Pausanias Analysis

Passage 3.13.1 Class: Skeptical

πλησίον δὲ ἔστι μὲν Κυνόρτου τοῦ Ἀμύκλα τάφος, ἔστι δὲ καὶ Κάστορος μνῆμα, ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ ἱερὸν πεποίηται· τεσσαρακοστῷ γὰρ ὕστερον ἔτει τῆς μάχης τῆς πρὸς Ἴδαν καὶ Λυγκέα θεοὺς τοὺς Τυνδάρεω παῖδας καὶ οὐ πρότερον νομισθῆναί φασι. δείκνυται δὲ πρὸς τῇ Σκιάδι καὶ Ἴδα καὶ Λυγκέως τάφος. κατὰ μὲν δὴ τοῦ λόγου τὸ εἰκὸς ἐτάφησαν ἐν τῇ Μεσσηνίᾳ καὶ οὐ ταύτῃ·

Proper Nouns:

Κάστωρ Κύνωρτος Λυγκεύς Μεσσηνία Σκιάς Τυνδάρεως Ἀμύκλας Ἴδας

Near at hand is the tomb of Cynortas, son of Amyclas, and nearby there is also a monument to Castor, upon which a sanctuary has been built. For they say these sons of Tyndareus were first recognized as gods forty years after the battle against Idas and Lynceus, and not before. By the place called Skiada is shown the tomb of Idas and Lynceus. But according to probability and tradition, they were buried in Messenia and not here.

Passage 3.13.2 Class: Skeptical

Μεσσηνίων δὲ αἱ συμφοραὶ καὶ ὁ χρόνος, ὅσον ἔφυγον ἐκ Πελοποννήσου, πολλὰ τῶν ἀρχαίων καὶ κατελθοῦσιν ἐποίησεν ἄγνωστα, ἅτε δὲ ἐκείνων οὐκ εἰδότων ἔστιν ἤδη τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἀμφισβητεῖν. Λακεδαιμονίοις δὲ ἀπαντικρὺ τῆς Ὀλυμπίας Ἀφροδίτης ἐστὶ ναὸς Κόρης Σωτείρας· ποιῆσαι δὲ τὸν Θρᾷκα Ὀρφέα λέγουσιν, οἱ δὲ Ἄβαριν ἀφικόμενον ἐξ Ὑπερβορέων.

Proper Nouns:

Κόρη Σωτείρα Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μεσσήνιοι Πελοπόννησος Ἀφροδίτη Ἄβαρις Ὀλυμπία Ὀρφεύς Ὑπερβόρεοι

The misfortunes of the Messenians and the long period they spent in exile from the Peloponnese caused many of their ancient traditions to become forgotten even after their return, thus enabling those inclined to dispute these matters, as the Messenians no longer fully understood them. Opposite the Olympian Aphrodite, the Lacedaemonians have a temple dedicated to Kore Soteira ("Maiden Savior"), which is said by some to have been founded by the Thracian Orpheus, but by others attributed to Abaris after his arrival from the Hyperboreans.

Passage 3.13.3 Class: Non-skeptical

ὁ δὲ Καρνειός, ὃν Οἰκέταν ἐπονομάζουσι, τιμὰς εἶχεν ἐν Σπάρτῃ καὶ πρὶν Ἡρακλείδας κατελθεῖν, ἵδρυτο δὲ ἐν οἰκίᾳ Κριοῦ τοῦ Θεοκλέους, ἀνδρὸς μάντεως· τούτου δὲ τοῦ Κριοῦ γεμιζούσῃ τῇ θυγατρὶ ὕδωρ συντυχόντες κατάσκοποι τῶν Δωριέων αὐτῇ τε ἀφίκοντο ἐς λόγους καὶ παρὰ τὸν Κριὸν ἐλθόντες διδάσκονται τὴν ἅλωσιν τῆς Σπάρτης.

Proper Nouns:

Δωριεῖς Θεοκλῆς Καρνεῖος Κριός Οἰκέτης Σπάρτη Ἡρακλεῖδαι

Karneios, whom they surname Oiketas, was honored in Sparta even before the return of the Herakleidai. His statue stood in the house of Krios, son of Theokles, a man who was a seer. Once, as Krios's daughter was drawing water, some Dorian spies encountered her, engaged her in conversation, and after being introduced to Krios, from him they learned how Sparta could be captured.

Passage 3.13.4 Class: Skeptical

Κάρνειον δὲ Ἀπόλλωνα Δωριεῦσι μὲν τοῖς πᾶσι σέβεσθαι καθέστηκεν ἀπὸ Κάρνου γένος ἐξ Ἀκαρνανίας, μαντευομένου δὲ ἐξ Ἀπόλλωνος· τοῦτον γὰρ τὸν Κάρνον ἀποκτείναντος Ἱππότου τοῦ Φύλαντος ἐνέπεσεν ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον τοῖς Δωριεῦσι μήνιμα Ἀπόλλωνος, καὶ Ἱππότης τε ἔφυγεν ἐπὶ τῷ φόνῳ καὶ Δωριεῦσιν ἀπὸ τούτου τὸν Ἀκαρνᾶνα μάντιν καθέστηκεν ἱλάσκεσθαι. ἀλλὰ γὰρ Λακεδαιμονίοις οὐχ οὗτος ὁ Οἰκέτας ἐστὶ Καρνειός, ὁ δὲ ἐν τοῦ μάντεως Κριοῦ τιμώμενος Ἀχαιῶν ἔτι ἐχόντων τὴν Σπάρτην.

Proper Nouns:

Δωριεῖς Κάρνειον Κάρνος Καρνειός Κριός Λακεδαιμόνιοι Οἰκέτας Σπάρτη Φύλαντος Ἀκαρνανία Ἀπόλλων Ἀχαιοὶ Ἱππότης

It has been established that Apollo Carneius is honored by all the Dorians, deriving from Carnus, a seer from Acarnania, who received his oracle from Apollo. For when Carnus was killed by Hippotes, son of Phylas, the wrath of Apollo befell the Dorian army; Hippotes went into exile because of this murder, and from that time forward the Dorians established rites to propitiate the Acarnanian seer. However, among the Lacedaemonians, Carneius is not this prophet from Acarnania, but Oiketas, who was worshipped in the house of the seer Krios, even from the time when the Achaeans still occupied Sparta.

Passage 3.13.5 Class: Skeptical

Πραξίλλῃ μὲν δὴ πεποιημένα ἐστὶν ὡς Εὐρώπης εἴη καὶ Διὸς ὁ Κάρνειος καὶ αὐτὸν ἀνεθρέψατο Ἀπόλλων καὶ Λητώ· λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἄλλος ἐπʼ αὐτῷ λόγος, ἐν τῇ Ἴδῃ τῇ Τρωικῇ κρανείας ἐν Ἀπόλλωνος ἄλσει πεφυκυίας τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐκτεμεῖν ἐς τοῦ ἵππου τοῦ δουρείου τὴν ποίησιν· μαθόντες δὲ ὀργήν σφισιν ἔχειν τὸν θεὸν θυσίαις ἱλάσκονται καὶ Ἀπόλλωνα ὀνομάζουσι Κάρνειον ἀπὸ τῶν κρανειῶν, ὑπερθέντες τὸ ῥῶ κατὰ δή τι ἀρχαῖον.

Proper Nouns:

Εὐρώπη Ζεύς Κάρνειος Λητώ Πραξίλλα Τρωική Ἀπόλλων Ἕλληνες Ἴδη

Indeed, compositions by Praxilla state that Karneios was the son of Europa and Zeus, and that he was fostered by Apollo and Leto. Another story, however, is told about him: that when the Greeks cut down cornel trees that grew in Apollo's sacred grove on Trojan Ida in order to build the Wooden Horse, they learned that the god was angered against them. So, seeking to appease him through sacrifices, they called Apollo "Karneios," derived from the cornel trees (kraneiai), having altered the letter rho according to some ancient custom.

Passage 3.13.6 Class: Non-skeptical

τοῦ Καρνείου δὲ οὐ πόρρω καλούμενόν ἐστιν ἄγαλμα Ἀφεταίου· τοῖς δὲ Πηνελόπης μνηστῆρσί φασιν ἐντεῦθεν γενέσθαι τοῦ δρόμου τὴν ἀρχήν. ἔστι δέ τι χωρίον ἔχον στοὰς ἐν τετραγώνῳ τῷ σχήματι, ἔνθα σφίσιν ἐπιπράσκετο ὁ ῥῶπος τὸ ἀρχαῖον· πρὸς τούτῳ Διὸς Ἀμβουλίου καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς ἐστιν Ἀμβουλίας βωμὸς καὶ Διοσκούρων καὶ τούτων Ἀμβουλίων.

Proper Nouns:

Διόσκουροι Ζεύς Ἀμβούλιος Κάρνειος Πηνελόπη Ἀθηνᾶ Ἀμβουλία Ἀμβούλιοι Ἀφεταῖος

Not far from the Carneium is a statue called Aphetaios ("Sender-Forth"), and they say it was from this place that Penelope's suitors began their race. There is also a certain area enclosed by colonnades forming a square-shaped structure, in which wool was originally sold. Beside this is an altar of Zeus Amboulios ("Counsellor") and Athena Amboulia ("Counsellor"), as well as one for the Dioscuri, who, too, bear the epithet Amboulioi ("Counsellors").

Passage 3.13.7 Class: Non-skeptical

ἀπαντικρὺ δὲ ἥ τε ὀνομαζομένη Κολώνα καὶ Διονύσου Κολωνάτα ναός, πρὸς αὐτῷ δὲ τέμενός ἐστιν ἥρωος, ὃν τῆς ὁδοῦ τῆς ἐς Σπάρτην Διονύσῳ φασὶ γενέσθαι ἡγεμόνα· τῷ δὲ ἥρωι τούτῳ πρὶν ἢ τῷ θεῷ θύουσιν αἱ Διονυσιάδες καὶ αἱ Λευκιππίδες. τὰς δὲ ἄλλας ἕνδεκα ἃς καὶ αὐτὰς Διονυσιάδας ὀνομάζουσι, ταύταις δρόμου προτιθέασιν ἀγῶνα·

Proper Nouns:

Διονυσιάδες Διόνυσος Διόνυσος Κολωνάτα Κολώνη Λευκιππίδες Σπάρτη

Opposite is the place called Kolona, and the temple of Dionysos Kolonatas. Beside it is the precinct of a hero who, they say, served as guide to Dionysos on the road to Sparta. To this hero, the Dionysiades and the Leukippides sacrifice before making offerings to the god himself. The other eleven women, also called Dionysiades, compete among themselves in a race.

Passage 3.13.8 Class: Non-skeptical

δρᾶν δὲ οὕτω σφίσιν ἦλθεν ἐκ Δελφῶν. τοῦ Διονύσου δὲ οὐ μακρὰν Διὸς ἱερόν ἐστιν Εὐανέμου, τούτου δὲ ἐν δεξιᾷ Πλευρῶνος ἡρῷον. γεγόνασι δὲ οἱ Τυνδάρεω παῖδες τὰ πρὸς μητρὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Πλευρῶνος· Θέστιον γὰρ τὸν Λήδας πατέρα Ἄσιός φησιν ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσιν Ἀγήνορος παῖδα εἶναι τοῦ Πλευρῶνος. τοῦ δὲ ἡρῴου λόφος ἐστὶν οὐ πόρρω καὶ Ἥρας ἐπὶ τῷ λόφῳ ναὸς Ἀργείας· ἱδρύσασθαι δὲ Εὐρυδίκην φασὶ Λακεδαίμονος θυγατέρα, γυναῖκα δὲ Ἀκρισίου τοῦ Ἄβαντος. Ἥρας δὲ ἱερὸν Ὑπερχειρίας κατὰ μαντείαν ἐποιήθη, τοῦ Εὐρώτα πολὺ τῆς γῆς σφισιν ἐπικλύζοντος.

Proper Nouns:

Δελφοί Διόνυσος Εὐάνεμος Εὐρυδίκη Εὐρώτας Ζεύς Θέστιος Λήδα Λακεδαίμων Πλεύρων Τυνδάρεως Ἀγήνωρ Ἀκρίσιος Ἀργεία Ἄβας Ἄσιός Ἥρα Ὑπερχειρία

They took this course of action in accordance with an oracle from Delphi. Not far from the sanctuary of Dionysus is a temple of Zeus Euanemos ("of fair winds"), and on its right stands the hero-shrine of Pleuron. The sons of Tyndareus trace their maternal lineage from Pleuron, for Asios in his poems records that Thestius, the father of Leda, was a son of Agenor, himself son of Pleuron. Near the hero-shrine rises a hill, and upon it is a temple of Argive Hera. They say that Eurydice, the daughter of Lacedaemon and wife of Acrisius son of Abas, founded it. Another sanctuary of Hera, called Hypercheiria ("She whose hand is above"), was built in accordance with an oracle, because the Eurotas frequently overflowed a great portion of their land.

Passage 3.13.9 Class: Non-skeptical

ξόανον δὲ ἀρχαῖον καλοῦσιν Ἀφροδίτης Ἥρας· ἐπὶ δὲ θυγατρὶ γαμουμένῃ νενομίκασι τὰς μητέρας τῇ θεῷ θύειν. τοῦ λόφου δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἐς δεξιὰν ὁδὸν Ἑτοιμοκλέους ἐστὶν εἰκών· τῷ δὲ Ἑτοιμοκλεῖ καὶ αὐτῷ καὶ Ἱπποσθένει τῷ πατρὶ πάλης εἰσὶν Ὀλυμπικαὶ νῖκαι, καὶ συναμφοτέροις μὲν μία τε καὶ δέκα, τῷ δὲ Ἱπποσθένει μιᾷ νίκῃ τὸν υἱὸν παρελθεῖν ὑπῆρξεν.

Proper Nouns:

Ἀφροδίτη Ἑτοιμοκλής Ἑτοιμοκλῆς Ἥρα Ἱπποσθένης Ὀλυμπία

They call the ancient wooden image Aphrodite of Hera. They have a custom for mothers to sacrifice to the goddess at the marriage of their daughters. On the road to the right of the hill there is a statue of Hetaemocles. Hetaemocles himself and his father Hipposthenes won Olympic victories in wrestling; between them both, they had eleven altogether, and Hipposthenes surpassed his son by one victory.

Legend:

Chapter 3.13