Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.27.1 | 1 | τὸ δὲ τῶν Τυνδάρεω παίδων μήνιμα ἐς τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἤρξατο μὲν πρὸ τῆς ἐν Στενυκλήρῳ μάχης, γενέσθαι δὲ αὐτὸ διʼ αἰτίαν τοιάνδε εἰκάζω. | The anger of the sons of Tyndareus against the Messenians began before the battle at Stenyclarus, and I judge it arose from the following cause. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.1 | 2 | μειράκια ὡραῖα ἐξ Ἀνδανίας, Πάνορμος καὶ Γώνιππος, τά τε ἄλλα οἰκείως εἶχον ἀλλήλοις καὶ κοινὰς ἐπὶ τὰς μάχας ἐξόδους καὶ καταδρομὰς ἐποιοῦντο ἐς τὴν Λακωνικήν. | Two handsome youths from Andania, Panormus and Gonippus, were closely attached to one another in all respects and regularly made joint expeditions and raids into Laconian territory. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.10 | 1 | οἱ δὲ Μινύαι, μετὰ τὴν μάχην τὴν ἐν Λεύκτροις ἐκπεσόντες ὑπὸ Θηβαίων ἐξ Ὀρχομενοῦ, κατήχθησαν ἐς Βοιωτίαν ὑπὸ Φιλίππου τοῦ Ἀμύντου, καὶ οὗτοι καὶ οἱ Πλαταιεῖς. | After the battle of Leuctra, the Minyans, driven from Orchomenus by the Thebans, were restored to Boeotia by Philip the son of Amyntas, along with the Plataeans. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.10 | 2 | Θηβαίων δὲ αὐτῶν ἐρημώσαντος Ἀλεξάνδρου τὴν πόλιν, αὖθις ἔτεσιν οὐ πολλοῖς ὕστερον Κάσσανδρος Ἀντιπάτρου τὰς Θήβας ἔκτισεν. | Subsequently, Alexander destroyed the city of the Thebans; yet only a few years later, Cassander, the son of Antipater, rebuilt Thebes. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.10 | 3 | φαίνεται μὲν δὴ τῶν κατειλεγμένων ἐπὶ μακρότατον ἡ Πλαταϊκὴ φυγὴ συμβᾶσα, οὐ μέντοι περαιτέρω γε ἢ ἐπὶ δύο ἐγένετο οὐδʼ αὐτὴ γενεάς. | Indeed, of those previously listed, the exile of the Plataeans appears to have lasted the longest; yet even this exile continued for no more than two generations. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.11 | 1 | Μεσσήνιοι δὲ ἐκτὸς Πελοποννήσου τριακόσια ἔτη μάλιστα ἠλῶντο, ἐν οἷς οὔτε ἐθῶν εἰσι δῆλοι παραλύσαντές τι τῶν οἴκοθεν οὔτε τὴν διάλεκτον τὴν Δωρίδα μετεδιδάχθησαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐς ἡμᾶς ἔτι τὸ ἀκριβὲς αὐτῆς Πελοποννησίων μάλιστα ἐφύλασσον. | The Messenians were in exile from the Peloponnese for about three hundred years; during that time they neither abandoned their ancient customs in any visible respect nor altered their Doric dialect, but even to our own day they have preserved it in a purer form than all other Peloponnesians. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.2 | 1 | Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ ἐπὶ στρατοπέδου Διοσκούροις ἑορτὴν ἀγόντων καὶ ἤδη πρὸς πότον καὶ παιδιὰς τετραμμένων μετὰ τὸ ἄριστον, ὁ Γώνιππος καὶ ὁ Πάνορμος χιτῶνας λευκοὺς καὶ χλαμύδας πορφυρᾶς ἐνδύντες ἐπί τε ἵππων τῶν καλλίστων ὀχούμενοι καὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς κεφαλαῖς πίλους, ἐν δὲ ταῖς χερσὶ δόρατα ἔχοντες ἐπιφαίνονται Λακεδαιμονίοις. | While the Lacedaemonians were celebrating a festival in honor of the Dioscuri in their encampment, and had already turned after the midday meal toward drinking and amusements, Gonippus and Panormus appeared before them, dressed in white tunics and purple cloaks, riding upon most distinguished horses, with piloi on their heads and holding spears in their hands. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.2 | 2 | οἱ δὲ ὡς εἶδον, προσεκύνουν τε καὶ εὔχοντο, ἀφῖχθαι δοκοῦντές σφισιν αὐτοὺς ἐς τὴν θυσίαν τοὺς Διοσκούρους. | When the Lacedaemonians saw them, they worshipped and prayed, thinking that the Dioscuri themselves had arrived at their sacrifice. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.3 | 1 | οἱ νεανίσκοι δὲ ὡς ἅπαξ ἀνεμίχθησαν, διεξήλαυνον διὰ πάντων παίοντες τοῖς δόρασι, καὶ ἤδη κειμένων πολλῶν ἀποχωροῦσιν ἐς Ἀνδανίαν, καθυβρίσαντες τῶν Διοσκούρων τῇ θυσίᾳ. | But when the young men had once mingled with the crowd, they charged through everyone, striking them with spears, and after many had fallen, withdrew to Andania, having thus grievously insulted the festival of the Dioscuri. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.3 | 2 | τοῦτο ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν προήγαγε τοὺς Διοσκούρους ἐς τὸ ἔχθος τὸ Μεσσηνίων· | This event, it seems to me, first stirred the Dioscuri to hatred of the Messenians. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.3 | 3 | τότε δέ, ὡς ἐδήλου τῷ Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ τὸ ὄνειρον, οὐκ ἦν ἔτι τοῖς Διοσκούροις ἀκούσιος τῶν Μεσσηνίων ἡ κάθοδος. | Therefore, at the time when Epaminondas was given his dream, the return of the Messenians was no longer against the will of the Dioscuri. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.4 | 1 | μάλιστα δὲ τὸν Ἐπαμινώνδαν ἐς τὸν οἰκισμὸν οἱ Βάκιδος ἐνῆγον χρησμοί. | It was above all Bacis's oracles that led Epaminondas towards the founding of the city. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.4 | 2 | Βάκιδι γὰρ μανέντι ἐκ Νυμφῶν ἐς ἄλλους τέ ἐστιν Ἑλλήνων καὶ ἐς τὴν Μεσσηνίων κάθοδον προειρημένα καὶ τότε δὴ Σπάρτης μὲν ἀπʼ ἀγλαὸν ἄνθος ὀλεῖται, Μεσσήνη δʼ αὖτις οἰκήσεται ἤματα πάντα. | For Bacis, inspired by the Nymphs, had uttered predictions concerning other Greek affairs and specifically about the return of the Messenians. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.4 | 3 | ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς Εἴρας, ὅντινα ἁλώσοιτο τρόπον, Βάκιν ἐφώρασα εἰρηκότα· | It was then also that he declared: | ? | ? |
| 4.27.4 | 4 | καί οἱ καὶ τόδε ἐστὶ τῶν χρησμῶν, οἵ τʼ ἀπὸ Μεσσήνης πατάγῳ κρουνοῖς τε δαμείσης. | "Sparta shall perish, deprived of her splendid flower, Messenia, however, shall again be inhabited forever." | ? | ? |
| 4.27.5 | 1 | ὡς δὲ ἡ τελετή σφισιν ἀνεύρητο, ταύτην μέν, ὅσοι τοῦ γένους τῶν ἱερέων ἦσαν, κατετίθεντο ἐς βίβλους· | When they had discovered the rites, all those among the priestly lineage recorded them in writing. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.5 | 2 | Ἐπαμινώνδας δέ, ὥς οἱ τὸ χωρίον, ἔνθα νῦν ἔχουσιν οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τὴν πόλιν, μάλιστα ἐς οἰκισμὸν ἐφαίνετο ἐπιτήδειον, ἐκέλευεν ἀνασκοπεῖσθαι τοῖς μάντεσιν, εἴ οἱ βουλήσεται ταύτῃ καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἐπιχωρῆσαι. | As for Epaminondas, since the place now occupied by the city of the Messenians seemed to him particularly suitable for founding a settlement, he instructed the seers to inquire whether the will of the gods also favored it. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.5 | 3 | φαμένων δὲ καὶ τούτων εἶναι τὰ ἱερὰ αἴσια, οὕτω παρεσκευάζετο ἐς τὸν οἰκισμόν, λίθους τε ἄγεσθαι κελεύων καὶ ἄνδρας μεταπεμπόμενος, οἷς τέχνη στενωποὺς κατατέμνεσθαι καὶ οἰκίας καὶ ἱερὰ οἰκοδομεῖσθαι καὶ τείχη περιβάλλεσθαι. | When the sacrificial omens were declared auspicious by them, he made the necessary preparations for establishing the city, giving orders for stones to be brought in, and inviting men skilled in the art of laying out streets, as well as building houses and temples, and constructing encircling walls. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.6 | 1 | ὡς δὲ ἐγεγόνει τὰ πάντα ἐν ἑτοίμῳ, τὸ ἐντεῦθεν---ἱερεῖα γὰρ παρεῖχον οἱ Ἀρκάδες---αὐτὸς μὲν Ἐπαμινώνδας καὶ οἱ Θηβαῖοι Διονύσῳ καὶ Ἀπόλλωνι ἔθυον Ἰσμηνίῳ τὸν νομιζόμενον τρόπον, Ἀργεῖοι δὲ τῇ τε Ἥρᾳ τῇ Ἀργείᾳ καὶ Νεμείῳ Διί, Μεσσήνιοι δὲ Διί τε Ἰθωμάτᾳ καὶ Διοσκούροις, οἱ δέ σφισιν ἱερεῖς θεαῖς ταῖς Μεγάλαις καὶ Καύκωνι. | When everything had been arranged and was ready—for the Arcadians provided the sacrificial animals—Epaminondas himself and the Thebans offered sacrifice to Dionysus and to Apollo Ismenios according to their customary rite, the Argives to Hera of Argos and Zeus of Nemea, and the Messenians to Zeus Ithomatas and the Dioscuri, while their priests sacrificed to the Great Goddesses and to Caucon. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.6 | 2 | ἐπεκαλοῦντο δὲ ἐν κοινῷ καὶ ἥρωάς σφισιν ἐπανήκειν συνοίκους, Μεσσήνην μὲν τὴν Τριόπα μάλιστα, ἐπὶ ταύτῃ δὲ Εὔρυτον καὶ Ἀφαρέα τε καὶ τοὺς παῖδας, παρὰ δὲ Ἡρακλειδῶν Κρεσφόντην τε καὶ Αἴπυτον· πλείστη δὲ καὶ παρὰ πάντων ἀνάκλησις ἐγίνετο Ἀριστομένους. | They also collectively invoked heroes to return and inhabit the land with them, particularly Messene, daughter of Triopas, and after her, Eurytos and Aphareus and Aphareus' sons, along with Cresphontes and Aepytos of the Heracleidae; above all, their petition was most fervently directed toward Aristomenes. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.7 | 1 | καὶ τὴν μὲν τότε ἡμέραν πρὸς θυσίαις τε καὶ εὐχαῖς ἦσαν, ταῖς δὲ ἐφεξῆς τοῦ τείχους τὸν περίβολον ἤγειρον καὶ ἐντὸς οἰκίας καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ ἐποιοῦντο. | On that first day they were occupied with sacrifices and prayers; but on the following days they built the circuit-wall, and inside its boundary they made houses and sanctuaries. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.7 | 2 | εἰργάζοντο δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ μουσικῆς ἄλλης μὲν οὐδεμιᾶς, αὐλῶν δὲ Βοιωτίων καὶ Ἀργείων· | And they worked accompanied by music—not any other kind, but with the flute-playing of the Boeotians and Argives. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.7 | 3 | τά τε Σακάδα καὶ Προνόμου μέλη τότε δὴ προήχθη μάλιστα ἐς ἅμιλλαν. | At that time especially, the compositions of Sakadas and Pronomos were brought into competition. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.7 | 4 | αὐτῇ μὲν δὴ τῇ πόλει Μεσσήνην ἔθεντο ὄνομα, ἀνῴκιζον δὲ καὶ ἄλλα πολίσματα. | The city itself they named Messene, and they also settled additional smaller towns. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.8 | 1 | Ναυπλιεῖς δὲ ἐκ Μοθώνης οὐκ ἀνέστησαν· κατὰ χώραν δὲ καὶ Ἀσιναίους μένειν εἴων, τούτοις μὲν καὶ εὐεργεσίαν ἀπομνημονεύοντες πολεμῆσαι μετὰ Λακεδαιμονίων πρὸς σφᾶς οὐ θελήσασι, | The Nauplians, however, were not driven out of Mothone; rather, the Messenians allowed them as well as the Asinaeans to remain in the territory, mindful of the kindness shown by the latter, who had refused to join the Lacedaemonians in making war upon them. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.8 | 2 | Ναυπλιεῖς δὲ κατιοῦσιν ἐς Πελοπόννησον Μεσσηνίοις τε δῶρα ἤγαγον ὁποῖα εἶχον καὶ ἅμα μὲν ὑπὲρ καθόδου τῆς ἐκείνων συνεχέσιν ἐς τὸ θεῖον ταῖς εὐχαῖς, ἅμα δὲ ὑπὲρ σωτηρίας τῆς σφετέρας δεήσεσιν ἐς ἐκείνους ἐχρῶντο. | When the Nauplians returned into the Peloponnese, they brought the Messenians gifts according to their means, continually addressing prayers to the gods for their safe return, and at the same time entreating the Messenians for their own safety. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.9 | 1 | κατῆλθον δὲ ἐς Πελοπόννησον οἱ Μεσσήνιοι καὶ ἀνεσώσαντο τὴν αὑτῶν ἑπτὰ καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα καὶ διακοσίοις ἔτεσιν ὕστερον μετὰ Εἴρας ἅλωσιν, Δυσκινήτου μὲν Ἀθήνῃσιν ἄρχοντος, τρίτῳ δὲ ἔτει τῆς δευτέρας καὶ ἑκατοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος, ἣν Δάμων Θούριος τὸ δεύτερον ἐνίκα. | The Messenians returned to the Peloponnese and recovered their own land two hundred and eighty-seven years after the capture of Eira, in the archonship of Dyscinetus at Athens and in the third year of the hundred and second Olympiad, in which Damon of Thurii won his second victory. | ? | ? |
| 4.27.9 | 2 | οὐκ ὀλίγος μὲν οὖν ὁ χρόνος καὶ Πλαταιεῦσιν ἐγένετο, ἐφʼ ὅσον καὶ ἐκεῖνοι τὴν αὑτῶν ἔφευγον, καὶ Δηλίοις, ἡνίκα ᾤκησαν Ἀδραμύττιον ἐκβληθέντες ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων καὶ Ὀρχομενίων · | Indeed, the time during which the Plataeans also remained exiled from their land was no small one. | ? | ? |