Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.29.1 | 1 | μετὰ δὲ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον τοῦ ἔργου τοῦ πρὸς Ἤλιδι Μακεδόνες καὶ Δημήτριος ὁ Φιλίππου τοῦ Δημητρίου Μεσσήνην καταλαμβάνουσι. | Not long after the campaign against Elis, the Macedonians and Demetrius, son of Philip, son of Demetrius, seized Messene. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.1 | 2 | τὰ μὲν δὴ πολλὰ ἔς τε αὐτὸν Φίλιππον καὶ τὰ ἐς Δημήτριον τὸν Φιλίππου τολμηθέντα ἐκ Περσέως ἐν τοῖς Σικυωνίοις ἔγραψα ἤδη λόγοις· | Much of what Perseus dared against Philip himself and against his son Demetrius I have already recorded in my account concerning Sicyon. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.1 | 3 | τὰ δὲ ἐς τὴν κατάληψιν τὴν Μεσσήνης ἔσχεν οὕτω. | Regarding the capture of Messene, events were as follows. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.10 | 1 | Λακεδαιμονίοις δὲ ἀπηλλαγμένοις Κλεομένους ἐπανίσταται τύραννος Μαχανίδας, ἐκείνου δὲ ἀποθανόντος Νάβις ἀνέφυ σφίσιν αὖθις τύραννος· | After the Spartans had been freed from Cleomenes, Machanidas rose up as their tyrant, and upon his death Nabis appeared once again as their tyrant. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.10 | 2 | ἅτε δὲ οὐ τὰ ἀνθρώπων ἀναρπάζοντι αὐτῷ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἱερὰ συλῶντι, ἐν οὐ πολλῷ χρόνῳ χρήματά τε ἄφθονα καὶ ἀπʼ αὐτῶν στρατιὰ συνείλεκτο. | As he did not merely seize the possessions of men, but also plundered sanctuaries, within a short time he gathered enormous wealth and from this very wealth assembled an army. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.10 | 3 | τούτου τοῦ Νάβιδος Μεσσήνην καταλαβόντος Φιλοποίμην καὶ οἱ Μεγαλοπολῖται νυκτὸς ἀφίκοντο τῆς αὐτῆς· | When this Nabis took possession of Messene, Philopoemen and the Megalopolitans arrived during the same night. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.11 | 1 | καὶ ὁ μὲν Σπαρτιάτης τύραννος ἀπῆλθεν ὑπόσπονδος, Ἀχαιοὶ δὲ ὕστερον τούτων μεμφόμενοί τι Μεσσηνίοις στρατεύουσιν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς παρασκευῇ τῇ πάσῃ καὶ τὰ πολλὰ ἔτεμον τῆς χώρας. | The Spartan tyrant departed under terms of agreement, but afterward the Achaeans, finding fault with the Messenians on some count, marched against them with all available forces and devastated most of their land. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.11 | 2 | καὶ οἳ μὲν αὖθις περὶ ἀκμὴν σίτου συνελέγοντο ὡς ἐς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν ἐσβαλοῦντες· | Then, around the time of the grain harvest, they gathered again with intentions of invading Messenia. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.11 | 3 | Δεινοκράτης δὲ δήμου τε προεστηκὼς καὶ Μεσσηνίων ἄρχειν ἐν τῷ τότε ᾑρημένος Λυκόρταν μὲν καὶ τὴν σὺν αὐτῷ στρατιὰν ἀναχωρῆσαι παρεσκεύασεν ἄπρακτον, τὰς ἐς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν ἐκ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας παρόδους προλαβὼν τοῖς τε ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Μεσσηνίοις καὶ ὅσοι τῶν περιοίκων σφίσιν ἤμυναν· | But Deinocrates, who was then the leader of the democratic party and had been appointed ruler of the Messenians, compelled Lycortas and his forces to withdraw without achieving anything, by occupying beforehand the routes from Arcadia into Messenia with the citizens from the city itself and all among the surrounding population who had come to their defense. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.12 | 1 | Φιλοποίμενος δὲ σὺν ἱππεῦσιν ὀλίγοις ἀφικομένου πολὺ ὕστερον ἢ ὁ μετὰ Λυκόρτα στρατός, πυθέσθαι δὲ οὐδέν πω τῶν ἐς αὐτοὺς δεδυνημένου, νικῶσιν οἱ Μεσσήνιοι γινομένης σφίσιν ἐξ ὑπερδεξίων τῆς μάχης καὶ ζῶντα αἱροῦσι Φιλοποίμενα. | Philopoemen came much later with a few horsemen, after the army led by Lycortas had already arrived; before he had learned anything of what had befallen them, the Messenians were victorious on their side of the battlefield, which was on their right wing, and they captured Philopoemen alive. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.12 | 2 | τρόπον δὲ ὅντινα ὁ Φιλοποίμην ἑάλω καὶ ὡς ἐτελεύτησε, τάδε μὲν ἡμῖν καὶ ὕστερον ὁ Ἀρκαδικὸς λόγος ἐπέξεισι· | By what manner Philopoemen was captured and how he died, I shall relate further, when I later discuss Arcadian traditions. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.12 | 3 | Μεσσηνίων δὲ οἵ τε Φιλοποίμενι αἴτιοι τῆς τελευτῆς ἔδοσαν δίκας καὶ ἡ Μεσσήνη συνετέλεσεν αὖθις ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν. | However, the Messenians who were responsible for the death of Philopoemen subsequently paid the penalty, and Messene itself afterward rejoined the Achaean League. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.13 | 1 | ἄχρι μὲν δὴ τοῦδε ὁ λόγος ἐπῆλθέ μοι Μεσσηνίων τὰ πολλὰ παθήματα, καὶ ὡς ὁ δαίμων σφᾶς ἐπί τε γῆς τὰ ἔσχατα καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ πορρώτατα Πελοποννήσου σκεδάσας ὕστερον χρόνῳ καὶ ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν ἀνέσωσε· | Thus far my account has concerned the many sufferings of the Messenians, and how fortune, after scattering them to the furthest parts of the earth and to the most distant lands beyond the Peloponnese, later restored them in time to their own homeland. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.13 | 2 | τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου τῆς χώρας καὶ πόλεων τραπώμεθα ἐς ἀφήγησιν. | Now let me turn from this matter and proceed to the description of the country and cities. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.2 | 1 | χρημάτων ἐσπανίζετο Φίλιππος, καὶ---ἔδει γὰρ πάντως οἱ γενέσθαι χρήματα--- ἀποστέλλει Δημήτριον ναυσὶν ἐς Πελοπόννησον. | Philip found himself short of funds, and—because it was absolutely necessary for him to obtain money—he sent Demetrius by sea into the Peloponnese. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.2 | 2 | Δημήτριος δὲ κατήγετό που τῆς Ἀργείας ἐς λιμένα τῶν ἐρημοτέρων· αὐτίκα δὲ ὡς εἶχε διὰ τῶν ἐπιτομωτάτων τῆς χώρας τὴν στρατιὰν ἦγεν ἐπὶ Μεσσήνης. | Demetrius made his landing at some deserted harbor in the Argolid, and then immediately took his army by the shortest possible route through the country towards Messene. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.2 | 3 | προτάξας δὲ ὅσον ἦν τῶν τε ὅπλων τῇ σκευῇ κοῦφον καὶ τῆς ἐς τὴν Ἰθώμην εἶχεν ὁδοῦ οὐκ ἀπείρως, λανθάνει περὶ ὄρθρον μάλιστα ὑπερβὰς τὸ τεῖχος, καθὸ τῆς τε πόλεως μεταξὺ ἦν καὶ ἄκρας τῆς Ἰθώμης. | Sending ahead lightly equipped troops and those who were thoroughly familiar with the road leading up to Ithome, he passed unnoticed over the wall around dawn, at precisely the point between the city itself and the citadel of Ithome. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.3 | 1 | ὡς δὲ ἡμέρα τε ἐπέσχε καὶ ἤδη τοῖς ἔνδον αἴσθησις ἐγεγόνει τοῦ κατειληφότος κινδύνου, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αὐτοὺς ἐσῆλθεν ὑπόνοια ὡς οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι σὺν ὅπλοις παρέλθοιεν αὐτῶν ἐς τὴν πόλιν, ὥστε καὶ ὥρμησαν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἀφειδέστερον διὰ τὸ μῖσος τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς. | When daylight arrived and those within became fully aware of the danger that had seized them, their first suspicion was that the Lacedaemonians had entered their city under arms, which prompted them to attack the enemy all the more recklessly, motivated by their longstanding hatred. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.3 | 2 | ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐκ τε τῶν ὅπλων καὶ τῆς φωνῆς Μακεδόνας καὶ Δημήτριον τὸν Φιλίππου γνωρίζουσιν ὄντας, δεῖμα ἰσχυρὸν παρέστη σφίσι λογιζομένοις τήν τε ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ τῶν Μακεδόνων μελέτην καὶ τύχην ᾗ πρὸς ἅπαντα ἑώρων χρωμένους αὐτούς. | But when they recognized from their weapons and their speech that it was the Macedonians and Demetrius, son of Philip, who were present, they felt great fear, reflecting upon the Macedonians' military experience and the fortune which they perceived accompanied them in all their undertakings. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.4 | 1 | ὅμως δὲ τοῦ τε παρόντος κακοῦ τὸ μέγεθος ἐδίδασκεν ἀνδρίαν τινὰ καὶ πέρα τοῦ δυνατοῦ γίνεσθαι καὶ ἅμα τὰ ἀμείνω παρίστατο αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζειν· οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἄνευ θεοῦ διὰ τοσούτου σφίσιν ὑπάρξαι τὴν ἐς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδον. | Nevertheless, the extent of their present misfortune taught them that courage could sometimes surpass even what was thought possible, and at the same time encouraged them to hope for better things; for indeed, not without divine help had they accomplished the long journey into the Peloponnese. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.4 | 2 | οἵ τε οὖν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Μεσσήνιοι θυμῷ παντὶ ἐς τοὺς Μακεδόνας ἐχώρουν καὶ οἱ φρουροῦντες τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἐπέκειντο ἐξ ὑπερδεξίων. | Therefore, the Messenians from the city advanced with all their spirit against the Macedonians, while those guarding the citadel attacked from higher ground on their right flank. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.5 | 1 | ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ οἱ Μακεδόνες ὑπό τε ἀρετῆς καὶ ἐμπειρίας τὸ κατʼ ἀρχὰς ἠμύνοντο ἐρρωμένως· | In like manner the Macedonians, through valor and skill, at first made a vigorous resistance. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.5 | 2 | ἅτε δὲ ὁδοιπορίᾳ προαπειρηκότες καὶ ὁμοῦ τῶν τε ἀνδρῶν σφισιν ἐγκειμένων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γυναικῶν κεράμῳ καὶ λίθοις βαλλόμενοι, σὺν οὐδενὶ ἔφευγον κόσμῳ. | Soon, however, exhausted by the march and at once attacked by the men pressing upon them and pelted by women hurling tiles and stones, they fled in utter disorder. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.5 | 3 | καὶ τὸ μὲν πολὺ αὐτῶν ἀπώλετο ὠθούμενοι κατὰ τῶν κρημνῶν, ἀπότομος γὰρ δὴ ταύτῃ μάλιστά ἐστιν ἡ Ἰθώμη· | Most of them perished, thrust over the cliffs, for at this place particularly Ithome is precipitous. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.5 | 4 | ὀλίγοι δέ τινες καὶ ῥίψαντες τὰ ὅπλα ἀπεσώθησαν. | Only a few escaped, and those by throwing aside their weapons. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.6 | 1 | ἐς δὲ τὸ συνέδριον οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τὸ Ἀχαιῶν ἐπὶ τῷδε οὔ μοι δοκοῦσιν ἐσελθεῖν κατʼ ἀρχάς. | It is my opinion that the Messenians did not at first join the council of the Achaeans for the following reason. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.6 | 2 | Λακεδαιμονίοις αὐτεπάγγελτοι βοηθήσοντες ἀφίκοντο ὑπὸ Πύρρου τοῦ Αἰακίδου πολεμουμένοις, καί σφισιν ἀπὸ τῆς εὐεργεσίας ταύτης ἤδη τὰ ἐκ τῆς Σπάρτης εἰρηνικώτερα ὑπῆρχεν. | They voluntarily aided the Lacedaemonians when the latter were at war with Pyrrhus, the son of Aeacides; and as a result of this service, relations with Sparta thereafter became somewhat more peaceful. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.6 | 3 | οὔκουν ἀνακινῆσαι τὸ ἔχθος ἐβούλοντο ἐς τὸ συνέδριον συγχωρήσαντες, οἳ Λακεδαιμονίων μάλιστα πολέμιοι ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ καθεστήκεσαν. | Thus the Messenians, openly the bitterest enemies of Sparta, did not wish to revive their hostility by joining the Achaean council. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.7 | 1 | ὃ δὲ οὐ λέληθεν ἐμέ, οὐδὲ Μεσσηνίους ἐλελήθει δήπου, καὶ μὴ συντελοῦσιν αὐτοῖς ἐς τὸ συνέδριον ὡς ἐπὶ Λακεδαιμονίους τὰ Ἀχαιῶν ὑπάρχοι· ἐν γὰρ δὴ τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς καὶ Ἀργεῖοι καὶ τὸ Ἀρκαδικὸν οὐκ ἐλαχίστη μοῖρα ἦσαν. | But this fact has not escaped my notice, nor could it, I suppose, have escaped the Messenians themselves, that by not contributing to the council, the direction of Achaean policy toward Sparta would lie outside their influence; for among the Achaeans, the Argives and the Arcadians formed no small portion. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.7 | 2 | ἀνὰ χρόνον μέντοι προσεχώρησαν ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν. | However, in due time they did join the Achaean League. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.7 | 3 | οὐ πολλῷ δὲ ὕστερον Κλεομένης ὁ Λεωνίδου τοῦ Κλεωνύμου Μεγάλην πόλιν εἷλεν Ἀρκάδων ἐν σπονδαῖς· | Not long afterward, Cleomenes, son of Leonidas, grandson of Cleonymus, captured Megalopolis, a city of the Arcadians, during a period of truce. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.8 | 1 | τῶν δὲ οἱ καταληφθέντες οἳ μὲν ἀπώλοντο ὑπὸ τὴν ἅλωσιν, Φιλοποίμενα δὲ τὸν Κραύγιδος καὶ ὅσοι μετὰ Φιλοποίμενος ἀπεχώρησαν. | Of those who had been caught, some perished during the capture itself, but Philopoemen, son of Kraugis, and those who withdrew with Philopoemen. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.8 | 2 | γενέσθαι δὲ τῶν Μεγαλοπολιτῶν τὸ διαφυγὸν καὶ ὑπὲρ τὰς δύο μοίρας λέγουσι. | It is said that the number of Megalopolitans who escaped exceeded two-thirds. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.8 | 3 | τούτους ὑπεδέξαντο οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τῶν τε ἀρχαίων ἔργων ἕνεκα ὁπόσα ἐπὶ Ἀριστομένους ὑπῆρκτο Ἀρκάσι καὶ ὕστερον ἐπὶ τοῦ οἰκισμοῦ τοῦ Μεσσήνης, ἀποδιδόντες σφίσι τὴν ὁμοίαν. | These men the Messenians received out of remembrance for the deeds done formerly in the days of Aristomenes, when the Arcadians came to their assistance, and later, during the founding of Messene itself, thereby rendering them repayment in kind. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.9 | 1 | πέφυκε δὲ ἄρα ὡς ἐπίπαν μεταπίπτειν τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, εἰ δὴ Μεσσηνίοις Ἀρκάδας τε ἀντισῶσαι καὶ τὸ ἀδοκητότερον ἔτι ἑλεῖν Σπάρτην ὁ δαίμων ἔδωκεν· | Indeed, it seems that human affairs are in general subject to sudden reversals, since fate allowed the Messenians not only to find an equal footing alongside the Arcadians, but, even more unexpectedly, to take Sparta. | ? | ? |
| 4.29.9 | 2 | Κλεομένει γὰρ περὶ Σελλασίαν ἐμαχέσαντο ἐναντία καὶ τὴν Σπάρτην Ἀράτῳ καὶ Ἀχαιοῖς συγκαθεῖλον. | For at Sellasia they fought against Cleomenes, and joining with Aratus and the Achaeans, they brought about the downfall of Sparta itself. | ? | ? |