Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4.1 | 1 | οἱ δὲ Γαλάται οὗτοι νέμονται τῆς Εὐρώπης τὰ ἔσχατα ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ πολλῇ καὶ ἐς τὰ πέρατα οὐ πλωίμῳ, παρέχεται δὲ ἄμπωτιν καὶ ῥαχίαν καὶ θηρία οὐδὲν ἐοικότα τοῖς ἐν θαλάσσῃ τῇ λοιπῇ· | These Galatai dwell at the furthest reaches of Europe, near a vast sea whose extremities cannot be navigated; this sea produces tides of ebbing and flowing, and contains beasts unlike any found in other seas. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.1 | 2 | καί σφισι διὰ τῆς χώρας ῥεῖ ποταμὸς Ἠριδανός, ἐφʼ ᾧ τὰς θυγατέρας τὰς Ἡλίου ὀδύρεσθαι νομίζουσι τὸ περὶ τὸν Φαέθοντα τὸν ἀδελφὸν πάθος. | Through their country flows the river Eridanos, on the banks of which they say the daughters of Helios lament the fate of their brother Phaethon. | Mythic | Skeptical |
| 1.4.1 | 3 | ὀψὲ δέ ποτε αὐτοὺς καλεῖσθαι Γαλάτας ἐξενίκησεν· | Only at a much later time did the name Galatai prevail for these people. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.1 | 4 | Κελτοὶ γὰρ κατά τε σφᾶς τὸ ἀρχαῖον καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὠνομάζοντο. | Formerly they were called Keltoi, both by themselves and among other peoples. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.1 | 5 | συλλεγεῖσα δέ σφισι στρατιὰ τρέπεται τὴν ἐπὶ Ἰονίου, καὶ τό τε Ἰλλυριῶν ἔθνος καὶ πᾶν ὅσον ἄχρι Μακεδόνων ᾤκει καὶ Μακεδόνας αὐτοὺς ἀναστάτους ἐποίησε Θεσσαλίαν τε ἐπέδραμε. | Having assembled an army, they turned towards the Ionian Sea, ravaged the Illyrians and everything inhabited as far as the Macedonians, caused devastation among the Macedonians themselves, and invaded Thessaly. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.1 | 6 | καὶ ὡς ἐγγὺς Θερμοπυλῶν ἐγίνοντο, ἐνταῦθα οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐς τὴν ἔφοδον ἡσύχαζον τῶν βαρβάρων, ἅτε ὑπὸ Ἀλεξάνδρου μεγάλως καὶ Φιλίππου κακωθέντες πρότερον· | When they approached Thermopylae, most Greeks were indifferent to the barbarians' incursion, because previously they had suffered greatly under Alexander and Philip. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.1 | 7 | καθεῖλε δὲ καὶ Ἀντίπατρος καὶ Κάσσανδρος ὕστερον τὸ Ἑλληνικόν, ὥστε ἕκαστοι διʼ ἀσθένειαν οὐδὲν αἰσχρὸν ἐνόμιζον ἀπεῖναι τὸ κατὰ σφᾶς τῆς βοηθείας. | Afterwards Antipater and Cassander had further suppressed Greece, with the result that, through weakness, each city considered it no dishonor to neglect sending aid for the common defense. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.2 | 1 | Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ μάλιστα μὲν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀπειρήκεσαν μήκει τοῦ Μακεδονικοῦ πολέμου καὶ προσπταίοντες τὰ πολλὰ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις, ἐξιέναι δὲ ὅμως ὥρμηντο ἐς τὰς Θερμοπύλας σὺν τοῖς ἐλθοῦσι τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἑλόμενοι σφίσι τὸν Κάλλιππον τοῦτον ἡγεῖσθαι. | The Athenians, more than all the other Greeks, had been exhausted by the protracted nature of the Macedonian war, and having suffered frequent defeats in battle, they nevertheless resolved to march out with the remaining Greeks toward Thermopylae, having selected Kallippos as their leader. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.2 | 2 | καταλαβόντες δὲ ᾗ στενώτατον ἦν, τῆς ἐσόδου τῆς ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα εἶργον τοὺς βαρβάρους· | When they reached the narrowest part of the pass, they blocked the barbarians from entering Greece. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.2 | 3 | ἀνευρόντες δὲ οἱ Κελτοὶ τὴν ἀτραπόν, ἣν καὶ Μήδοις ποτὲ Ἐφιάλτης ἡγήσατο ὁ Τραχίνιος, καὶ βιασάμενοι Φωκέων τοὺς τεταγμένους ἐπʼ αὐτῇ λανθάνουσι τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὑπερβαλόντες τὴν Οἴτην. | However, the Celts found the hidden path, the same one through which once the Trachinian Ephialtes led the Medes; and having overwhelmed the Phocians who had been stationed there, they secretly crossed Mount Oeta unnoticed by the Greeks. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.3 | 1 | ἔνθα δὴ πλείστου παρέσχοντο αὑτοὺς Ἀθηναῖοι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀξίους, ἀμφοτέρωθεν ὡς ἐκυκλώθησαν ἀμυνόμενοι τοὺς βαρβάρους· | Here indeed the Athenians showed themselves most worthy among the Greeks, for they defended themselves bravely against the barbarians who surrounded them from both sides. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.3 | 2 | οἱ δέ σφισιν ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν μάλιστα ἐταλαιπώρουν ἅτε τοῦ κόλπου τοῦ Λαμιακοῦ τέλματος πρὸς ταῖς Θερμοπύλαις ὄντος· | The barbarians especially suffered hardship on their ships, since the bay near Thermopylae, belonging to the Lamian Gulf, is swampy. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.3 | 3 | αἴτιον δὲ ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν τὸ ὕδωρ ταύτῃ τὸ θερμὸν ἐκρέον ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν. | It seems to me the cause of this is the warm water which flows into the sea at this place. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.3 | 4 | μείζονα οὖν εἶχον οὗτοι πόνον· | Thus, the barbarians endured greater hardships. | Mythic | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.3 | 5 | ἀναλαβόντες γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰ καταστρώματα τοὺς Ἕλληνας ναυσὶν ὑπό τε ὅπλων βαρείαις καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἐβιάζοντο κατὰ τοῦ πηλοῦ πλεῖν. | For having taken the Greeks onto their decks, they were compelled to sail through mud, their ships heavily laden with armor and troops. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.4 | 1 | οὗτοι μὲν δὴ τοὺς Ἕλληνας τρόπον τὸν εἰρημένον ἔσωζον, οἱ δὲ Γαλάται Πυλῶν τε ἐντὸς ἦσαν καὶ τὰ πολίσματα ἑλεῖν ἐν οὐδενὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ποιησάμενοι Δελφοὺς καὶ τὰ χρήματα. τοῦ θεοῦ διαρπάσαι μάλιστα εἶχον σπουδήν. | These, then, were the men who saved the Greeks in the manner just described, while the Gauls were within Thermopylae and, having disregarded the remaining towns, sought only to seize Delphi and plunder the treasures of the god, upon which they particularly set their desires. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.4 | 2 | καί σφισιν αὐτοί τε Δελφοὶ καὶ Φωκέων ἀντετάχθησαν οἱ τὰς πόλεις περὶ τὸν Παρνασσὸν οἰκοῦντες, ἀφίκετο δὲ καὶ δύναμις Αἰτωλῶν· τὸ γὰρ Αἰτωλικὸν προεῖχεν ἀκμῇ νεότητος τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον. | Against them stood the Delphians themselves, as well as the Phocians who inhabited the cities around Parnassus, and besides these arrived a force of Aetolians—for at that time the Aetolian nation was at the peak of youthful vigor. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.4 | 3 | ὡς δὲ ἐς χεῖρας συνῄεσαν, ἐνταῦθα κεραυνοί τε ἐφέροντο ἐς τοὺς Γαλάτας καὶ ἀπορραγεῖσαι πέτραι τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ, δείματά τε ἄνδρες ἐφίσταντο ὁπλῖται τοῖς βαρβάροις· | When the two sides joined battle, lightning bolts fell upon the Gauls and rocks, suddenly torn loose from Parnassus, crashed down upon them; terrifying armed figures appeared to face the barbarians. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.4 | 4 | τούτων τοὺς μὲν ἐξ Ὑπερβορέων λέγουσιν ἐλθεῖν, Ὑπέροχον καὶ Ἀμάδοκον, τὸν δὲ τρίτον Πύρρον εἶναι τὸν Ἀχιλλέως· | It is said that among these warriors were two who came from the Hyperboreans—Hyperochus and Amadocus—and a third who was Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. | Mythic | Skeptical |
| 1.4.4 | 5 | ἐναγίζουσι δὲ ἀπὸ ταύτης Δελφοὶ τῆς συμμαχίας Πύρρῳ, πρότερον ἔχοντες ἅτε ἀνδρὸς πολεμίου καὶ τὸ μνῆμα ἐν ἀτιμίᾳ. | In honor of this aid given to them, the Delphians henceforth sacrificed to Pyrrhus, though previously, as a former enemy, his tomb had been subjected to dishonor. | Mythic | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.5 | 1 | Γαλατῶν δὲ οἱ πολλοὶ ναυσὶν ἐς τὴν Ἀσίαν διαβάντες τὰ παραθαλάσσια αὐτῆς ἐλεηλάτουν· | But most of the Gauls crossed over by ships into Asia and plundered its coastal regions. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.5 | 2 | χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον οἱ Πέργαμον ἔχοντες, πάλαι δὲ Τευθρανίαν καλουμένην, ἐς ταύτην Γαλάτας ἐλαύνουσιν ἀπὸ θαλάσσης. | Later on, however, those who held Pergamon—previously called Teuthrania—drove these Gauls away from the sea into the interior. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.5 | 3 | οὗτοι μὲν δὴ τὴν ἐκτὸς Σαγγαρίου χώραν ἔσχον Ἄγκυραν πόλιν ἑλόντες Φρυγῶν, ἣν Μίδας ὁ Γορδίου πρότερον ᾤκισεν | The Gauls gained control of the territory beyond the river Sangarios, capturing the Phrygian city of Ankyra, which had earlier been settled by Midas, son of Gordias. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.5 | 4 | ---ἄγκυρα δέ, ἣν ὁ Μίδας ἀνεῦρεν, ἦν ἔτι καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἐν ἱερῷ Διὸς καὶ κρήνη Μίδου καλουμένη· | The anchor which Midas discovered was still there within my own time, preserved in the sanctuary of Zeus, as was a spring known as "the spring of Midas." | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.5 | 5 | ταύτην οἴνῳ κεράσαι Μίδαν φασὶν ἐπὶ τὴν θήραν τοῦ Σιληνοῦ--- | It is said that Midas mixed wine from this spring when hunting Silenus. | Mythic | Skeptical |
| 1.4.5 | 6 | ταύτην τε δὴ τὴν Ἄγκυραν εἷλον καὶ Πεσσινοῦντα τὴν ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος τὴν Ἄγδιστιν, ἔνθα καὶ τὸν Ἄττην τεθάφθαι λέγουσι. | These Gauls also captured this Ankyra, and Pessinous beneath Mount Agdistis, where they say Attis lies buried. | Historical | Skeptical |
| 1.4.6 | 1 | Περγαμηνοῖς δὲ ἔστι μὲν σκῦλα ἀπὸ Γαλατῶν, ἔστι δὲ γραφὴ τὸ ἔργον τὸ πρὸς Γαλάτας ἔχουσα. | The Pergamenes possess spoils taken from the Galatians, and also a painting depicting the battle against the Galatians. | Historical | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.6 | 2 | ἣν δὲ νέμονται οἱ Περγαμηνοί, Καβείρων ἱεράν φασιν εἶναι τὸ ἀρχαῖον· | The territory they now occupy, the Pergamenes claim was originally sacred to the Cabeiri. | Mythic | Skeptical |
| 1.4.6 | 3 | αὐτοὶ δὲ Ἀρκάδες ἐθέλουσιν εἶναι τῶν ὁμοῦ Τηλέφῳ διαβάντων ἐς τὴν Ἀσίαν. | They themselves wish to be considered Arcadians, descended from those who crossed over to Asia together with Telephus. | Mythic | Skeptical |
| 1.4.6 | 4 | πολέμων δὲ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων, εἰ δή τινας ἐπολέμησαν, οὐκ ἐς ἅπαντας κεχώρηκεν ἡ φήμη· τρία δὲ γνωριμώτατα ἐξείργασταί σφισι, τῆς τε Ἀσίας ἀρχὴ τῆς κάτω καὶ ἡ Γαλατῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῆς ἀναχώρησις καὶ τὸ ἐς τοὺς σὺν Ἀγαμέμνονι Τηλέφου τόλμημα, ὅτε Ἕλληνες ἁμαρτόντες Ἰλίου τὸ πεδίον ἐλεηλάτουν τὸ Μήιον ὡς γῆν τὴν Τρῳάδα. | Regarding the other wars they may have fought, their fame has not survived equally in every case; but three achievements in particular stand out prominently for them: their rule over Lower Asia, the repulse of the Galatians from their lands, and the heroic struggle of Telephus against Agamemnon's forces, at the time when the Greeks, having lost their way to Troy, ravaged by mistake the plain of the Mysians, assuming it was Trojan soil. | Mythic | Not Skeptical |
| 1.4.6 | 5 | ἐπάνειμι δὲ ἐς τὴν ἀρχὴν ὅθεν ἐξέβην τοῦ λόγου. | Now I shall return to the starting point from which I departed from my narrative. | Historical | Not Skeptical |