Greek passages split into sentences with English translation
| Passage | Sentence | Greek | English | Era | Skepticism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9.13.1 | 1 | τῷ δʼ Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ τὰ μὲν τῶν προγόνων ὑπῆρχεν ἐς γένους δόξαν, ὁ δέ οἱ πατὴρ χρημάτων ἕνεκα μέσου ἀνδρὸς ἀπέδει Θηβαίου· | Epaminondas inherited from his ancestors renown of lineage, though his father's limited financial means placed him within the middle rank of Theban society. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.1 | 2 | διδάγματα δὲ αὐτοῖς τά τε ἐπιχώρια ἔμαθεν ἐς τὸ ἀκριβέστατον καὶ ὡς ἤδη μειράκιον ἦν ἐφοίτησεν ὡς Λῦσιν, ἄνδρα γένος μὲν Ταραντῖνον, ἐπιστάμενον δὲ τοὺς Πυθαγόρου τοῦ Σαμίου λόγους. | His education included meticulous mastery of the customary native subjects, and when he was already a youth he studied under Lysis, a man who was by birth from Tarentum and knowledgeable in the doctrines of Pythagoras of Samos. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.1 | 3 | λέγεται δὲ ὁ Ἐπαμινώνδας, ἡνίκα ἐπολέμουν Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μαντινεῦσι, πεμφθῆναι σὺν ἄλλοις ἀνδράσιν ἐκ Θηβῶν Λακεδαιμονίοις ἐπαμύνειν· | It is said that when the Lacedaemonians were at war with the Mantineans, Epaminondas was sent along with other men from Thebes to assist the Lacedaemonians. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.1 | 4 | ἔχοντα δὲ τραύματα ἐν τῇ μάχῃ Πελοπίδαν ἐξέσωσεν ἐς ἅπαν ἀφικόμενος κινδύνου. | During the battle, he himself sustained wounds, yet saved Pelopidas, who had been injured, rescuing him at the utmost risk to his own life. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.10 | 1 | ὡς δὲ ἄλλοι τε Λακεδαιμονίων τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐτεθνήκει Κλεόμβροτος, ἐνταῦθα καὶ τοὺς Σπαρτιάτας καὶ ταλαιπωρουμένους ἐπελάμβανεν ἀνάγκη μὴ ἐνδιδόναι· παρὰ γὰρ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις αἴσχιστον ἐδέδοκτο εἶναι βασιλέως νεκρὸν ἐπὶ ἀνδράσι πολεμίοις γενόμενον περιοφθῆναι. | But when Cleombrotus, the king, as well as other high-ranking Lacedaemonians had fallen, then even in their distress necessity compelled the Spartans not to yield; for among the Lacedaemonians, it was considered most shameful that the body of a king who had fallen among enemy forces should be left abandoned to them. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.11 | 1 | Θηβαίοις μὲν ἡ νίκη κατείργαστο ἐπιφανέστατα πασῶν ὁπόσας κατὰ Ἑλλήνων ἀνείλοντο Ἕλληνες· | For the Thebans, the victory was the most glorious of any ever won by Greeks against Greeks. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.11 | 2 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίαν τοὺς τεθνεῶτας διενοοῦντο ὡς θάψοντες καὶ ἀποστέλλουσι κήρυκα ἐς τοὺς Θηβαίους. | The Spartans the following day decided to bury their dead and sent a herald to the Thebans. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.11 | 3 | Ἐπαμινώνδας δέ, ἐπιστάμενος ὡς ἐπικρύπτεσθαι τὰς συμφορὰς ἀεί ποτε οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι πεφύκασιν, ἔφασκεν ἀναίρεσιν τῶν νεκρῶν προτέροις αὐτῶν διδόναι τοῖς συμμάχοις, ἐπὶ δὲ ἐκείνοις ἀνελομένοις οὕτω καὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἠξίου θάπτειν τοὺς αὑτῶν. | Epaminondas, aware that the Spartans were always accustomed to concealing their misfortunes, told them he would grant permission to recover their dead only after they had first given leave for their allies to do so; and once the allies had recovered their dead, then he judged it right that the Spartans should bury their own. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.12 | 1 | ὡς δὲ τῶν συμμάχων οἱ μὲν οὐδὲ ἀρχὴν ἀνῃροῦντο ἅτε οὐ τεθνεῶτός σφισιν οὐδενός, τῶν δὲ ὀλίγον ἐφαίνετο εἶναι τὸ διεφθαρμένον, οὕτω Λακεδαιμόνιοί τε ἔθαπτον τοὺς αὑτῶν καὶ ἤδη Σπαρτιάτας ἐξελήλεγκτο εἶναι τοὺς κειμένους. | Since some of their allies entirely denied having casualties, claiming that none of their men had fallen, and others appeared to have suffered only slight losses, the Lacedaemonians buried their own dead, and it had by this time become clear that those lying there were Spartans. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.12 | 2 | ἀπέθανον δὲ Θηβαίων τε καὶ ὅσοι παρέμειναν Βοιωτῶν ἑπτὰ καὶ τεσσαράκοντα ἄνδρες, Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ αὐτῶν πλείους ἢ χίλιοι. | Of the Thebans and those of the Boeotians who had remained with them, forty-seven men perished, while of the Lacedaemonians themselves more than a thousand were killed. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.2 | 1 | χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον κατὰ πρεσβείαν ἐς Σπάρτην ἥκοντα Ἐπαμινώνδαν, ὅτε Λακεδαιμόνιοι συντίθεσθαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἔφασαν εἰρήνην τὴν ἐπὶ Ἀνταλκίδου καλουμένην. | Some time afterward, Epaminondas arrived in Sparta on an embassy, when the Lacedaemonians said that they were ready to make peace with the Greeks on terms known as the peace of Antalcidas. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.2 | 2 | τηνικαῦτα Ἐπαμινώνδαν ἤρετο Ἀγησίλαος, εἰ κατὰ πόλιν ὀμνύναι Βοιωτοὺς ἐάσουσιν ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰρήνης· | At this time Agesilaus asked Epaminondas whether the Thebans would allow the oath concerning the peace to be sworn on a city-by-city basis. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.2 | 3 | οὐ πρότερόν γε ἔφασεν ὦ Σπαρτιᾶται, πρὶν ἢ καὶ τοὺς περιοίκους ὀμνύοντας κατὰ πόλιν ἴδωμεν τοὺς ὑμετέρους. | Epaminondas replied, "We will certainly not consent to that, Spartans, until we see your own perioikoi likewise swearing their oaths city by city." | ? | ? |
| 9.13.3 | 1 | ὡς δὲ ὁ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Θηβαίων ἐξῆρτο ἤδη πόλεμος καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι δυνάμει καὶ αὑτῶν καὶ τῶν συμμάχων ἐπὶ τοὺς Θηβαίους ᾔεσαν, | When war now had broken out between the Lacedaemonians and Thebans, the Lacedaemonians advanced against the Thebans with the full force of themselves and their allies. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.3 | 2 | Ἐπαμινώνδας μὲν ἔχων τοῦ στρατοῦ μοῖραν ἀντεκάθητο ὑπὲρ τῆς Κηφισίδος λίμνης ὡς ποιησομένων ταύτῃ Πελοποννησίων τὴν ἐσβολήν, | Epaminondas, having a part of the army, took up a position by Lake Cephisis, in the expectation that the Peloponnesians would invade through that region. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.3 | 3 | Κλεόμβροτος δὲ ὁ Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ Ἀμβρόσσου τρέπεται τῆς Φωκέων· | Cleombrotus, the Lacedaemonian king, however, turned towards Ambrossos, a city belonging to the Phokians. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.3 | 4 | ἀποκτείνας δὲ Χαιρέαν, ὃς φυλάσσειν διετέτακτο τὰς παρόδους, καὶ ἄλλους τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ Θηβαίους, ὑπερέβη καὶ ἐς Λεῦκτρα ἀφικνεῖται τὰ Βοιώτια. | After killing Chaereas, who had been assigned to guard the passes, along with the other Thebans who were with him, he passed through and arrived in Leuctra, in the territory of Boeotia. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.4 | 1 | ἐνταῦθα καὶ αὐτῷ Κλεομβρότῳ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων τῷ κοινῷ σημεῖα ἐγένετο ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ. | At this place, signs from the god appeared both to Cleombrotus himself and to the Spartan people in common. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.4 | 2 | τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν αὐτῶν ἐς τὰς ἐξόδους πρόβατα εἵπετο θεοῖς τε εἶναι θυσίας καὶ πρὸ τῶν ἀγώνων καλλιερεῖν· ταῖς δὲ ποίμναις ἡγεμόνες τῆς πορείας ἦσαν αἶγες, κατοιάδας οἱ ποιμένες ὀνομάζουσιν αὐτάς. | It was customary for their kings, whenever they set out on expeditions, to have sheep accompany them for sacrifices to the gods and divination before battles; yet in these flocks goats served as leaders on the march, which the shepherds call "katoiades." | ? | ? |
| 9.13.4 | 3 | τότε οὖν ὁρμήσαντες ἐς τὴν ποίμνην λύκοι τοῖς μὲν προβάτοις ἐγίνοντο οὐδὲν βλάβος, οἱ δὲ τὰς αἶγας τὰς κατοιάδας ἔκτεινον. | At that time, wolves attacked the flock, but no harm befell the sheep; instead, the wolves killed only the goats called "katoiades." | ? | ? |
| 9.13.5 | 1 | ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ μήνιμα ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐκ τῶν θυγατέρων εἶναι τῶν Σκεδάσου. | And it was said that resentment towards the Lacedaemonians came also from the daughters of Scedasus. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.5 | 2 | Σκεδάσῳ γὰρ περὶ Λεῦκτρα οἰκοῦντι θυγατέρες Μολπία γίνεται καὶ Ἱππώ· ταύτας ἐς ὥραν ἤδη προηκούσας Λακεδαιμονίων ἄνδρες βιάζονται παρὰ θέμιδα ς καὶ Φρουραρχίδας καὶ Παρθένιος. | For Scedasus, who lived near Leuctra, had two daughters, Molpia and Hippo; and when they reached youthful maturity, they were outrageously violated by two Spartans, Phrurarchidas and Parthenios. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.5 | 3 | καὶ αἵ τε παρθένοι παραυτίκα---οὐ γάρ σφισιν ἀνεκτὰ ἐφαίνετο εἶναι τὰ τῆς ὕβρεως---ἀπάγχουσιν αὑτάς· | Immediately afterward, the maidens—since they could not bear the shame of their violation—hanged themselves. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.5 | 4 | καὶ ὁ Σκέδασος, ὡς ἐς Λακεδαίμονα ἐλθόντι οὐδεμία ἐγένετο αὐτῷ δίκη, οὕτως ἐς τὰ Λεῦκτρα ἐπανήκων αὑτὸν διεργάζεται. | Scedasus, traveling to Lacedaemon, could obtain no redress whatsoever; then returning thus to Leuctra, he ended his own life. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.6 | 1 | τότε δὲ ὁ Ἐπαμινώνδας Σκεδάσῳ καὶ ταῖς παισὶν ἐνήγιζέ τε καὶ εὔχετο, ὡς οὐ μᾶλλον ὑπὲρ σωτηρίας Θηβαίων ἢ καὶ τιμωρίας ἐκείνων τὸν ἀγῶνα ἐσόμενον. | Then Epaminondas offered sacrifices and prayed to Scedasus and his daughters, declaring that the battle would be fought no less for vengeance upon their murderers than for the safety of Thebes. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.6 | 2 | τῶν δὲ βοιωταρχούντων οὐ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἐγίνοντο αἱ γνῶμαι, διεστηκυῖαι δὲ πολὺ ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων· | But among the Boeotarchs opinions did not coincide, and their views differed considerably from one another. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.6 | 3 | Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ μὲν γὰρ ἤρεσκε καὶ Μάλγιδι καὶ Ξενοκράτει κατὰ τάχος πρὸς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ποιεῖσθαι μάχην, | Epaminondas, along with Malgis and Xenocrates, preferred to engage the Spartans swiftly, | ? | ? |
| 9.13.6 | 4 | Δαμοκλείδας δὲ καὶ Δαμόφιλος καὶ Σιμάγγελος συμβάλλειν μὲν οὐκ εἴων, ἐκέλευον δὲ ὑπεκθεμένους ἐς τὴν Ἀττικὴν γυναῖκας καὶ παῖδας ὡς πολιορκησομένους αὐτοὺς παρασκευάζεσθαι. | whereas Damokleidas, Damophilos and Simangelos opposed giving battle, advising instead to send away their women and children to Attica and to prepare themselves to endure a siege. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.7 | 1 | τῶν μὲν δὴ ἓξ ἐς τοσοῦτον ἦν κεχωρισμένα τὰ βουλεύματα· | The votes of the six commanders had thus far been equally divided. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.7 | 2 | προσγενομένης δὲ ψήφου τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἐπαμινώνδαν τοῦ ἑβδόμου τῶν Βοιωταρχῶν, ὃς ἐφρούρει μὲν τὴν κατὰ τὸν Κιθαιρῶνα ἐσβολήν, ὄνομα δὲ ἦν οἱ Βραχυλλίδης, τούτου τοῦ ἀνδρός, ὡς ἐπανῆλθεν ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον, προσθεμένου τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἐπαμινώνδαν, τότε καὶ πᾶσιν ἐδέδοκτο ἀγῶνι διακρίνεσθαι. | However, when the vote of the seventh Boeotarch, who was stationed to guard the passage by Cithaeron—his name was Brachyllides—was added to the side of Epaminondas upon his return to the camp, all agreed at last to decide the issue through battle. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.8 | 1 | τῷ δὲ Ἐπαμινώνδᾳ καὶ ἐς ἄλλους Βοιωτῶν ὕποπτα ἦν, ἐς δὲ τοὺς Θεσπιεῖς καὶ περισσότερον· | Epaminondas had suspected the loyalty of other Boeotians as well, but his suspicion was even greater against the Thespians. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.8 | 2 | δείσας οὖν μὴ σφᾶς παρὰ τὸ ἔργον προδῶσιν, ἀποχώρησιν παρεῖχεν ἀπὸ στρατοπέδου τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν οἴκαδε· | Therefore, fearing they might betray him in the midst of action, he gave leave to depart openly from the camp to whoever wished to go home. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.8 | 3 | καὶ οἱ Θεσπιεῖς τε ἀπαλλάσσονται πανδημεὶ καὶ εἴ τισιν ἄλλοις Βοιωτῶν ὑπῆν δύσνοια ἐς τοὺς Θηβαίους. | As a consequence, the Thespians departed altogether, along with any other Boeotians who harbored disaffection toward the Thebans. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.9 | 1 | ὡς δὲ ἐς χεῖρας συνῄεσαν, ἐνταῦθα οἱ σύμμαχοι τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἅτε αὐτοῖς καὶ τὸν πρὸ τοῦ χρόνον οὐκ ἀρεσκόμενοι τὸ ἔχθος μάλιστα ἐπεδείκνυντο, οὔτε κατὰ χώραν μένειν ἐθέλοντες, ἐνδιδόντες δὲ ὅπῃ σφίσιν οἱ πολέμιοι προσφέροιντο. | But when they had come to close combat, at this point the allies of the Lacedaemonians, never having previously been satisfied with them, showed their animosity most clearly: unwilling to hold their ground, they yielded wherever the enemy attacked them. | ? | ? |
| 9.13.9 | 2 | αὐτοὺς δὲ Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ Θηβαίους ἐξ ἴσου καθίστη τοὺς μὲν ἐμπειρία τε ἡ προϋπάρχουσα καὶ ἅμα αἰδουμένους μὴ καταλῦσαι τῆς Σπάρτης τὸ ἀξίωμα, Θηβαῖοι δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος καὶ πρὸ γυναικῶν καὶ παίδων τὸν κίνδυνον ἐφεστηκότα ἑώρων. | But the Lacedaemonians themselves and the Thebans were equally matched in battle, the former relying upon their previous military experience and at the same time motivated by a sense of shame lest they undermine the prestige of Sparta, while the Thebans saw the danger ahead as a struggle for their homeland, their women, and their children. | ? | ? |