Pausanias Analysis

Passage 4.23.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τῶν δὲ Μεσσηνίων ὁπόσοι περὶ τὴν Εἶραν ἢ καὶ ἑτέρωθί που τῆς Μεσσηνίας ἐγκατελήφθησαν, τούτους μὲν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προσένειμαν ἐς τὸ εἱλωτικόν· Πύλιοι δὲ καὶ Μοθωναῖοι καὶ ὅσοι τὰ παραθαλάσσια ᾤκουν, καὶ ναυσὶν ὑπὸ τὴν ἅλωσιν τῆς Εἴρας ἀπαίρουσιν ἐς Κυλλήνην τὸ ἐπίνειον τὸ Ἠλείων. ἐκεῖθεν δὲ παρὰ τοὺς ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ Μεσσηνίους ἀπέστελλον, ἐθέλοντες κοινῷ στόλῳ χώραν ἔνθα οἰκήσουσιν ἀναζητεῖν, καὶ Ἀριστομένην ἐκέλευον ἡγεῖσθαί σφισιν ἐς ἀποικίαν.

Proper Nouns:

Εἶρα Κυλλήνη Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μεσσήνιοι Μεσσήνιοι Μεσσηνία Μοθωναῖοι Πύλιοι Ἀριστομένης Ἀρκαδία Ἠλεῖοι

As for the Messenians who were left behind around Eira or elsewhere in Messenia, the Lacedaemonians assigned them to helot status. The Pylians, Mothonaeans, and all who lived along the coast, sailed away by ship at the time of Eira’s capture to Cyllene, the port of the Eleans. From there they sent messengers to the Messenians in Arcadia, wishing to organize a joint expedition to seek a land in which they could settle; and they urged Aristomenes to lead them to found a colony.

Passage 4.23.2 Class: Non-skeptical

ὁ δὲ αὐτὸς μὲν ἕως ἂν περιῇ, πολεμήσειν Λακεδαιμονίοις ἔφασκεν, ἐπίστασθαι δὲ ἀκριβῶς ὡς ἀεί τι ἀναφύσεται τῇ Σπάρτῃ διʼ αὐτοῦ κακόν· ἐκείνοις δὲ Γόργον καὶ Μάντικλον ἔδωκεν ἡγεμόνας. ὁ δὲ Εὐεργετίδας ἐς μὲν τὸ Λύκαιον σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις Μεσσηνίοις καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπεχώρησεν· ἐκεῖθεν δέ, ὡς ἑώρα τὸ βούλευμα διαπεπτωκὸς τῷ Ἀριστομένει τὸ ἐς τὴν κατάληψιν τῆς Σπάρτης, ἀναπείσας τῶν Μεσσηνίων ὡς πεντήκοντα ἐπάνεισιν ἐπὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐς τὴν Εἶραν, καὶ ἐντυχὼν διαρπάζουσιν ἔτι τὰ ἐπινίκια

Proper Nouns:

Γόργος Εἶρα Εὐεργετίδας Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λύκαιον Μάντικλος Μεσσήνιοι Σπάρτη Ἀριστομένης

He himself declared that he would wage war against the Lacedaemonians as long as he lived, and that he knew precisely that Sparta would always experience some calamity arising through him. To the others he gave Gorgus and Manticlus as leaders. Evergetidas withdrew along with the other Messenians to Mount Lycaeus; from there, seeing that Aristomenes' plan to capture Sparta had failed, he persuaded around fifty of the Messenians to return with him against the Lacedaemonians at Eira, and encountering them still celebrating their victory, they plundered them.

Passage 4.23.3 Class: Non-skeptical

πένθος σφίσιν ἐποίησε. καὶ τὸν μὲν ἐνταῦθα ἐπιλαμβάνει τὸ χρεών, Ἀριστομένης δὲ ὡς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἐπέταξεν ἰέναι ἐς Κυλλήνην, ὅστις ἐθέλοι μετέχειν τῆς ἀποικίας. καὶ μετέσχον ἅπαντες, πλὴν εἰ γῆράς τινα ἀπεῖργεν ἢ μηδὲ εὐπορῶν ἔτυχεν ἐς τὴν ἀποδημίαν· οὗτοι δὲ αὐτοῦ κατέμειναν παρὰ τοῖς Ἀρκάσιν.

Proper Nouns:

Κυλλήνη Μεσσήνιοι Ἀριστομένης Ἀρκάδες

This caused them grief. At this point fate overtook Euphaes, but Aristomenes directed the Messenian leaders to proceed to Cyllene, instructing all who wished to participate in the colony to depart. Indeed, all joined except those hindered either by old age or who lacked adequate means for the journey. These remained behind, staying among the Arcadians.

Passage 4.23.4 Class: Non-skeptical

ἑάλω δὲ ἡ Εἶρα καὶ ὁ πόλεμος ὁ δεύτερος Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Μεσσηνίων τέλος ἔσχεν Ἀθηναίοις ἄρχοντος Αὐτοσθένους, ἔτει πρώτῳ τῆς ὀγδόης τε καὶ εἰκοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος, ἣν ἐνίκα Χίονις Λάκων.

Proper Nouns:

Εἶρα Λάκων Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μεσσήνιοι Χίονις Ἀθηναῖοι Ὀλυμπιάς

Eira was taken, and the second war between the Lacedaemonians and the Messenians came to an end in the year when Autosthenes was archon at Athens, in the first year of the twenty-eighth Olympiad, in which Chionis the Spartan was victor.

Passage 4.23.5 Class: Non-skeptical

ὡς δὲ ἐς τὴν Κυλλήνην οἱ Μεσσήνιοι συνελέχθησαν, τὸν μὲν παρόντα χειμῶνα ἔδοξεν αὐτοῦ χειμάζειν, καὶ τὴν ἀγοράν σφισι καὶ χρήματα οἱ Ἠλεῖοι παρεῖχον· ἅμα δὲ τῷ ἦρι ἐβουλεύοντο ποῖ χρὴ σταλῆναι. γνῶμαι δὲ ἦσαν Γόργου μὲν Ζάκυνθον τὴν ὑπὲρ Κεφαλληνίας καταλαβόντας καὶ νησιώτας ἀντὶ ἠπειρωτῶν γενομένους ναυσὶν ἐς τὰ παραθαλάσσια τῆς Λακωνικῆς ἐπιπλέοντας κακοῦν τὴν γῆν· Μάντικλος δὲ ἐκέλευε Μεσσήνης μὲν καὶ τοῦ Λακεδαιμονίων ἔχθους λαβεῖν λήθην, πλεύσαντας δὲ ἐς Σαρδὼ κτήσασθαι μεγίστην τε νῆσον καὶ εὐδαιμονίᾳ πρώτην.

Proper Nouns:

Γόργος Ζάκυνθος Κεφαλληνία Κυλλήνη Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λακωνική Μάντικλος Μεσσήνη Μεσσήνιοι Σαρδώ Ἠλεῖοι

When the Messenians had gathered at Cyllene, it was resolved to winter there for that season. The Eleans provided them with a market and supplies. At the coming of spring they debated where to migrate. Gorgus proposed that they occupy Zacynthus, the island lying near Cephallenia, and become islanders instead of mainlanders, using ships to launch attacks upon the Lacedaemonian coastal territory and harass the land. However, Manticlus advised them to forget Messenia and their enmity with Sparta altogether, urging them instead to sail to Sardinia, and there secure for themselves the largest and most prosperous island.

Passage 4.23.6 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐν τοσούτῳ δὲ Ἀναξίλας παρὰ τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἀπέστελλεν ἐς Ἰταλίαν καλῶν. ὁ δὲ Ἀναξίλας ἐτυράννει μὲν Ῥηγίου, τέταρτος δὲ ἀπόγονος ἦν Ἀλκιδαμίδου· μετῴκησε δὲ Ἀλκιδαμίδας ἐκ Μεσσήνης ἐς Ῥήγιον μετὰ τὴν Ἀριστοδήμου τοῦ βασιλέως τελευτὴν καὶ Ἰθώμης τὴν ἅλωσιν. οὗτος οὖν ὁ Ἀναξίλας τοὺς Μεσσηνίους μετεπέμπετο· ἐλθοῦσί τε ἔλεγεν ὡς Ζαγκλαῖοι διάφοροι μέν εἰσιν αὐτῷ, χώραν δὲ εὐδαίμονα καὶ πόλιν ἐν καλῷ τῆς Σικελίας ἔχουσιν, ἃ δὴ σφίσιν ἐθέλειν ἔφη συγκατεργασάμενος δοῦναι. προσεμένων δὲ τὸν λόγον, οὕτως Ἀναξίλας διεβίβασεν ἐς Σικελίαν αὐτούς.

Proper Nouns:

Ζάγκλαιοι Μεσσήνη Μεσσήνιοι Σικελία Σικελία Ἀλκιδαμίδης Ἀλκιδαμίδης Ἀναξίλας Ἀριστοδήμος Ἰθώμη Ἰταλία Ῥήγιον Ῥήγιον

Meanwhile, Anaxilas sent messages to the Messenians, inviting them to Italy. This Anaxilas was tyrant of Rhegium and a fourth-generation descendant of Alcidamidas. Now, Alcidamidas had migrated from Messene to Rhegium following the death of King Aristodemus and the capture of Ithome. Thus Anaxilas now called the Messenians to himself, and after their arrival he told them that although the Zanclaeans were hostile to him, they possessed a fertile region and a city excellently situated in Sicily, all of which he desired to hand over to them if together they could seize it. Persuaded by his proposal, the Messenians were thus ferried across to Sicily by Anaxilas.

Passage 4.23.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Ζάγκλην δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς κατέλαβον λῃσταί, καὶ ἐν ἐρήμῳ τῇ γῇ τειχίσαντες ὅσον περὶ τὸν λιμένα ὁρμητηρίῳ πρὸς τὰς καταδρομὰς καὶ ἐς τοὺς ἐπίπλους ἐχρῶντο· ἡγεμόνες δὲ ἦσαν αὐτῶν Κραταιμένης Σάμιος καὶ Περιήρης ἐκ Χαλκίδος. Περιήρει δὲ ὕστερον καὶ Κραταιμένει καὶ ἄλλους ἐπαγαγέσθαι τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔδοξεν οἰκήτορας.

Proper Nouns:

Ζάγκλη Κραταιμένης Περιήρης Σάμος Χαλκίς Ἕλληνες

Originally, Zancle was seized by pirates, who fortified the empty land around the harbor just enough to serve as a base of operations for their raids and maritime attacks. Their leaders were Crataemenes of Samos and Perieres from Chalcis. Later, Perieres, along with Crataemenes, decided to bring in additional Greek colonists as settlers.

Passage 4.23.8 Class: Non-skeptical

τότε δὲ τοὺς Ζαγκλαίους ὅ τε Ἀναξίλας ναυσὶν ἀνταναγομένους ἐνίκησε καὶ οἱ Μεσσήνιοι μάχῃ πεζῇ· Ζαγκλαῖοι δὲ κατὰ γῆν τε ὑπὸ Μεσσηνίων καὶ ναυσὶν ἅμα ἐκ θαλάσσης ὑπὸ Ῥηγίνων πολιορκούμενοι, καὶ ἁλισκομένου σφίσιν ἤδη τοῦ τείχους, ἐπί τε βωμοὺς θεῶν καὶ πρὸς τὰ ἱερὰ καταφεύγουσιν. Ἀναξίλας μὲν οὖν τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις παρεκελεύετο τούς τε ἱκετεύοντας Ζαγκλαίων ἀποκτείνειν καὶ τοὺς λοιποὺς γυναιξὶν ὁμοῦ καὶ παισὶν ἀνδραποδίσασθαι·

Proper Nouns:

Ζάγκλαιοι Ζάγκλαιοι Ζάγκλαιοι Μεσσήνιοι Μεσσήνιοι Μεσσήνιοι θεός Ἀναξίλας Ῥηγῖνοι

Then Anaxilas defeated the Zanclaeans in a naval engagement, while simultaneously the Messenians defeated them in a pitched land battle. Besieged thus on land by the Messenians and at sea simultaneously by the Rhegians, the Zanclaeans, with their walls already falling into enemy hands, fled for refuge to the altars of the gods and into the sacred precincts. Anaxilas strongly urged the Messenians to kill the Zanclaeans who were supplicating and to enslave the rest along with their women and children.

Passage 4.23.9 Class: Non-skeptical

Γόργος δὲ καὶ Μάντικλος παρῃτοῦντο Ἀναξίλαν μὴ σφᾶς, ὑπὸ συγγενῶν ἀνδρῶν πεπονθότας ἀνόσια, ὅμοια αὐτοὺς ἐς ἀνθρώπους Ἕλληνας ἀναγκάσαι δρᾶσαι. μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο ἤδη τοὺς Ζαγκλαίους ἀνίστασαν ἀπὸ τῶν βωμῶν καὶ ὅρκους δόντες καὶ αὐτοὶ παρʼ ἐκείνων λαβόντες ᾤκησαν ἀμφότεροι κοινῇ· ὄνομα δὲ τῇ πόλει μετέθεσαν Μεσσήνην ἀντὶ Ζάγκλης καλεῖσθαι.

Proper Nouns:

Γόργος Ζάγκλαιοι Ζάγκλη Μάντικλος Μεσσήνη Ἀναξίλας Ἕλληνες

But Gorgus and Manticlus pleaded with Anaxilas, urging that he should not force them, who had suffered impious wrongs at the hands of their own kinsmen, to commit similar actions against fellow Greeks. After this, they subsequently removed the people of Zancle from the altars, and after giving and receiving oaths from one another, they settled down together jointly; and they changed the name of the city, calling it Messene instead of Zancle.

Passage 4.23.10 Class: Non-skeptical

ταῦτα δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος ἐπράχθη τῆς ἐνάτης καὶ εἰκοστῆς, ἣν Χίονις Λάκων τὸ δεύτερον ἐνίκα, Μιλτιάδου παρʼ Ἀθηναίοις ἄρχοντος. Μάντικλος δὲ καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν Μεσσηνίοις τοῦ Ἡρακλέους ἐποίησε, καὶ ἔστιν ἐκτὸς τείχους ὁ θεὸς ἱδρυμένος, Ἡρακλῆς καλούμενος Μάντικλος, καθάπερ γε καὶ Ἄμμων ἐν Λιβύῃ καὶ ὁ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι Βῆλος ὁ μὲν ἀπὸ ἀνδρὸς Αἰγυπτίου Βήλου τοῦ Λιβύης ὄνομα ἔσχεν, Ἄμμων δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱδρυσαμένου ποιμένος. Μεσσηνίοις μὲν οὖν τοῖς φεύγουσιν ἐγεγόνει πέρας τῆς ἄλης·

Proper Nouns:

Βαβυλών Βῆλος Βῆλος Λάκων Λιβύη Λιβύη Μάντικλος Μεσσήνιοι Μιλτιάδης Χίονις Ἀθηναῖοι Ἄμμων Ἡρακλῆς Ἡρακλῆς Ὀλυμπιάς

These events took place during the twenty-ninth Olympiad, in which Chionis the Spartan won his second victory, and Miltiades was archon in Athens. Mantiklos also built the sanctuary of Heracles for the Messenians; the god stands outside the city wall, and is known as Heracles Mantiklos, just as among the Libyans Ammon takes his name from the shepherd who dedicated him, and the Babylonian Bel derives his name from the Egyptian man Belus, son of Libya. Thus the wanderings of the exiled Messenians came to an end.

Legend:

Chapter 4.23