Pausanias Analysis

Current sentence-level mythic, historical, and other tags

Chapter 9.13

PassageSentenceBucketConfidenceGreekEnglishRationale
9.13.1 1 historical high τῷ δʼ Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ τὰ μὲν τῶν προγόνων ὑπῆρχεν ἐς γένους δόξαν, ὁ δέ οἱ πατὴρ χρημάτων ἕνεκα μέσου ἀνδρὸς ἀπέδει Θηβαίου· Epaminondas inherited from his ancestors renown of lineage, though his father's limited financial means placed him within the middle rank of Theban society. Epaminondas is a historical figure, and the sentence concerns his family status in Thebes rather than myth or geography.
9.13.1 2 other high διδάγματα δὲ αὐτοῖς τά τε ἐπιχώρια ἔμαθεν ἐς τὸ ἀκριβέστατον καὶ ὡς ἤδη μειράκιον ἦν ἐφοίτησεν ὡς Λῦσιν, ἄνδρα γένος μὲν Ταραντῖνον, ἐπιστάμενον δὲ τοὺς Πυθαγόρου τοῦ Σαμίου λόγους. His education included meticulous mastery of the customary native subjects, and when he was already a youth he studied under Lysis, a man who was by birth from Tarentum and knowledgeable in the doctrines of Pythagoras of Samos. Educational and biographical detail about philosophical study, not mythic or historical event.
9.13.1 3 historical high λέγεται δὲ ὁ Ἐπαμινώνδας, ἡνίκα ἐπολέμουν Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μαντινεῦσι, πεμφθῆναι σὺν ἄλλοις ἀνδράσιν ἐκ Θηβῶν Λακεδαιμονίοις ἐπαμύνειν· It is said that when the Lacedaemonians were at war with the Mantineans, Epaminondas was sent along with other men from Thebes to assist the Lacedaemonians. Refers to Epaminondas and a war involving Mantineans and Lacedaemonians, a post-500 BC historical event.
9.13.1 4 historical high ἔχοντα δὲ τραύματα ἐν τῇ μάχῃ Πελοπίδαν ἐξέσωσεν ἐς ἅπαν ἀφικόμενος κινδύνου. During the battle, he himself sustained wounds, yet saved Pelopidas, who had been injured, rescuing him at the utmost risk to his own life. Refers to Pelopidas in a battle, an identifiable historical figure and event.
9.13.2 1 historical high χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον κατὰ πρεσβείαν ἐς Σπάρτην ἥκοντα Ἐπαμινώνδαν, ὅτε Λακεδαιμόνιοι συντίθεσθαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἔφασαν εἰρήνην τὴν ἐπὶ Ἀνταλκίδου καλουμένην. Some time afterward, Epaminondas arrived in Sparta on an embassy, when the Lacedaemonians said that they were ready to make peace with the Greeks on terms known as the peace of Antalcidas. Refers to Epaminondas and the peace of Antalcidas, a post-500 BC historical diplomatic event.
9.13.2 2 historical high τηνικαῦτα Ἐπαμινώνδαν ἤρετο Ἀγησίλαος, εἰ κατὰ πόλιν ὀμνύναι Βοιωτοὺς ἐάσουσιν ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰρήνης· At this time Agesilaus asked Epaminondas whether the Thebans would allow the oath concerning the peace to be sworn on a city-by-city basis. Refers to Agesilaus, Epaminondas, and the Theban peace negotiations, a post-500 BC historical event.
9.13.2 3 historical high οὐ πρότερόν γε ἔφασεν ὦ Σπαρτιᾶται, πρὶν ἢ καὶ τοὺς περιοίκους ὀμνύοντας κατὰ πόλιν ἴδωμεν τοὺς ὑμετέρους. Epaminondas replied, "We will certainly not consent to that, Spartans, until we see your own perioikoi likewise swearing their oaths city by city." Refers to Epaminondas and Spartans in a historical context, well after 500 BC.
9.13.3 1 historical high ὡς δὲ ὁ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Θηβαίων ἐξῆρτο ἤδη πόλεμος καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι δυνάμει καὶ αὑτῶν καὶ τῶν συμμάχων ἐπὶ τοὺς Θηβαίους ᾔεσαν, When war now had broken out between the Lacedaemonians and Thebans, the Lacedaemonians advanced against the Thebans with the full force of themselves and their allies. Refers to the outbreak of war between Sparta and Thebes, a post-500 BC historical event.
9.13.3 2 historical high Ἐπαμινώνδας μὲν ἔχων τοῦ στρατοῦ μοῖραν ἀντεκάθητο ὑπὲρ τῆς Κηφισίδος λίμνης ὡς ποιησομένων ταύτῃ Πελοποννησίων τὴν ἐσβολήν, Epaminondas, having a part of the army, took up a position by Lake Cephisis, in the expectation that the Peloponnesians would invade through that region. Refers to Epaminondas and a military deployment, a historical event after 500 BC.
9.13.3 3 historical high Κλεόμβροτος δὲ ὁ Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ Ἀμβρόσσου τρέπεται τῆς Φωκέων· Cleombrotus, the Lacedaemonian king, however, turned towards Ambrossos, a city belonging to the Phokians. Refers to Cleombrotus, a historical Spartan king, and his movement in a military campaign.
9.13.3 4 historical high ἀποκτείνας δὲ Χαιρέαν, ὃς φυλάσσειν διετέτακτο τὰς παρόδους, καὶ ἄλλους τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ Θηβαίους, ὑπερέβη καὶ ἐς Λεῦκτρα ἀφικνεῖται τὰ Βοιώτια. After killing Chaereas, who had been assigned to guard the passes, along with the other Thebans who were with him, he passed through and arrived in Leuctra, in the territory of Boeotia. Describes a military action and movement at Leuctra, a historical site-event rather than myth or simple geography.
9.13.4 1 mythic high ἐνταῦθα καὶ αὐτῷ Κλεομβρότῳ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων τῷ κοινῷ σημεῖα ἐγένετο ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ. At this place, signs from the god appeared both to Cleombrotus himself and to the Spartan people in common. Divine signs from the god belong to the mythic sphere and reflect a mythic intervention in events/landscape.
9.13.4 2 other high τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν αὐτῶν ἐς τὰς ἐξόδους πρόβατα εἵπετο θεοῖς τε εἶναι θυσίας καὶ πρὸ τῶν ἀγώνων καλλιερεῖν· ταῖς δὲ ποίμναις ἡγεμόνες τῆς πορείας ἦσαν αἶγες, κατοιάδας οἱ ποιμένες ὀνομάζουσιν αὐτάς. It was customary for their kings, whenever they set out on expeditions, to have sheep accompany them for sacrifices to the gods and divination before battles; yet in these flocks goats served as leaders on the march, which the shepherds call "katoiades." Describes a customary practice and animal terminology, not a mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
9.13.4 3 other high τότε οὖν ὁρμήσαντες ἐς τὴν ποίμνην λύκοι τοῖς μὲν προβάτοις ἐγίνοντο οὐδὲν βλάβος, οἱ δὲ τὰς αἶγας τὰς κατοιάδας ἔκτεινον. At that time, wolves attacked the flock, but no harm befell the sheep; instead, the wolves killed only the goats called "katoiades." Describes a local incident involving wolves and livestock, not a mythic or historical event.
9.13.5 1 mythic high ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ μήνιμα ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐκ τῶν θυγατέρων εἶναι τῶν Σκεδάσου. And it was said that resentment towards the Lacedaemonians came also from the daughters of Scedasus. Refers to a legendary tale involving Scedasus’ daughters and Spartan resentment, a mythic aetiological tradition.
9.13.5 2 historical high Σκεδάσῳ γὰρ περὶ Λεῦκτρα οἰκοῦντι θυγατέρες Μολπία γίνεται καὶ Ἱππώ· ταύτας ἐς ὥραν ἤδη προηκούσας Λακεδαιμονίων ἄνδρες βιάζονται παρὰ θέμιδα ς καὶ Φρουραρχίδας καὶ Παρθένιος. For Scedasus, who lived near Leuctra, had two daughters, Molpia and Hippo; and when they reached youthful maturity, they were outrageously violated by two Spartans, Phrurarchidas and Parthenios. The sentence describes a violent episode involving named Spartans and a local family, treated as a historical/legendary-historical event rather than mythic narrative.
9.13.5 3 mythic high καὶ αἵ τε παρθένοι παραυτίκα---οὐ γάρ σφισιν ἀνεκτὰ ἐφαίνετο εἶναι τὰ τῆς ὕβρεως---ἀπάγχουσιν αὑτάς· Immediately afterward, the maidens—since they could not bear the shame of their violation—hanged themselves. The maidens’ suicide follows a mythic act of violation and belongs to the mythic narrative.
9.13.5 4 mythic high καὶ ὁ Σκέδασος, ὡς ἐς Λακεδαίμονα ἐλθόντι οὐδεμία ἐγένετο αὐτῷ δίκη, οὕτως ἐς τὰ Λεῦκτρα ἐπανήκων αὑτὸν διεργάζεται. Scedasus, traveling to Lacedaemon, could obtain no redress whatsoever; then returning thus to Leuctra, he ended his own life. Scedasus is a legendary figure and the sentence concerns his fateful return and suicide, part of a mythic narrative affecting Leuctra.
9.13.6 1 mythic high τότε δὲ ὁ Ἐπαμινώνδας Σκεδάσῳ καὶ ταῖς παισὶν ἐνήγιζέ τε καὶ εὔχετο, ὡς οὐ μᾶλλον ὑπὲρ σωτηρίας Θηβαίων ἢ καὶ τιμωρίας ἐκείνων τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐσόμενον. Then Epaminondas offered sacrifices and prayed to Scedasus and his daughters, declaring that the battle would be fought no less for vengeance upon their murderers than for the safety of Thebes. Refers to a cultic act toward Scedasus and his daughters, figures tied to a mythic murder and its revenge.
9.13.6 2 historical high τῶν δὲ βοιωταρχούντων οὐ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἐγίνοντο αἱ γνῶμαι, διεστηκυῖαι δὲ πολὺ ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων· But among the Boeotarchs opinions did not coincide, and their views differed considerably from one another. Refers to Boeotarchs, a historical office in a late Classical/Hellenistic context, not mythic material.
9.13.6 3 historical high Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ μὲν γὰρ ἤρεσκε καὶ Μάλγιδι καὶ Ξενοκράτει κατὰ τάχος πρὸς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ποιεῖσθαι μάχην, Epaminondas, along with Malgis and Xenocrates, preferred to engage the Spartans swiftly, Refers to Epaminondas and Spartan warfare, a post-500 BC historical event.
9.13.6 4 historical high Δαμοκλείδας δὲ καὶ Δαμόφιλος καὶ Σιμάγγελος συμβάλλειν μὲν οὐκ εἴων, ἐκέλευον δὲ ὑπεκθεμένους ἐς τὴν Ἀττικὴν γυναῖκας καὶ παῖδας ὡς πολιορκησομένους αὐτοὺς παρασκευάζεσθαι. whereas Damokleidas, Damophilos and Simangelos opposed giving battle, advising instead to send away their women and children to Attica and to prepare themselves to endure a siege. Refers to named individuals advising during a siege, a historical event/action rather than myth or mere description.
9.13.7 1 historical high τῶν μὲν δὴ ἓξ ἐς τοσοῦτον ἦν κεχωρισμένα τὰ βουλεύματα· The votes of the six commanders had thus far been equally divided. Refers to an event in classical political/military decision-making, not myth or geography.
9.13.7 2 historical high προσγενομένης δὲ ψήφου τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἐπαμινώνδαν τοῦ ἑβδόμου τῶν Βοιωταρχῶν, ὃς ἐφρούρει μὲν τὴν κατὰ τὸν Κιθαιρῶνα ἐσβολήν, ὄνομα δὲ ἦν οἱ Βραχυλλίδης, τούτου τοῦ ἀνδρός, ὡς ἐπανῆλθεν ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον, προσθεμένου τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἐπαμινώνδαν, τότε καὶ πᾶσιν ἐδέδοκτο ἀγῶνι διακρίνεσθαι. However, when the vote of the seventh Boeotarch, who was stationed to guard the passage by Cithaeron—his name was Brachyllides—was added to the side of Epaminondas upon his return to the camp, all agreed at last to decide the issue through battle. Refers to Epaminondas and Boeotarchs, a concrete historical military decision in the 4th century BC.
9.13.8 1 historical high τῷ δὲ Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ καὶ ἐς ἄλλους Βοιωτῶν ὕποπτα ἦν, ἐς δὲ τοὺς Θεσπιεῖς καὶ περισσότερον· Epaminondas had suspected the loyalty of other Boeotians as well, but his suspicion was even greater against the Thespians. Refers to Epaminondas and the Boeotians/Thespians, a Classical historical context.
9.13.8 2 historical medium δείσας οὖν μὴ σφᾶς παρὰ τὸ ἔργον προδῶσιν, ἀποχώρησιν παρεῖχεν ἀπὸ στρατοπέδου τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν οἴκαδε· Therefore, fearing they might betray him in the midst of action, he gave leave to depart openly from the camp to whoever wished to go home. Describes a military episode and tactical decision, a historical action rather than myth or geography.
9.13.8 3 historical high καὶ οἱ Θεσπιεῖς τε ἀπαλλάσσονται πανδημεὶ καὶ εἴ τισιν ἄλλοις Βοιωτῶν ὑπῆν δύσνοια ἐς τοὺς Θηβαίους. As a consequence, the Thespians departed altogether, along with any other Boeotians who harbored disaffection toward the Thebans. Refers to the Thespians and other Boeotians leaving due to political hostility toward Thebes, a historical event after the mythic age.
9.13.9 1 historical high ὡς δὲ ἐς χεῖρας συνῄεσαν, ἐνταῦθα οἱ σύμμαχοι τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἅτε αὐτοῖς καὶ τὸν πρὸ τοῦ χρόνον οὐκ ἀρεσκόμενοι τὸ ἔχθος μάλιστα ἐπεδείκνυντο, οὔτε κατὰ χώραν μένειν ἐθέλοντες, ἐνδιδόντες δὲ ὅπῃ σφίσιν οἱ πολέμιοι προσφέροιντο. But when they had come to close combat, at this point the allies of the Lacedaemonians, never having previously been satisfied with them, showed their animosity most clearly: unwilling to hold their ground, they yielded wherever the enemy attacked them. Describes a battle action by Spartan allies in a historical military context, not mythic or merely descriptive.
9.13.9 2 historical high αὐτοὺς δὲ Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ Θηβαίους ἐξ ἴσου καθίστη τοὺς μὲν ἐμπειρία τε ἡ προϋπάρχουσα καὶ ἅμα αἰδουμένους μὴ καταλῦσαι τῆς Σπάρτης τὸ ἀξίωμα, Θηβαῖοι δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος καὶ πρὸ γυναικῶν καὶ παίδων τὸν κίνδυνον ἐφεστηκότα ἑώρων. But the Lacedaemonians themselves and the Thebans were equally matched in battle, the former relying upon their previous military experience and at the same time motivated by a sense of shame lest they undermine the prestige of Sparta, while the Thebans saw the danger ahead as a struggle for their homeland, their women, and their children. Describes the Battle of Leuctra-era military conflict between Spartans and Thebans, a post-500 BC historical event.
9.13.10 1 historical high ὡς δὲ ἄλλοι τε Λακεδαιμονίων τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐτεθνήκει Κλεόμβροτος, ἐνταῦθα καὶ τοὺς Σπαρτιάτας καὶ ταλαιπωρουμένους ἐπελάμβανεν ἀνάγκη μὴ ἐνδιδόναι· παρὰ γὰρ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις αἴσχιστον ἐδέδοκτο εἶναι βασιλέως νεκρὸν ἐπὶ ἀνδράσι πολεμίοις γενόμενον περιοφθῆναι. But when Cleombrotus, the king, as well as other high-ranking Lacedaemonians had fallen, then even in their distress necessity compelled the Spartans not to yield; for among the Lacedaemonians, it was considered most shameful that the body of a king who had fallen among enemy forces should be left abandoned to them. Refers to Cleombrotus and Spartan conduct in a real historical military context, not myth.
9.13.11 1 historical high Θηβαίοις μὲν ἡ νίκη κατείργαστο ἐπιφανέστατα πασῶν ὁπόσας κατὰ Ἑλλήνων ἀνείλοντο Ἕλληνες· For the Thebans, the victory was the most glorious of any ever won by Greeks against Greeks. Refers to the Battle of Leuctra and a Greek-on-Greek victory, i.e. a post-500 BC historical event.
9.13.11 2 historical high Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίαν τοὺς τεθνεῶτας διενοοῦντο ὡς θάψοντες καὶ ἀποστέλλουσι κήρυκα ἐς τοὺς Θηβαίους. The Spartans the following day decided to bury their dead and sent a herald to the Thebans. Refers to Spartans and Thebans in a concrete military episode, not mythic or merely descriptive.
9.13.11 3 historical high Ἐπαμινώνδας δέ, ἐπιστάμενος ὡς ἐπικρύπτεσθαι τὰς συμφορὰς ἀεί ποτε οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι πεφύκασιν, ἔφασκεν ἀναίρεσιν τῶν νεκρῶν προτέροις αὐτῶν διδόναι τοῖς συμμάχοις, ἐπὶ δὲ ἐκείνοις ἀνελομένοις οὕτω καὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἠξίου θάπτειν τοὺς αὑτῶν. Epaminondas, aware that the Spartans were always accustomed to concealing their misfortunes, told them he would grant permission to recover their dead only after they had first given leave for their allies to do so; and once the allies had recovered their dead, then he judged it right that the Spartans should bury their own. Refers to Epaminondas and the aftermath of a historical battle, a post-500 BC event.
9.13.12 1 historical high ὡς δὲ τῶν συμμάχων οἱ μὲν οὐδὲ ἀρχὴν ἀνῃροῦντο ἅτε οὐ τεθνεῶτός σφισιν οὐδενός, τῶν δὲ ὀλίγον ἐφαίνετο εἶναι τὸ διεφθαρμένον, οὕτω Λακεδαιμόνιοί τε ἔθαπτον τοὺς αὑτῶν καὶ ἤδη Σπαρτιάτας ἐξελήλεγκτο εἶναι τοὺς κειμένους. Since some of their allies entirely denied having casualties, claiming that none of their men had fallen, and others appeared to have suffered only slight losses, the Lacedaemonians buried their own dead, and it had by this time become clear that those lying there were Spartans. Describes a military aftermath and burial of dead in a historical context, not mythic.
9.13.12 2 historical high ἀπέθανον δὲ Θηβαίων τε καὶ ὅσοι παρέμειναν Βοιωτῶν ἑπτὰ καὶ τεσσαράκοντα ἄνδρες, Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ αὐτῶν πλείους ἢ χίλιοι. Of the Thebans and those of the Boeotians who had remained with them, forty-seven men perished, while of the Lacedaemonians themselves more than a thousand were killed. Reports casualties from a battle between Thebans and Lacedaemonians, a post-500 BC historical event.