Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.25.1 | 1 | ἐπεὶ δὲ ἔσχον τὴν Ναύπακτον, οὐκ ἀπέχρη πόλιν τε αὐτοῖς καὶ χώραν εἰληφέναι παρὰ Ἀθηναίων, ἀλλὰ σφᾶς πόθος εἶχεν ἰσχυρὸς χερσὶ ταῖς αὑτῶν φανῆναι λόγου τι κεκτημένους ἄξιον. | But after they had taken Naupactus, it was not sufficient for them merely to have gained a city and territory from the Athenians; rather, a powerful desire drove them to prove by their own strength that they possessed something worthy of reputation. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.1 | 2 | καὶ ἠπίσταντο γὰρ Οἰνιάδας Ἀκαρνάνων γῆν τε ἔχοντας ἀγαθὴν καὶ Ἀθηναίοις διαφόρους τὸν πάντα ὄντας χρόνον, στρατεύουσιν ἐπʼ αὐτούς. | Knowing also that the Oeniadae held good land in Acarnania and were continually hostile to the Athenians, they undertook an expedition against them. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.1 | 3 | ὄντες δὲ ἀριθμῷ μὲν οὐ πλείους, ἀρετῇ δὲ καὶ πολὺ ἀμείνονες ὄντες τῇ σφετέρᾳ νικῶσι, καὶ ἐπολιόρκουν κατακεκλειμένους ἐς τὸ τεῖχος. | Though not superior in numbers, they were far superior in valor and skill, and thus won a victory by their own prowess, subsequently laying siege to their enemies who had shut themselves within the walls. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.10 | 1 | αὐτοὶ δὲ περὶ ὕπνον πρῶτον ἐξελθόντες ἐκ τῶν Οἰνιαδῶν | They themselves had first marched out from Oiniadai at about the hour of sleep. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.10 | 2 | καὶ γενομένης τοῦ δρασμοῦ σφῶν τοῖς Ἀκαρνᾶσιν αἰσθήσεως καὶ ἐς μάχην ἀναγκασθέντες ἀφικέσθαι | But the Akarnanians realized that they were fleeing, and thus compelled the enemy to come to battle. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.10 | 3 | περὶ τριακοσίους μὲν ἀποβάλλουσι καὶ πλείονας ἔτι αὐτοὶ τῶν ἐναντίων κατεργάζονται | Then the Oiniadai lost about three hundred of their men; even more of the enemy, however, they themselves slew. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.10 | 4 | τὸ δὲ πολὺ αὐτῶν διεκπίπτουσι διὰ τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων καὶ ἐπιλαμβανόμενοι τῆς Αἰτωλῶν ἐχόντων σφίσιν ἐπιτηδείως ἐς τὴν Ναύπακτον ἀνασώζονται | The majority of their force broke away through the Akarnanians, and being joined by the Aitolians—who were favorably disposed toward them—they reached Naupaktos safely. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.2 | 1 | τὸ δὲ ἐντεῦθεν, οὐ γάρ τι τῶν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις εὑρημένων ἐς πολιορκίαν οἱ Μεσσήνιοι παρίεσαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κλίμακας προστιθέντες ἐπειρῶντο ὑπερβαίνειν ἐς τὴν πόλιν καὶ ὑπώρυσσον κάτωθεν τὸ τεῖχος, μηχανήματά τε, ὁποῖα ἐνῆν διʼ ὀλίγου παρασκευάσασθαι, προσαγαγόντες ἀεί τι ἤρειπον· | And from that time forward, the Messenians omitted no device invented by men for siege warfare; employing ladders, they attempted to scale the city's walls, undermined the fortifications from below, and, bringing up whatever siege machinery could be quickly prepared, continually pulled down parts of the defenses. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.2 | 2 | δείσαντες δὲ οἱ ἔνδον μὴ ἁλούσης τῆς πόλεως αὐτοί τε ἀπόλωνται καὶ αἱ γυναῖκές σφισι καὶ οἱ παῖδες ἐξανδραποδισθῶσιν, εἵλοντο ἀπελθεῖν ὑπόσπονδοι. | Those within, becoming fearful that if the city were captured they themselves would perish and their women and children would be enslaved, chose instead to depart under covenant. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.3 | 1 | καὶ ἐνιαυτὸν μὲν μάλιστα οἱ Μεσσήνιοι κατέσχον τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἐνέμοντο τὴν χώραν· | The Messenians held the city and occupied the territory for about one year. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.3 | 2 | τῷ δὲ ἔτει τῷ ὑστέρῳ δύναμιν οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες ἀπὸ πασῶν συλλέξαντες τῶν πόλεων ἐβουλεύοντο ἐπὶ τὴν Ναύπακτον στρατεύειν. | But in the following year, the Acarnanians collected a force from all their cities and debated whether to march against Naupactus. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.3 | 3 | καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἀπέδοξεν αὐτοῖς τήν τε πορείαν ὁρῶσιν, ὅτι ἔσεσθαι διʼ Αἰτωλῶν ἔμελλε πολεμίων ἀεί ποτε ὄντων, καὶ ἅμα τοὺς Ναυπακτίους κεκτῆσθαί τι ναυτικὸν ὑπώπτευον, ὥσπερ γε καὶ εἶχον, ἐπικρατούντων δὲ ἐκείνων τῆς θαλάσσης οὐδὲν εἶναι κατεργάσασθαι μέγα οὐδὲ στρατῷ πεζῷ· | They abandoned the plan when they realized that their route would pass through Aetolian lands, for the Aetolians were at all times hostile to them, and they also suspected that the people of Naupactus possessed a certain naval force, as indeed was the case, and concluded that as long as the Naupactians ruled the sea, no significant achievement could be won with a land army. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.4 | 1 | μετεβουλεύετό τε δή σφισι καὶ αὐτίκα ἐπὶ Μεσσηνίους τρέπονται τοὺς ἐν Οἰνιάδαις. | So after reconsideration, the Acarnanians immediately turned themselves against the Messenians in Oeniadae. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.4 | 2 | καὶ οἱ μὲν ὡς πολιορκήσοντες παρεσκευάζοντο· | They prepared as if about to besiege them. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.4 | 3 | οὐ γάρ ποτε ὑπελάμβανον ἄνδρας οὕτως ὀλίγους ἐς τοσοῦτον ἀπονοίας ἥξειν ὡς μαχέσασθαι πρὸς τὴν Ἀκαρνάνων ἁπάντων στρατιάν. | For they never supposed that men so few in number would reach such madness as to fight openly against the whole force of the Acarnanians. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.4 | 4 | οἱ δὲ Μεσσήνιοι προητοιμασμένοι μὲν καὶ σῖτον καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἦσαν ὁπόσα εἰκὸς ἦν, πολιορκίας πειράσεσθαι μακροτέρας ἐλπίζοντες· | The Messenians, however, had previously stocked up food and all other things which might reasonably be needed, expecting they would face a prolonged siege. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.5 | 1 | παρίστατο δέ σφισι πρὸ τῆς μελλούσης πολιορκίας ἀγῶνα ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ ποιήσασθαι, μηδὲ ὄντας Μεσσηνίους, οἳ μηδὲ Λακεδαιμονίων ἀνδρίᾳ, τύχῃ δὲ ἠλαττώθησαν, καταπεπλῆχθαι τὸν ἥκοντα ὄχλον ἐξ Ἀκαρνανίας· | Before the impending siege, they determined openly to engage in battle, lest the Acarnanian host that had come should lose heart, thinking that the Messenians, though defeated by the Spartans through adverse fortune rather than through inferiority in valor, were incapable fighters. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.5 | 2 | τό τε Ἀθηναίων ἐν Μαραθῶνι ἔργον ἀνεμιμνήσκοντο, ὡς μυριάδες τριάκοντα ἐφθάρησαν τῶν Μήδων ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν οὐδὲ ἐς μυρίους ἀριθμόν. | They recalled too the deed of the Athenians at Marathon, in which thirty thousand of the Medes were destroyed by men numbering fewer than ten thousand. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.6 | 1 | καθίσταντό τε δὴ τοῖς Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἐς ἀγῶνα καὶ ὁ τρόπος λέγεται τῆς μάχης γενέσθαι τοιόσδε. | And indeed the Acarnanians drew up for battle against them; and the manner of the fight is said to have been as follows. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.6 | 2 | οἳ μέν, ἅτε πλήθει προέχοντες πολύ, οὐ χαλεπῶς περιέβαλον τοὺς Μεσσηνίους, πλὴν ὅσον αἱ πύλαι τε ἀπεῖργον κατὰ νώτου τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις γινόμεναι καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχους τοῖς σφετέροις προθύμως ἀμύνοντες· | Since the Acarnanians were greatly superior in number, they easily surrounded the Messenians, except where the gates behind the Messenians blocked their rear, and where those from the wall zealously defended their countrymen. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.6 | 3 | ταύτῃ μὲν δὴ μὴ περισχεθῆναι σφᾶς ἐκώλυε, | On that side alone they were prevented from being completely encircled. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.6 | 4 | τὰ δὲ πλευρὰ ἀμφότερα ἐκυκλώσαντο αὐτῶν οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες καὶ ἐσηκόντιζον πανταχόθεν. | Yet on both flanks the Acarnanians closed around them, pelting them with missiles from every direction. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.7 | 1 | οἱ δὲ Μεσσήνιοι συνεστραμμένοι μετʼ ἀλλήλων, ὁπότε ἀθρόοι τοῖς Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἐμπέσοιεν, ἐτάρασσον μὲν τοὺς κατὰ ταὐτὸ ἑστηκότας καὶ ἐφόνευόν τε αὐτῶν καὶ ἐτίτρωσκον πολλούς, | But the Messenians, gathered close together, whenever they fell upon the Acarnanians in a massed charge, threw into confusion those standing opposite them, slaying and wounding many. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.7 | 2 | τελέαν δὲ οὐκ ἐδύναντο ἐργάσασθαι φυγήν· ὅπου γὰρ τῆς τάξεως αἴσθοιντό τι οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες τῆς αὑτῶν ὑπὸ τῶν Μεσσηνίων διασπώμενον, κατὰ τοῦτο ἀμύνοντες τοῖς βιαζομένοις αὑτῶν ἀνεῖργον τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἐπικρατοῦντες τῷ πλήθει. | Yet they could not bring about a complete rout; for whenever the Acarnanians perceived that their formation at some point had been broken by the Messenians, they immediately rallied and, coming to the aid of those under attack, checked the Messenians, prevailing by their superior numbers. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.8 | 1 | οἱ δὲ ὁπότε ἀνακοπεῖεν, κατʼ ἄλλο αὖθις πειρώμενοι διακόψαι τὴν Ἀκαρνάνων φάλαγγα τὸ αὐτὸ ἂν ἔπασχον· | Whenever the Messenians pressed forward and were held back, then made fresh attempts elsewhere to break through the Acarnanian line, they suffered the same outcome again and again. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.8 | 2 | ὅτῳ μὲν προσβάλλοιεν, διέσειόν τε καὶ τροπὴν ἐπὶ βραχὺ ἐποίουν, ἐπιρρεόντων δὲ αὖθις κατὰ τοῦτο σπουδῇ τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων ἀπετρέποντο ἄκοντες. | At whichever point they moved to attack, they shook their adversaries and momentarily forced them into retreat; yet whenever the Acarnanians swiftly reinforced the threatened spot, the Messenians were unwillingly repulsed. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.8 | 3 | γενομένου δὲ ἰσορρόπου τοῦ ἀγῶνος ἄχρι ἑσπέρας καὶ Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ὑπὸ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν νύκτα ἐπελθούσης δυνάμεως ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων, οὕτω τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις περιειστήκει πολιορκία. | When the struggle remained indecisive until evening, and during the following night the Acarnanians received reinforcements from their cities, the Messenians found themselves surrounded and under siege. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.9 | 1 | καὶ ἁλῶναι μὲν κατὰ κράτος τὸ τεῖχος ἢ ὑπερβάντων τῶν Ἀκαρνάνων ἢ καὶ ἀπολιπεῖν βιασθεῖσιν αὐτοῖς τὴν φρουρὰν δέος ἦν οὐδέν· | There was no fear among them that their wall might be stormed either by force or by the Acarnanians scaling it, nor were they afraid that they would be compelled to abandon their garrison post. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.9 | 2 | τὰ δὲ ἐπιτήδειά σφισι πάντα ὁμοίως ὀγδόῳ μηνὶ ἐξανήλωτο. | Nevertheless, by the eighth month their provisions had all alike been exhausted. | ? | ? |
| 4.25.9 | 3 | ἐς μὲν δὴ τοὺς Ἀκαρνᾶνας ἐχρῶντο ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχους χλευασίᾳ, μὴ σφᾶς τὰ σιτία προδοῦναί ποτε ἂν μηδὲ ἐς ἔτος δέκατον πολιορκουμένους· | Still, from the rampart they mocked the Acarnanians, declaring scornfully that they would never be betrayed by lack of provisions, even though they were besieged for ten years. | ? | ? |