Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8.38.1 | 1 | ἀνωτέρω δὲ ὀλίγον τείχους τε περίβολος τῆς Λυκοσούρας ἐστὶ καὶ οἰκήτορες ἔνεισιν οὐ πολλοί. | A little higher up is the enclosure of the wall of Lykosoura, where there dwell but few inhabitants. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.1 | 2 | πόλεων δέ, ὁπόσας ἐπὶ τῇ ἠπείρῳ ἔδειξε γῆ καὶ ἐν νήσοις, Λυκόσουρά ἐστι πρεσβυτάτη, καὶ ταύτην εἶδεν ὁ ἥλιος πρώτην· | Of all the cities the earth has shown upon the mainland and on islands, Lykosoura is the oldest; this city was the first that the sun saw. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.1 | 3 | ἀπὸ ταύτης δὲ οἱ λοιποὶ ποιεῖσθαι πόλεις μεμαθήκασιν ἄνθρωποι. | And from it humans learned how to establish the remaining cities. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.10 | 1 | τὸν μέν γε ἐπὶ τὰς Ἐχινάδας κατιόντα Ἀχελῷον διὰ τῆς Ἀκαρνάνων καὶ διʼ Αἰτωλίας ἔφησεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι Ὅμηρος ποταμῶν τῶν πάντων ἄρχοντα εἶναι, ἕτερον δὲ Ἀχελῷον ῥέοντα ἐκ Σιπύλου τοῦ ὄρους ἐποιήσατο αὐτόν τε τὸν ποταμὸν καὶ τὸ ὄρος τὸν Σίπυλον τοῦ λόγου προσθήκην τοῦ ἐς Νιόβην· | Indeed, Homer in the Iliad said that the Achelous river, flowing toward the Echinades islands through Acarnania and Aetolia, is leader over all rivers; however, he created another Achelous, flowing from Mount Sipylus, and both this river and Mount Sipylus were added to the account of Niobe. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.10 | 2 | τρίτῳ δʼ οὖν καὶ τῷ περὶ τὸ ὄρος τὸ Λύκαιόν ἐστιν ὄνομα Ἀχελῷος. | There is also yet a third river called by the name Achelous around Mount Lycaeus. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.11 | 1 | τῆς Λυκοσούρας δέ ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Νόμια ὄρη καλούμενα, καὶ Πανός τε ἱερὸν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐστι Νομίου καὶ τὸ χωρίον ὀνομάζουσι Μέλπειαν, τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς σύριγγος μέλος ἐνταῦθα Πανὸς εὑρεθῆναι λέγοντες. | To the right of Lykosoura are mountains called Nomia, and there is a sanctuary there dedicated to Pan Nomios; the place itself they name Melpeia, for they say it was there that the melody of Pan's pipe was first discovered. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.11 | 2 | κληθῆναι δὲ τὰ ὄρη Νόμια προχειρότατον μέν ἐστιν εἰκάζειν ἐπὶ τοῦ Πανὸς ταῖς νομαῖς, αὐτοὶ δὲ οἱ Ἀρκάδες νύμφης εἶναί φασιν ὄνομα. | That the mountains were named Nomia after Pan's pasturings is indeed the simplest conjecture, but the Arcadians themselves assert that the name comes from a nymph. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.2 | 1 | ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τοῦ ἱεροῦ τῆς Δεσποίνης τὸ ὄρος ἐστὶ τὸ Λύκαιον· καλοῦσι δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ Ὄλυμπον καὶ Ἱεράν γε ἕτεροι τῶν Ἀρκάδων κορυφήν. | To the left of the sanctuary of Despoina is Mount Lykaion; some Arcadians call this peak also Olympus, and others name it the Holy Peak. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.2 | 2 | τραφῆναι δὲ τὸν Δία φασὶν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τούτῳ· καὶ χώρα τέ ἐστιν ἐν τῷ Λυκαίῳ Κρητέα καλουμένη---αὕτη δὲ ἡ Κρητέα ἐστὶν ἐξ ἀριστερᾶς Ἀπόλλωνος ἄλσους ἐπίκλησιν Παρρασίου--- | They say that Zeus was nurtured on this mountain, and there is a region on Lykaion called Cretea—this Cretea lies to the left of the grove sacred to Apollo, surnamed Parrhasios. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.2 | 3 | καὶ τὴν Κρήτην, ἔνθα ὁ Κρητῶν ἔχει λόγος τραφῆναι Δία, τὸ χωρίον τοῦτο εἶναι καὶ οὐ διὰ τὴν νῆσον ἀμφισβητοῦσιν οἱ Ἀρκάδες. | The Arcadians maintain that it is this place called Cretea, rather than the island of Crete, which is referred to in the Cretan tradition as the place where Zeus was nurtured, and accordingly they dispute the island’s claim. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.3 | 1 | ταῖς Νύμφαις δὲ ὀνόματα, ὑφʼ ὧν τὸν Δία τραφῆναι λέγουσι, τίθενται Θεισόαν καὶ Νέδαν καὶ Ἁγνώ· | The names given to the Nymphs, who are said to have nurtured Zeus, are Thesoa, Neda, and Hagno. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.3 | 2 | καὶ ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς Θεισόας πόλις ᾠκεῖτο ἐν τῇ Παρρασίᾳ, τὰ δὲ ἐπʼ ἐμοῦ μοίρας τῆς Μεγαλοπολίτιδός ἐστιν ἡ Θεισόα κώμη· | From Thesoa a city was founded in Parrhasia; in my day Thesoa is a village belonging to the territory of Megalopolis. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.3 | 3 | τῆς Νέδας δὲ ὁ ποταμὸς τὸ ὄνομα ἔσχηκε· | From Neda the river has taken its name; | ? | ? |
| 8.38.3 | 4 | τῆς δὲ Ἁγνοῦς, ἣ ἐν τῷ ὄρει τῷ Λυκαίῳ πηγὴ κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ ποταμῷ τῷ Ἴστρῳ πέφυκεν ἴσον παρέχεσθαι τὸ ὕδωρ ἐν χειμῶνι ὁμοίως καὶ ἐν ὥρᾳ θέρους. | and from Hagno comes a spring on Mount Lycaeus whose waters flow like the river Ister, maintaining the same volume in winter as in the summer season. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.4 | 1 | ἢν δὲ αὐχμὸς χρόνον ἐπέχῃ πολὺν καὶ ἤδη σφίσι τὰ σπέρματα ἐν τῇ γῇ καὶ τὰ δένδρα αὐαίνηται, τηνικαῦτα ὁ ἱερεὺς τοῦ Λυκαίου Διὸς προσευξάμενος ἐς τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ θύσας ὁπόσα ἐστὶν αὐτῷ νόμος, καθίησι δρυὸς κλάδον ἐπιπολῆς καὶ οὐκ ἐς βάθος τῆς πηγῆς· | If drought persists for a long time, when their crops and trees begin already to wither in the ground, the priest of Zeus Lycaeus prays to the water, performs the sacrifices appointed by custom, and then lowers an oak branch upon the surface—not into the depths—of the spring. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.4 | 2 | ἀνακινηθέντος δὲ τοῦ ὕδατος ἄνεισιν ἀχλὺς ἐοικυῖα ὁμίχλῃ, διαλιποῦσα δὲ ὀλίγον γίνεται νέφος ἡ ἀχλὺς καὶ ἐς αὑτὴν ἄλλα ἐπαγομένη τῶν νεφῶν ὑετὸν τοῖς Ἀρκάσιν ἐς τὴν γῆν κατιέναι ποιεῖ. | Once the water has been stirred, a vapor resembling a mist rises up; after lingering a short while, this mist becomes a cloud and, drawing other clouds toward itself, causes rain to fall upon the land of the Arcadians. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.5 | 1 | ἔστι δὲ ἐν τῷ Λυκαίῳ Πανός τε ἱερὸν καὶ περὶ αὐτὸ ἄλσος δένδρων καὶ ἱππόδρομός τε καὶ πρὸ αὐτοῦ στάδιον· | On Mount Lykaion, there is a sanctuary of Pan with a grove of trees surrounding it, a hippodrome, and in front of it a stadium. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.5 | 2 | τὸ δὲ ἀρχαῖον τῶν Λυκαίων ἦγον τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐνταῦθα. | In ancient times, the Lycaean Games were held here. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.5 | 3 | ἔστι δὲ αὐτόθι καὶ ἀνδριάντων βάθρα, οὐκ ἐπόντων ἔτι ἀνδριάντων· | There are also here pedestals for statues, although the statues themselves no longer exist. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.5 | 4 | ἐλεγεῖον δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν βάθρων ἑνὶ Ἀστυάνακτός φησιν εἶναι τὴν εἰκόνα, τὸν δὲ Ἀστυάνακτα εἶναι γένος τῶν ἀπὸ Ἀρκάδος. | An elegiac inscription on one of these pedestals states that the statue was of Astyanax, and that this Astyanax was descended from the lineage of Arkas. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.6 | 1 | τὸ δὲ ὄρος παρέχεται τὸ Λύκαιον καὶ ἄλλα ἐς θαῦμα καὶ μάλιστα τόδε. | Mount Lykaion also provides other wonders, and especially the following. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.6 | 2 | τέμενός ἐστιν ἐν αὐτῷ Λυκαίου Διός, ἔσοδος δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐς αὐτὸ ἀνθρώποις· | There is a sanctuary there dedicated to Zeus Lykaeus, into which no human being is permitted to enter. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.6 | 3 | ὑπεριδόντα δὲ τοῦ νόμου καὶ ἐσελθόντα ἀνάγκη πᾶσα αὐτὸν ἐνιαυτοῦ πρόσω μὴ βιῶναι. | If someone disregards this prohibition and enters, he inevitably cannot live beyond a year. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.6 | 4 | καὶ τάδε ἔτι ἐλέγετο, τὰ ἐντὸς τοῦ τεμένους γενόμενα ὁμοίως πάντα καὶ θηρία καὶ ἀνθρώπους οὐ παρέχεσθαι σκιάν· | Yet another marvel is said concerning this sacred precinct: everything within it—both animals and people alike—is said to cast no shadow. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.6 | 5 | καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐς τὸ τέμενος θηρίου καταφεύγοντος οὐκ ἐθέλει οἱ συνεσπίπτειν ὁ κυνηγέτης, ἀλλὰ ὑπομένων ἐκτὸς καὶ ὁρῶν τὸ θηρίον οὐδεμίαν ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ θεᾶται σκιάν. | For this reason, if an animal flees into the precinct, the hunter does not dare to pursue it there, but standing outside the boundary and watching the animal, he notices that it casts no shadow at all. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.6 | 6 | χρόνον μὲν δὴ τὸν ἴσον ἔπεισί τε ὁ ἥλιος τὸν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καρκίνον καὶ ἐν Συήνῃ τῇ πρὸ Αἰθιοπίας οὔτε ἀπὸ δένδρων οὔτε ἀπὸ τῶν ζῴων γενέσθαι σκιὰν ἔστι· | During the period when the sun passes through Cancer in the heavens, at Syene, which lies south of Egypt toward Ethiopia, neither tree nor creature casts a shadow. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.6 | 7 | τὸ δὲ ἐν τῷ Λυκαίῳ τέμενος τὸ αὐτὸ ἐς τὰς σκιὰς ἀεί τε καὶ ἐπὶ πασῶν πέπονθε τῶν ὡρῶν. | But the sanctuary on Mount Lykaion experiences this phenomenon continuously and in all seasons. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.7 | 1 | ἔστι δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ ἄκρᾳ τῇ ἀνωτάτω τοῦ ὄρους γῆς χῶμα, Διὸς τοῦ Λυκαίου βωμός, καὶ ἡ Πελοπόννησος τὰ πολλά ἐστιν ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ σύνοπτος· | On the highest peak of the mountain there is a mound of earth, the altar of Zeus Lycaeus, from where most of the Peloponnese can be seen. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.7 | 2 | πρὸ δὲ τοῦ βωμοῦ κίονες δύο ὡς ἐπὶ ἀνίσχοντα ἑστήκασιν ἥλιον, ἀετοὶ δὲ ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς ἐπίχρυσοι τά γε ἔτι παλαιότερα ἐπεποίηντο. | In front of the altar stand two columns, positioned toward the rising sun; upon these were originally placed gilded eagles, made in even earlier times. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.7 | 3 | ἐπὶ τούτου τοῦ βωμοῦ τῷ Λυκαίῳ Διὶ θύουσιν ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ· | Upon this altar they sacrifice offerings to Zeus Lycaeus in secret. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.7 | 4 | πολυπραγμονῆσαι δὲ οὔ μοι τὰ ἐς τὴν θυσίαν ἡδὺ ἦν, ἐχέτω δὲ ὡς ἔχει καὶ ὡς ἔσχεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς. | It was not pleasing to me to inquire closely about the details of this sacrifice; let it remain as it is, and as it was from the beginning. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.8 | 1 | ἔστι δὲ ἐν τοῖς πρὸς ἀνατολὰς τοῦ ὄρους Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερὸν ἐπίκλησιν Παρρασίου· τίθενται δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ Πύθιον ὄνομα. | On the eastern slopes of the mountain there is a temple of Apollo surnamed Parrhasios; they also give him the title Pythios. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.8 | 2 | ἄγοντες δὲ τῷ θεῷ κατὰ ἔτος ἑορτὴν θύουσι μὲν ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ κάπρον τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι τῷ Ἐπικουρίῳ, θύσαντες δὲ ἐνταῦθα αὐτίκα τὸ ἱερεῖον κομίζουσιν ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τοῦ Παρρασίου σὺν αὐλῷ τε καὶ πομπῇ, | Each year they hold a festival in the god's honor, at which they sacrifice a boar in the agora to Apollo Epikourios; after performing this sacrifice, they immediately carry the victim to the temple of Apollo Parrhasios, accompanied by a flute-player and a solemn procession. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.8 | 3 | καὶ τά τε μηρία ἐκτεμόντες καίουσι καὶ δὴ καὶ ἀναλίσκουσιν αὐτόθι τοῦ ἱερείου τὰ κρέα. | There they cut out the thigh-bones and burn them, and there too they consume the meat of the sacrificial animal. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.9 | 1 | ταῦτα μὲν οὕτω ποιεῖν νομίζουσι, | They hold these customs thus. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.9 | 2 | τοῦ Λυκαίου δὲ τὰ πρὸς τῆς ἄρκτου γῆ ἐστιν ἡ Θεισοαία· οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι μάλιστα οἱ ταύτῃ νύμφην τὴν Θεισόαν ἄγουσιν ἐν τιμῇ. | North of Mount Lycaeus lies the territory of Theisoa, and the inhabitants there especially honor the nymph Theisoa. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.9 | 3 | διὰ δὲ τῆς χώρας τῆς Θεισοαίας ῥέοντες ἐμβάλλουσιν ἐς τὸν Ἀλφειὸν Μυλάων, | Through the country of Theisoa flows the river Mylaon, which empties into the Alpheios. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.9 | 4 | ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτῷ Νοῦς καὶ Ἀχελῷος καὶ Κέλαδός τε καὶ Νάλιφος. | Tributaries of Mylaon are the Nous, the Acheloüs, the Celadus and the Naliphus. | ? | ? |
| 8.38.9 | 5 | Ἀχελῴω δὲ τῷ Ἀρκάδι εἰσιν ἄλλοι δύο ὁμώνυμοί τε αὐτῷ ποταμοὶ καὶ τὰ ἐς δόξαν φανερώτεροι· | Besides this Acheloüs in Arcadia, there are two other rivers of the same name, both better known and more frequently mentioned. | ? | ? |