Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5.12.1 | 1 | ὅσοι δὲ ἀνθρώπων τὰ διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἐς τὸ ἐκτὸς ἐλέφασιν ἐξίσχοντα ὀδόντας τῶν θηρίων εἶναι καὶ οὐ κέρατα ἥγηνται, τούτοις ἔστιν ἀπιδεῖν μὲν ἐς τὰς ἄλκας, τὸ ἐν Κελτικῇ θηρίον, ἀπιδεῖν δὲ ἐς τοὺς Αἰθιοπικοὺς ταύρους· | But to those who have maintained that the tusks protruding from the mouth of certain creatures are teeth and not horns, it is worth considering the elks—animals found in Celtic lands—and the Ethiopian bulls. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.1 | 2 | ἄλκαι μὲν γὰρ κέρατα ἐπὶ ταῖς ὀφρύσιν ἔχουσιν οἱ ἄρρενες, τὸ δὲ θῆλυ οὐ φύει τὸ παράπαν· | The male elks have horns upon their brows, whereas the female does not grow them at all. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.1 | 3 | οἱ δὲ Αἰθιοπικοὶ ταῦροι τὰ κέρατα φύουσιν ἐπὶ τῇ ῥινί. | But the Ethiopian bulls grow horns upon their noses. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.1 | 4 | τίς ἂν οὖν ποιήσαιτο ἔτι ἐν μεγάλῳ θαύματι διὰ στόματος ζῴῳ κέρατα ἐκφῦναι; | Who, then, would still regard it as exceedingly strange that an animal might grow horns from its mouth? | ? | ? |
| 5.12.2 | 1 | πάρεστι δὲ ἀναδιδάσκεσθαι καὶ τοῖσδε ἔτι· κέρατα γὰρ κατὰ ἐτῶν περίοδον ἀπογίνεται καὶ αὖθις ἐκβλαστάνει ζῴοις, καὶ τοῦτο ἔλαφοί τε καὶ δορκάδες, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ οἱ ἐλέφαντες πεπόνθασιν. | Further evidence may also be drawn from these examples: horns are shed by certain animals annually and subsequently grow again—this occurs among deer and gazelles, and likewise elephants experience the same. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.2 | 2 | ὀδοὺς δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτῳ δεύτερα παρέσται ζῴῳ τῶν γε ἤδη τελείων· | Yet no mature animal regenerates its teeth a second time. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.2 | 3 | εἰ δὲ ὀδόντες τὰ διὰ στόματος ἐξίσχοντα καὶ μὴ κέρατα ἦσαν, πῶς ἂν καὶ ἀνεφύοντο αὖθις; | If the protrusions from elephants' mouths were teeth, not horns, how could they regrow once more? | ? | ? |
| 5.12.2 | 4 | οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ εἴκειν πυρὶ ἔχουσιν ὀδόντες φύσιν· κέρατα δὲ καὶ βοῶν καὶ ἐλεφάντων ἐς ὁμαλές τε ἐκ περιφεροῦς καὶ ἐς ἄλλα ὑπὸ πυρὸς ἄγεται σχήματα. | Moreover, teeth by nature do not soften under fire, whereas horns of both cattle and elephants can be heated and shaped from round forms into flat or other contoured shapes. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.2 | 5 | ποταμίοις γε μὴν ἵπποις καὶ ὑσὶν ἡ κάτωθεν γένυς τοὺς χαυλιόδοντας φέρει, κέρατα δὲ ἀναφυόμενα οὐχ ὁρῶμεν ἐκ γενύων· | And indeed, the lower jaw of river-horses and boars supports tusks, but we never see horns growing from the jaws. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.3 | 1 | ἐλέφαντι οὖν τὰ κέρατα ἴστω τις διὰ κροτάφων κατερχόμενα ἄνωθεν καὶ οὕτως ἐς τὸ ἐκτὸς ἐπιστρέφοντα. | The horns of an elephant, then, one should know, come downwards from above through the temples and then curve outwards. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.3 | 2 | τοῦτο οὐκ ἀκοὴν γράφω, θεασάμενος δὲ ἐλέφαντος ἐν γῇ τῇ Καμπανῶν κρανίον ἐν Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερῷ· | This description I do not write from hearsay, having myself seen an elephant's skull in the sanctuary of Artemis in the country of the Campanians. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.3 | 3 | σταδίους δὲ ὡς τριάκοντα ἀπέχει μάλιστα Καπύης τὸ ἱερόν, αὕτη δὲ ἡ μητρόπολίς ἐστιν ἡ Καπύη τῶν Καμπανῶν. | This sanctuary lies about thirty stades from Capua, which is the chief city of the Campanians. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.3 | 4 | ὁ μὲν δὴ ἐλέφας παρὰ τὰ λοιπὰ ζῷα διάφορον καὶ τὴν ἔκφυσιν παρέχεται τῶν κεράτων, ὥσπερ γε καὶ τὸ μέγεθός ἐστιν αὐτῷ καὶ εἶδος οὐδὲν ἐοικότα ἑτέρῳ θηρίῳ· | Now the elephant, compared to other animals, possesses a remarkable peculiarity in the position of these horns, just as its size and appearance altogether resemble no other creature. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.3 | 5 | φιλότιμοι δὲ ἐς τὰ μάλιστά μοι καὶ ἐς θεῶν τιμὴν οὐ φειδωλοὶ χρημάτων γενέσθαι δοκοῦσιν οἱ Ἕλληνες, οἷς γε παρὰ Ἰνδῶν ἤγετο καὶ ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ἐλέφας ἐς ποίησιν ἀγαλμάτων. | It appears to me that the Greeks have always been exceedingly eager for distinction, willingly spending lavishly on the honour of their gods, as indeed elephants were brought to them from India and Ethiopia for the making of statues. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.4 | 1 | ἐν δὲ Ὀλυμπίᾳ παραπέτασμα ἐρεοῦν κεκοσμημένον ὑφάσμασιν Ἀσσυρίοις καὶ βαφῇ πορφύρας τῆς Φοινίκων ἀνέθηκεν Ἀντίοχος, οὗ δὴ καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ θεάτρου τοῦ Ἀθήνῃσιν ἡ αἰγὶς ἡ χρυσῆ καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτῆς ἡ Γοργώ ἐστιν ἀναθήματα. | At Olympia, Antiochus dedicated a woolen curtain embellished with Assyrian embroidery and Phoenician purple dye, and he also dedicated the golden aegis with the Gorgon upon it, set above the theater in Athens. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.4 | 2 | τοῦτο οὐκ ἐς τὸ ἄνω τὸ παραπέτασμα πρὸς τὸν ὄροφον ὥσπερ γε ἐν Ἀρτέμιδος τῆς Ἐφεσίας ἀνέλκουσι, καλωδίοις δὲ ἐπιχαλῶντες καθιᾶσιν ἐς τὸ ἔδαφος. | This curtain was not pulled upward towards the roof, as is done at the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, but was lowered to the ground by cords that drew it down. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.5 | 1 | ἀναθήματα δὲ ὁπόσα ἔνδον ἢ ἐν τῷ προνάῳ κεῖται, θρόνος ἐστὶν Ἀριμνήστου βασιλεύσαντος ἐν Τυρσηνοῖς, ὃς πρῶτος βαρβάρων ἀναθήματι τὸν ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ Δία ἐδωρήσατο, καὶ ἵπποι Κυνίσκας χαλκοῖ, σημεῖα Ὀλυμπικῆς νίκης· | Of votive offerings placed within or in the fore-temple, there is the throne of Arimnestus, king among the Tyrrhenians, who was the first barbarian to dedicate an offering to Zeus at Olympia, and there are also the bronze horses of Cynisca, commemorative monuments of her Olympic victory. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.5 | 2 | οὗτοι μέγεθος μὲν ἀποδέουσιν ἵππων, ἑστήκασι δὲ ἐν τῷ προνάῳ τοῖς ἐσιοῦσιν ἐν δεξιᾷ. | These are smaller than life-size horses, and stand in the fore-temple, on the right as one enters. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.5 | 3 | κεῖται δὲ καὶ τρίπους ἐπίχαλκος, ἐφʼ οὗ πρὶν ἢ τὴν τράπεζαν ποιηθῆναι προετίθεντο τοῖς νικῶσιν οἱ στέφανοι. | There is also a bronze-coated tripod, upon which it was customary in earlier times to set out the crowns for victors, before the table was made. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.6 | 1 | βασιλέων δὲ ἀνδριάντας, | Statues of the emperors were dedicated there. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.6 | 2 | Ἀδριανοῦ μὲν αἱ ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν τελοῦσαι πόλεις ἀνέθεσαν Παρίου λίθου, Τραϊανοῦ δὲ οἱ πάντες Ἕλληνες. | Those cities in Achaia subject to Hadrian dedicated a statue of him made of Parian marble, and all the Greeks dedicated one of Trajan. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.6 | 3 | οὗτος προσεκτήσατο ὁ βασιλεὺς Γέτας τοὺς ὑπὲρ Θρᾴκης Ὀσρόῃ τε τῷ ἀπογόνῳ τῷ Ἀρσάκου καὶ Πάρθοις ἐπολέμησεν· | This emperor subdued the Getae beyond Thrace and waged war against Osroes, the descendant of Arsaces, and the Parthians. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.6 | 4 | ὁπόσα δὲ ἐς ἔργων ἔχει οἱ κατασκευήν, ἀξιολογώτατά ἐστι λουτρὰ ἐπώνυμα αὐτοῦ καὶ θέατρον μέγα κυκλοτερὲς πανταχόθεν καὶ οἰκοδόμημα ἐς ἵππων δρόμους προῆκον καὶ ἐς δύο σταδίων μῆκος, καὶ ἡ Ῥωμαίων ἀγορὰ κόσμου τε ἕνεκα τοῦ λοιποῦ θέας ἀξία καὶ μάλιστα ἐς τὸν ὄροφον χαλκοῦ πεποιημένον. | Among his constructions, the most notable are the baths that bear his name, a great theatre shaped as a complete circle open on all sides, a building stretching out for horse-races about two stadia in length, and the Roman market-place, remarkable both for its ornamentation and for the rest of its features, most notably its roof, which was made of bronze. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.7 | 1 | αἱ δὲ εἰκόνες αἱ τοῖς κατασκευάσμασι τοῖς περιφερέσιν ἐγκείμεναι, ἡ μὲν τοῦ ἠλέκτρου βασιλέως Ῥωμαίων ἐστὶν Αὐγούστου, ἡ δὲ τοῦ ἐλέφαντος βασιλέως Νικομήδους ἐλέγετο εἶναι Βιθυνῶν. | The statues placed within the movable structures, one of amber, represent Augustus, emperor of the Romans, and another one, made of ivory, is said to depict Nicomedes, king of Bithynia. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.7 | 2 | ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ καὶ τῇ μεγίστῃ τῶν ἐν Βιθυνίᾳ πόλεων μετεβλήθη τὸ ὄνομα, Ἀστακῷ τὰ πρὸ τούτου καλουμένῃ· | From him also the greatest of the cities in Bithynia received a change of name, having previously been called Astakos. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.7 | 3 | τὰ δὲ ἐξ ἀρχῆς αὐτῇ Ζυποίτης ἐγένετο οἰκιστής, Θρᾷξ γένος εἰκάζοντί γε ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος. | Its original founder was Zypoites, who, judging from his name, was likely of Thracian descent. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.7 | 4 | τὸ δὲ ἤλεκτρον τοῦτο οὗ τῷ Αὐγούστῳ πεποίηνται τὴν εἰκόνα, ὅσον μὲν αὐτόματον ἐν τοῦ Ἠριδανοῦ ταῖς ψάμμοις εὑρίσκεται, σπανίζεται τὰ μάλιστα καὶ ἀνθρώπῳ τίμιον πολλῶν ἐστιν ἕνεκα· τὸ δὲ ἄλλο ἤλεκτρον ἀναμεμιγμένος ἐστὶν ἀργύρῳ χρυσός. | Now this amber from which the statue of Augustus was fashioned—the sort that occurs naturally, found in the sands of Eridanus—is exceedingly rare and especially valued by men for various reasons; but that other amber is gold intermixed with silver. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.8 | 1 | ἐν δὲ τῷ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ ναῷ Νέρωνος ἀναθήματα τρεῖς μὲν ἐς κοτίνου φύλλα στέφανοι, τέταρτος δὲ ἐς δρυός ἐστι μεμιμημένος· | In the temple at Olympia there are offerings of Nero: three olive wreaths, while the fourth is a copy in oak leaves. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.8 | 2 | κεῖνται δὲ αὐτόθι καὶ ἀσπίδες χαλκαῖ πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι, τοῖς ὁπλιτεύουσιν εἶναι φορήματα ἐς τὸν δρόμον. | There are also twenty-five bronze shields there, carried by soldiers for the armed race. | ? | ? |
| 5.12.8 | 3 | στῆλαι δὲ ἄλλαι τε ἑστήκασι καὶ ἡ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους καὶ Ἀργείους τε καὶ Μαντινέας ἔχουσα ὅρκον παρὰ Ἠλείων ἐς συμμαχίαν ἐτῶν ἑκατόν. | Several stone inscriptions also stand there, among them one bearing the oath sworn by the Eleans to the Athenians, Argives, and Mantineans, establishing an alliance for a hundred years. | ? | ? |