Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.28.1 | 1 | κατελθοῦσι δὲ αὐτοῖς κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν ἀπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων δεινὸν ἦν οὐδέν· | When the Messenians first returned, they faced no serious threat from the Spartans. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.1 | 2 | κατεχόμενοι γὰρ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι φόβῳ τῷ Θηβαίων Μεσσήνης τε ἠνείχοντο ἐποικιζομένης καὶ Ἀρκάδων ἐς μίαν ἠθροισμένων πόλιν. | For the Spartans, gripped by fear of the Thebans, tolerated both the restoration of Messene and the gathering of the Arcadians into a single city. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.1 | 3 | ὡς δὲ ὁ πόλεμος ὁ Φωκικός, καλούμενος δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτος καὶ ἱερός, ἀπήγαγεν ἐκ Πελοποννήσου Θηβαίους, ἀνεθάρρησάν τε οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ τῶν Μεσσηνίων οὐκέτι ἐδύναντο ἀπέχεσθαι. | However, when the Phocian war—also called the Sacred War—drew the Thebans away from the Peloponnese, the Spartans regained their courage and could no longer restrain themselves from acting against the Messenians. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.2 | 1 | Μεσσήνιοι δὲ αὐτοί τε μετὰ Ἀργείων καὶ Ἀρκάδων ἀντεῖχον τῷ πολέμῳ καὶ Ἀθηναίων ἀμῦναί σφισιν ἐδεήθησαν· | The Messenians themselves, along with the Argives and Arcadians, held out in the war and sought assistance from the Athenians. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.2 | 2 | οἱ δὲ ἐς μὲν τὴν Λακωνικὴν οὔποτε μετὰ ἐκείνων ἐσβαλεῖν ἔφασαν, ἀρχόντων δὲ Λακεδαιμονίων πολέμου καὶ ἐπιστρατευόντων τῇ Μεσσηνίᾳ παρέσεσθαι καὶ αὐτοί σφισιν ἐπηγγέλλοντο. | The Athenians replied that they would never invade Laconia with them; however, they promised to stand beside them if the Lacedaemonians began hostilities and attacked Messenia. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.2 | 3 | τέλος δὲ οἱ Μεσσήνιοι Φιλίππῳ σύμμαχοι τῷ Ἀμύντου καὶ Μακεδόσιν ἐγένοντο, καὶ τοῦτο σφᾶς λέγουσιν ἀποκωλῦσαι τοῦ συμβάντος τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀγῶνος ἐν Χαιρωνείᾳ μὴ μετασχεῖν· | Eventually, the Messenians became allies of Philip, son of Amyntas, and of the Macedonians, and this alliance, they say, prevented them from participating in the battle at Chaeronea between the Greeks. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.2 | 4 | οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐναντία θέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα ἠθέλησαν. | Yet, they refused utterly to bear arms against their fellow Greeks. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.3 | 1 | Ἀλεξάνδρου δὲ ἀποθανόντος καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πόλεμον δεύτερον τότε ἀνῃρημένων πρὸς Μακεδόνας, μετέσχον καὶ οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τοῦ πολέμου, καθὰ καὶ πρότερον ἐδήλωσα ἐν τῇ Ἀτθίδι συγγραφῇ. | After Alexander's death, when the Greeks undertook a second war against the Macedonians, the Messenians also participated, as I previously indicated in my account of Attica. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.3 | 2 | Γαλάταις δὲ μεθʼ Ἑλλήνων οὐκ ἐμαχέσαντο, Κλεωνύμου καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων σπείσασθαι σπονδάς σφισιν οὐ θελησάντων. | They did not, however, join the Greeks in fighting the Gauls, since Cleonymus and the Spartans refused to conclude an alliance with them. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.4 | 1 | οὐ πολλῷ δὲ ὕστερον ἔσχον Ἦλιν Μεσσήνιοι, σοφίᾳ τε ὁμοῦ χρησάμενοι καὶ τολμήματι. | Not long afterwards, the Messenians gained Elis through a combination of cleverness and daring. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.4 | 2 | Ἠλεῖοι γὰρ τὰ μὲν παλαιότατα εὐνομώτατοι Πελοποννησίων ἦσαν· | For previously, the Eleans had been the most orderly of the Peloponnesians. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.4 | 3 | Φιλίππου δὲ τοῦ Ἀμύντου τά τε ἄλλα ὁπόσα εἴρηται κακουργήσαντος τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ Ἠλείων τοὺς δυνατοὺς διαφθείραντος χρήμασι, στασιάζουσι πρῶτον τότε Ἠλεῖοι καὶ ἐς ὅπλα, ὡς λέγουσι, χωροῦσι. | But when Philip son of Amyntas, among other acts of wrongdoing inflicted upon Greece, corrupted the influential men of Elis with money, civil strife broke out for the first time among the Eleans, and, as they say, they came to open warfare. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.5 | 1 | τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου ῥᾷον ἔτι ἔμελλον ἀπεχθήσεσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους, οἷς γε καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων ἕνεκα διέστη τὰ βουλεύματα, καὶ ἐς ἔμφυλον προῆλθον πόλεμον. | From this point on, their hatred for each other was destined to grow even more intense, since their policies were divided precisely because of the Lacedaemonians, and thus they proceeded into civil war. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.5 | 2 | πυνθανόμενοι δὲ ταῦτα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς Ἠλείων τοῖς φρονοῦσι τὰ σφέτερα ἀμυνοῦντες. | When the Lacedaemonians learned of these events, they made ready to support those among the Eleans who favored their interests. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.5 | 3 | καὶ οἱ μὲν κατὰ τέλη τε ἐτάσσοντο καὶ διενέμοντο ἐς τοὺς λόχους· | They accordingly formed up by military units and arranged themselves into companies. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.5 | 4 | τῶν δὲ Μεσσηνίων λογάδες χίλιοι φθάνουσιν ἀφικόμενοι πρὸς τὴν Ἦλιν, σημεῖα ἐπὶ ταῖς ἀσπίσι Λακωνικὰ ἔχοντες. | Meanwhile, a thousand elite Messenians swiftly arrived at Elis, bearing Lacedaemonian insignia upon their shields. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.6 | 1 | ὡς δὲ τὰς ἀσπίδας ἐθεάσαντο ὅσοι τοῖς Σπαρτιάταις εὖνοι τῶν Ἠλείων ἦσαν, συμμαχίαν τε ἀφῖχθαί σφισιν ἤλπισαν καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐδέχοντο ἐς τὸ τεῖχος· | When those of the Eleans who favored the Spartans saw the shields, they hoped allies had come to assist them and welcomed the men into the stronghold. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.6 | 2 | ἐσελθόντες δὲ τρόπον οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τὸν εἰρημένον τοὺς τὰ Λακεδαιμονίων φρονοῦντας ἐδίωξαν, καὶ ἐπιτρέπουσι τοῖς στασιώταις τοῖς αὑτῶν τὴν πόλιν. | But the Messenians, having entered in the manner described, drove out those whose sympathies lay with the Lacedaemonians, and handed the city over to their own partisan allies. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.7 | 1 | ἔστι μὲν δὴ τὸ σόφισμα Ὁμήρου, φαίνονται δὲ αὐτὸ ἐν δέοντι μιμησάμενοι καὶ οἱ Μεσσήνιοι, ἐπεὶ Πάτροκλόν γε ἐποίησεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι Ὅμηρος Ἀχιλλέως τὰ ὅπλα ἐνδύντα, καὶ ἐγγενέσθαι τε ἔφη τοῖς βαρβάροις δόξαν ὡς Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐπίοι καὶ τοὺς προτεταγμένους αὐτῶν ταραχθῆναι. | Indeed, the stratagem is Homer's, but the Messenians also appear to have appropriately imitated it when the occasion demanded, for Homer, in the Iliad, made Patroclus put on Achilles' armor, declaring that then the barbarians became convinced Achilles himself was advancing against them, and their foremost ranks were thrown into confusion. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.7 | 2 | εὕρηται δὲ καὶ ἄλλα Ὁμήρῳ στρατηγήματα, δύο τε παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατασκόπους ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἀνθʼ ἑνὸς ἐς τοὺς Τρῶας ἀφικέσθαι καὶ ἄνδρα ὕστερον λόγῳ μὲν αὐτόμολον, ἔργῳ δὲ τὰ ἀπόρρητα πολυπραγμονήσοντα ἐς τὸ Ἴλιον ἐσελθεῖν. | Homer devised other stratagems as well, sending two Greek spies instead of a single man by night among the Trojans, and later having another man enter Troy, who pretended to desert but whose true purpose was to uncover their secret plans. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.8 | 1 | ἔτι δὲ τοὺς διὰ νεότητα ἐν τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἢ γῆρας οὐχ ὡραίους μάχεσθαι, τούτους μὲν τὸ τεῖχος φρουρεῖν ἔταξε, τῶν ἐν ἡλικίᾳ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐπηυλισμένων· | And moreover, those among the Trojans who, due to youthfulness or old age, were unfit to fight, Homer arranged to guard the wall while those of military age were encamped against the Greeks. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.8 | 2 | Ἑλλήνων δὲ οἱ τὰ τραύματα ἔχοντες ὁπλίζουσιν αὐτῷ τὸ μάχιμον, ἵνα μηδὲ αὐτοὶ παντάπασιν ἀργοῖεν. | Likewise among the Greeks, those who had wounds were tasked with preparing arms for the combatants, lest even these men should be altogether idle. | ? | ? |
| 4.28.8 | 3 | τὰ Ὁμήρου μὲν οὖν ὠφέλιμα ἐγένετο ἐς ἅπαντα ἀνθρώποις· | Indeed, Homer's works have in every respect proved beneficial to mankind. | ? | ? |