Pelasgia/Pelasgians, tied to an early eponymous reign and mythic ethnogenesis.
8.4.2 1 mythic high συνοικῆσαι δὲ οὐ θνητῇ γυναικὶ αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ νύμφῃ Δρυάδι ἔλεγον· They said that he married not a mortal woman, but a Dryad nymph. Marriage to a Dryad nymph is a mythic motif, not historical or merely descriptive.
8.4.2 2 other high Δρυάδας γὰρ δὴ καὶ Ἐπιμηλιάδας, τὰς δὲ αὐτῶν ἐκάλουν Ναΐδας, καὶ Ὁμήρῳ γε ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσι Ναΐδων νυμφῶν μάλιστά ἐστι μνήμη. For indeed there are Dryads and Epimeliads, and of these some were called Naiads; it is notably the Naiad nymphs whom Homer expressly mentions in his verses. Antiquarian/mythological classification of nymph types and Homeric mention; no specific mythic event or historical event.
8.4.2 3 mythic high τὴν δὲ νύμφην ταύτην καλοῦσιν Ἐρατώ, καὶ ἐκ ταύτης φασὶν Ἀρκάδι Ἀζᾶνα καὶ Ἀφείδαντα γενέσθαι καὶ Ἔλατον· This particular nymph they call Erato, and from her, they say, Arkas had three sons—Azan, Apheidas, and Elatus. Names a nymph and traces descent from Arkas, a mythic genealogy.
8.4.3 1 historical medium ἐγεγόνει δὲ αὐτῷ πρότερον ἔτι Αὐτόλαος νόθος. Autolaus, an illegitimate son, had been born to him earlier still. A genealogical note about Autolaus being an illegitimate son; this is non-mythic familial history rather than geography or myth.
8.4.3 2 mythic high τοῖς δὲ παισίν, ὡς ηὐξήθησαν, διένειμεν Ἀρκὰς τριχῇ τὴν χώραν. When the genuine sons came of age, Arcas divided the land among them into three parts. Arcas is a mythic figure dividing the land among his sons.
8.4.3 3 mythic high καὶ ἀπὸ μὲν Ἀζᾶνος ἡ Ἀζανία μοῖρα ὠνομάσθη. The portion given to Azan was called Azania after him. Eponymous naming from the mythic figure Azan.
8.4.3 4 historical medium παρὰ τούτων δὲ ἀποικισθῆναι λέγουσιν, ὅσοι περὶ τὸ ἄντρον ἐν Φρυγίᾳ τὸ καλούμενον Στεῦνος καὶ Πέγκαλαν ποταμὸν οἰκοῦσιν. They say it was from these people that colonists went forth to settle the region in Phrygia around the cave called Steunos and the river Pencalas. Describes a colonization tradition and settlement in Phrygia, a post-mythic historical/antiquarian event affecting a place-name and landscape.
8.4.3 5 mythic medium Ἀφείδας δὲ Τεγέαν καὶ τὴν προσεχῆ ταύτης ἔλαχεν. Apheidas obtained Tegea and the territory adjoining it. Apheidas is a heroic/legendary figure; this assigns Tegea in a mythic context rather than describing a later historical event.
8.4.3 6 mythic medium ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὲ καὶ ποιηταὶ καλοῦσιν Ἀφειδάντειον κλῆρον τὴν Τεγέαν. And because of him, the poets call the land of Tegea the "Apheidantian allotment." Refers to a mythic figure/event as the reason poets use a traditional place-name.
8.4.4 1 mythic high Ἔλατος δὲ ἔσχε τὸ ὄρος τὴν Κυλλήνην, ἔτι τότε οὖσαν ἀνώνυμον· Elatus held the mountain of Cyllene, which at that time was still unnamed. Names a mythic figure, Elatus, taking possession of a mountain and explains the origin of the mountain's name.
8.4.4 2 mythic high χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον μετῴκησεν ὁ Ἔλατος ἐς τὴν νῦν καλουμένην Φωκίδα, καὶ τοῖς τε Φωκεῦσιν ἤμυνεν ὑπὸ Φλεγυῶν πολέμῳ πιεζομένοις καὶ Ἐλατείας πόλεως ἐγένετο οἰκιστής. Later, Elatus migrated to the region now called Phocis, aided the Phokians when they were oppressed in war by the Phlegyans, and became the founder of the city Elateia. Elatus is a legendary figure, and the sentence explains the mythic foundation of Elateia and the Phokians' conflict with the Phlegyans.
8.4.4 3 mythic high παῖδα δὲ Ἀζᾶνι μὲν Κλείτορα, Ἀφείδαντι δὲ Ἄλεον, Ἐλάτῳ δέ φασιν εἶναι πέντε, Αἴπυτον Περέα Κυλλῆνα Ἴσχυν Στύμφηλον. It is said that Azan had a son named Cleitor, Apheidas a son Aleus, and Elatus five sons: Aepytus, Pereus, Cyllen, Ischys, and Stymphalus. Genealogical descent from Arcadian figures is mythic material.
8.4.5 1 mythic high ἐπὶ δὲ Ἀζᾶνι τῷ Ἀρκάδος τελευτήσαντι ἆθλα ἐτέθη πρῶτον· After Azan, the son of Arcas, had died, funeral games were first established honoring him. Aznus is a mythic figure, and the founding of funeral games for him is a mythic event affecting local tradition.
8.4.5 2 historical low εἰ μὲν καὶ ἄλλα, οὐκ οἶδα, ἱπποδρομίας δὲ ἐτέθη. Whether there were other contests, I do not know, but certainly a horse-race was instituted. Describes the institution of a contest, a post-mythic civic/historical matter.
8.4.5 3 mythic high Κλείτωρ μὲν δὴ ὁ Ἀζᾶνος ἐν Λυκοσώρᾳ τε ᾤκει καὶ ἦν τῶν βασιλέων δυνατώτατος καὶ Κλείτορα ᾤκισεν ἀφʼ αὑτοῦ πόλιν, This Azanian, Cleitor, lived in Lykosoura, was the most powerful among the kings, and founded the city of Cleitor, naming it after himself. Founding a city by an ancestral/epic figure like Cleitor is mythic city-foundation material.
8.4.5 4 other high Ἄλεος δὲ εἶχε τὴν πατρῴαν λῆξιν· Aleus, meanwhile, inherited and held his ancestral territory. A genealogical/territorial notice about ancestral landholding, with no mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
8.4.6 1 mythic high ἀπὸ δὲ Ἐλάτου τῶν παίδων Κυλλήνην τὸ ὄρος καλοῦσιν ἀπὸ Κυλλῆνος, καὶ ἀπὸ Στυμφήλου πηγή τε ὀνομάζεται καὶ πόλις Στύμφηλος ἐπὶ τῇ πηγῇ. From Elatus' children they call the mountain Cyllene, after Cyllen, and from Stymphalus a spring is named, as well as the city Stymphalus by the spring. The place-names are explained from Elatus' children Cyllen and Stymphalus, i.e. mythic eponymous origins.
8.4.6 2 mythic high τὰ δὲ ἐς τὸν θάνατον Ἴσχυος τοῦ Ἐλάτου πρότερον ἔτι ἐν τῇ συγγραφῇ τῇ Ἀργολίδι ἐδήλωσα. Regarding the death of Ischys, son of Elatus, I have previously related this in my writings on Argolis. Refers to the death of Ischys, a mythic figure, and cross-references a prior mythic narrative.
8.4.6 3 mythic high παῖδα δὲ Περεῖ ἄρρενα μέν φασιν οὐδένα, Νέαιραν δὲ γενέσθαι θυγατέρα· ταύτην γυναῖκα ἔσχεν Αὐτόλυκος, οἰκῶν μὲν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τῷ Παρνασσῷ, λεγόμενος δὲ Ἑρμοῦ παῖς εἶναι, Δαιδαλίωνος δὲ ὢν τῷ ἀληθεῖ λόγῳ. As for Pereus, they say he had no male child, but a daughter, Neaera; this woman became the wife of Autolykos, who lived on Mount Parnassus, and was reputed to be the son of Hermes, though in truth he was the son of Daedalion. Autolykos’ reputed divine parentage and the named mythic genealogy place this in mythic material.
8.4.7 1 mythic high Κλείτορι δὲ τῷ Ἀζᾶνος οὐ γενομένων παίδων, ἐς Αἴπυτον Ἐλάτου περιεχώρησεν ἡ Ἀρκάδων βασιλεία· Since Clitor, son of Azan, had no children, the royal power of the Arcadians passed to Aepytus, the son of Elatus. Dynastic succession among Arcadian kings belongs to mythical genealogy and legendary history.
8.4.7 2 mythic high τὸν δὲ Αἴπυτον ἐξελθόντα ἐς ἄγραν θηρίων μὲν τῶν ἀλκιμωτέρων οὐδέν, σὴψ δὲ οὐ προϊδόμενον ἀποκτίννυσι. Aepytus, while hunting, was killed not by any of the fiercer beasts, but by a snake which he failed to discover beforehand. Aepytus’ death by a snake is a mythic narrative event.
8.4.7 3 other high τὸν δὲ ὄφιν τοῦτον καὶ αὐτός ποτε εἶδον· I myself have seen this serpent. First-person sighting of a serpent is descriptive/antiquarian, not itself a mythic or historical event.
8.4.7 4 other high κατὰ ἔχιν ἐστὶ τὸν μικρότατον, τέφρᾳ ἐμφερής, στίγμασιν οὐ συνεχέσι πεποικιλμένος· It resembles in size the smallest viper; it is ash-colored and speckled with distinct, scattered spots. Purely descriptive zoological appearance; no mythic or historical event.
8.4.7 5 other high κεφαλὴ δέ ἐστιν αὐτῷ πλατεῖα καὶ τράχηλος στενός, γαστέρα δὲ ἔχει μείζονα καὶ οὐρὰν βραχεῖαν· Its head is broad, the neck slender, the belly large, and its tail short. Purely descriptive physical features of an animal; no mythic or historical event.
8.4.7 6 other high βαδίζει δὲ οὗτός τε καὶ ὄφις ἕτερος ὁ κεράστης καλούμενος ἐνδιδόντες ἐς τὰ πλάγια, ὥσπερ οἱ καρκίνοι. This serpent, as well as another snake called the horned serpent, moves sideways, just as crabs do. Purely descriptive zoological comparison of serpent movement; no mythic or historical event.
8.4.8 1 mythic high μετὰ δὲ Αἴπυτον ἔσχεν Ἄλεος τὴν ἀρχήν· After Aepytus, Aleus gained the kingship. Genealogical succession of kings in Arcadian mythic tradition
8.4.8 2 mythic high Ἀγαμήδης μὲν γὰρ καὶ Γόρτυς οἱ Στυμφήλου τέταρτον γένος ἦσαν ἀπὸ Ἀρκάδος, Ἄλεος δὲ τρίτον ὁ Ἀφείδαντος. Agamedes and Gortys, sons of Stymphalus, were the fourth generation from Arcas, while Aleus, son of Apheidas, was the third. Genealogical descent from Arcas is mythic family tradition, not historical or merely descriptive.
8.4.8 3 mythic high Ἄλεος δὲ τῇ τε Ἀθηνᾷ τῇ Ἀλέᾳ τὸ ἱερὸν ᾠκοδόμησεν ἐν Τεγέᾳ τὸ ἀρχαῖον καὶ αὐτῷ κατεσκεύαστο αὐτόθι ἡ βασιλεία· Aleus built the ancient sanctuary to Athena Alea in Tegea, and made there his royal residence. Attributes the founding of a sanctuary and royal residence to Aleus, a mythic/heroic figure and landscape-origin story.
8.4.8 4 mythic high Γόρτυς δὲ ὁ Στυμφήλου πόλιν Γόρτυνα ᾤκισεν ἐπὶ ποταμῷ· καλεῖται δὲ Γορτύνιος καὶ ὁ ποταμός. Gortys, son of Stymphalus, founded the city Gortys by a river, from which the river itself is called Gortynius. An eponymous foundation by Gortys, son of Stymphalus, is a mythic/legendary founding account.
8.4.8 5 mythic high Ἀλέῳ δὲ ἄρσενες μὲν παῖδες Λυκοῦργός τε καὶ Ἀμφιδάμας καὶ Κηφεύς, θυγάτηρ δὲ ἐγένετο Αὔγη. Aleus had sons Lycurgus, Amphidamas, and Cepheus, and a daughter, Auge. Genealogical statement naming Aleus's children, including mythic figures.
8.4.9 1 mythic high ταύτῃ τῇ Αὔγῃ τῷ Ἑκαταίου λόγῳ συνεγίνετο Ἡρακλῆς, ὁπότε ἀφίκοιτο ἐς Τεγέαν· According to the account of Hecataeus, it was this Auge with whom Heracles consorted whenever he came to Tegea. Heracles and Auge are mythic figures, and the sentence concerns their mythic association in Tegea.
8.4.9 2 mythic high τέλος δὲ καὶ ἐφωράθη τετοκυῖα ἐκ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους, καὶ αὐτὴν ὁ Ἄλεος ἐσθέμενος ὁμοῦ τῷ παιδὶ ἐς λάρνακα ἀφίησεν ἐς θάλασσαν, Eventually, however, she was discovered to have given birth by Heracles, and Aleus, perceiving this, cast her together with the child into a chest and let it drift out to sea. Heracles’ paternity and the casting into the sea are mythic narrative events.
8.4.9 3 mythic high καὶ ἡ μὲν ἀφίκετο ἐς Τεύθραντα δυνάστην ἄνδρα ἐν Καΐκου πεδίῳ καὶ συνῴκησεν ἐρασθέντι τῷ Τεύθραντι· She arrived at the court of Teuthras, a ruler in the plain of the river Caicus, who fell in love with her and married her. Teuthras and the heroine's arrival and marriage belong to the mythic narrative and its legendary geography.
8.4.9 4 mythic high καὶ νῦν ἔστι μὲν Αὔγης μνῆμα ἐν Περγάμῳ τῇ ὑπὲρ τοῦ Καΐκου, γῆς χῶμα λίθου περιεχόμενον κρηπῖδι, ἔστι δὲ ἐν τῷ μνήματι ἐπίθημα χαλκοῦ πεποιημένον, γυνὴ γυμνή. Even now there is a tomb of Auge in Pergamus above the Caicus, a mound of earth surrounded by a stone base, and on her tomb there is a bronze image of a naked woman. Auge is a mythic figure, and the sentence describes her tomb and monument.
8.4.10 1 mythic high μετὰ δὲ Ἄλιον τελευτήσαντα Λυκοῦργος ὁ Ἀλέου τὴν βασιλείαν πρεσβεῖα ἔσχε· After the death of Aleus, Lycurgus, the son of Aleus, succeeded to the throne by right of seniority. Dynastic succession of Lycurgus from Aleus belongs to heroic-era mythic genealogy, not post-500 BC history.
8.4.10 2 mythic high παρέσχετο δὲ ἐς μνήμην Ἀρηίθοον ἄνδρα πολεμικὸν δόλῳ καὶ οὐ σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ κτείνας. But he was remembered for having killed Areithous, a warrior, through treachery and injustice rather than in fair combat. References the killing of the warrior Areithous, a mythic heroic episode.
8.4.10 3 mythic high γενομένων δὲ αὐτῷ παίδων Ἀγκαίου τε καὶ Ἐπόχου, τὸν μὲν νοσήσαντα ἐπιλαμβάνει τὸ χρεών, Ἀγκαῖος δὲ Ἰάσονί τε τοῦ πλοῦ μετέσχεν ἐς Κόλχους καὶ ὕστερον ὁμοῦ Μελεάγρῳ τὸ ἐν Καλυδῶνι κατεργαζόμενος θηρίον ἀπέθανεν ὑπὸ τοῦ ὑός. Lycurgus had two sons, Ancaeus and Epochus; Epochus was overtaken by sickness and fate, while Ancaeus participated in Jason's expedition to Colchis and afterward, while hunting with Meleager, was slain in Calydon by the boar. Mentions Jason’s voyage to Colchis, Meleager, and the Calydonian boar, all mythic material.
8.4.10 4 mythic high Λυκοῦργος μὲν δὴ πορρωτάτω γήρως ἀφίκετο ἐπιδὼν τοὺς παῖδας ἀμφοτέρους τελευτήσαντας· Lycurgus lived to an extremely old age, having witnessed the deaths of both his sons. Lycurgus is a legendary figure, and this sentence concerns his personal life within mythic tradition.