Pausanias Analysis

Passage 6.22.1 Class: Non-skeptical

προελθόντι δὲ ὅσον τε στάδιον ἀπὸ τοῦ τάφου σημεῖά ἐστιν ἱεροῦ Κορδάκας ἐπίκλησιν Ἀρτέμιδος, ὅτι οἱ τοῦ Πέλοπος ἀκόλουθοι τὰ ἐπινίκια ἤγαγον παρὰ τῇ θεῷ ταύτῃ καὶ ὠρχήσαντο ἐπιχώριον τοῖς περὶ τὸν Σίπυλον κόρδακα ὄρχησιν. τοῦ ἱεροῦ δὲ οὐ πόρρω οἴκημά τε οὐ μέγα καὶ κιβωτός ἐστιν ἐν αὐτῷ χαλκῆ· ὀστᾶ τὰ Πέλοπος ἐν τῇ κιβωτῷ φυλάσσουσι. τείχους δὲ ἢ ἄλλου κατασκευάσματος ἐλείπετο οὐδὲν ἔτι, ἄμπελοι δὲ ἦσαν διὰ τοῦ χωρίου πεφυτευμέναι παντός, ἔνθα ἡ Πίσα ᾠκεῖτο.

Proper Nouns:

Κορδάκη Πέλοψ Πῖσα Σίπυλος Ἄρτεμις

About a stade beyond the tomb are the remains of a sanctuary dedicated to Artemis, surnamed Kordaka. She acquired this epithet because Pelops' followers held their victory celebrations near this goddess, performing the kordax, a type of dance customary among the people around Sipylus. Not far from this precinct there stands a modest building containing a bronze chest, in which the bones of Pelops are preserved. Of the city wall or any other structure there no longer remains anything, but vineyards have been planted all over the area that was once inhabited as Pisa.

Passage 6.22.2 Class: Non-skeptical

οἰκιστὴν μὲν δὴ γενέσθαι τῇ πόλει Πίσον τὸν Περιήρους φασὶ τοῦ Αἰόλου· Πισαῖοι δὲ ἐφειλκύσαντο αὐθαίρετον συμφορὰν ἀπεχθανόμενοί τε Ἠλείοις καὶ σπουδὴν ποιούμενοι τιθέναι τὸν Ὀλυμπικὸν ἀγῶνα ἀντὶ Ἠλείων, οἵγε Ὀλυμπιάδι μὲν τῇ ὀγδόῃ τὸν Ἀργεῖον ἐπηγάγοντο Φείδωνα τυράννων τῶν ἐν Ἕλλησι μάλιστα ὑβρίσαντα καὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα ἔθεσαν ὁμοῦ τῷ Φείδωνι, τετάρτῃ δὲ Ὀλυμπιάδι καὶ τριακοστῇ στρατὸν οἱ Πισαῖοι καὶ βασιλεὺς αὐτῶν Πανταλέων ὁ Ὀμφαλίωνος παρὰ τῶν προσχώρων ἀθροίσαντες ἐποίησαν ἀντὶ Ἠλείων τὰ Ὀλύμπια.

Proper Nouns:

Αἰόλος Πίσων Πανταλέων Περιήρης Πισαῖοι Φείδων Φείδων Ἀργεῖος Ἕλληνες Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπιάς Ὀλυμπικὸς ἀγών Ὀλύμπια Ὀμφαλίων

They say the founder of the city was Pisus, son of Perieres and descendant of Aeolus. But the Pisatans brought misfortune upon themselves by willingly provoking the Eleans and eagerly attempting to celebrate the Olympic festival in their place. In the eighth Olympiad, indeed, they brought in the Argive Pheidon, who was renowned for his arrogance above all Greek tyrants, and with him organized the games; later, in the thirty-fourth Olympiad, the Pisatans and their king Pantaleon, son of Omphalion, collected an army from their neighbors and once more held the Olympic festival instead of the Eleans.

Passage 6.22.3 Class: Skeptical

ταύτας τὰς Ὀλυμπιάδας καὶ ἐπʼ αὐταῖς τὴν τετάρτην τε καὶ ἑκατοστήν, τεθεῖσαν δὲ ὑπὸ Ἀρκάδων, ἀνολυμπιάδα ς οἱ Ἠλεῖοι καλοῦντες οὐ σφᾶς ἐν καταλόγῳ τῶν Ὀλυμπιάδων γράφουσιν. ὀγδόῃ δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς τεσσαράκοντα Ὀλυμπιάδι Δαμοφῶν ὁ Πανταλέοντος ὑπόνοιαν μέν τινα παρέσχεν Ἠλείοις νεώτερα ἐς αὐτοὺς βουλεύειν, ἐσβαλόντας δὲ ἐς τὴν Πισαίαν σὺν ὅπλοις ἀπελθεῖν οἴκαδε ἀπράκτους ἔπεισε δεήσεσί τε καὶ ὅρκοις.

Proper Nouns:

Δαμοφῶν Πανταλέων Πισαία Ἀρκάδες Ἠλεῖοι Ὀλυμπιάς

These Olympiads, including the hundred and fourth Olympiad itself, which was held by the Arcadians, the Eleans call an "Anolympiad" and do not include it in their list of Olympiads. In the forty-eighth Olympiad afterwards, Damophon son of Pantaleon gave the Eleans suspicion that he was plotting new troubles against them. However, he convinced them, through entreaties and oaths, to withdraw empty-handed and return home after they had invaded the territory of Pisa under arms.

Passage 6.22.4 Class: Non-skeptical

Πύρρου δὲ τοῦ Πανταλέοντος μετὰ Δαμοφῶντα τὸν ἀδελφὸν βασιλεύσαντος Πισαῖοι πόλεμον ἑκούσιον ἐπανείλοντο Ἠλείοις, συναπέστησαν δέ σφισιν ἀπὸ Ἠλείων Μακίστιοι καὶ Σκιλλούντιοι, οὗτοι μὲν ἐκ τῆς Τριφυλίας, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων περιοίκων Δυσπόντιοι· τούτοις καὶ μάλιστα ἐς τοὺς Πισαίους οἰκεῖα ἦν, καὶ οἰκιστὴν Δυσποντέα γενέσθαι σφίσιν Οἰνομάου παῖδα ἐμνημόνευον. Πισαίους μὲν δὴ καὶ ὅσοι τοῦ πολέμου Πισαίοις μετέσχον, ἐπέλαβεν ἀναστάτους ὑπὸ Ἠλείων γενέσθαι·

Proper Nouns:

Δαμοφῶν Δυσπόντιοι Μακίστιοι Οἰνόμαος Πανταλέων Πισαῖοι Πισαῖοι Πύρρος Σκιλλούντιοι Τριφυλία Ἠλεῖοι Ἠλεῖοι

When Pyrrhus son of Pantaleon was king, succeeding his brother Damophon, the people of Pisa willingly took up war against the Eleans. The inhabitants of Makistos and Skillous from Triphylia joined their revolt against Elis, as did also the Dyspontians from among the other neighboring peoples. The Dyspontians, more than any others, had a close affinity with the Pisans, and used to recall that Dysponteus, their founder, was said to have been a son of Oinomaos. As for the Pisans and all those who had shared with them in the war, they were subsequently driven from their homes by the Eleans.

Passage 6.22.5 Class: Non-skeptical

Πύλου δὲ τῆς ἐν τῇ Ἠλείᾳ δῆλα τὰ ἐρείπια κατὰ τὴν ἐξ Ὀλυμπίας ἐστὶν ἐς Ἦλιν ὀρεινὴν ὁδόν, ὀγδοήκοντα δὲ στάδια ἐς Ἦλιν ἀπὸ τῆς Πύλου. ταύτην τὴν Πύλον ᾤκισε μὲν κατὰ τὰ ἤδη λελεγμένα μοι Μεγαρεὺς ἀνὴρ Πύλων ὁ Κλήσωνος· γενομένη δὲ ὑπὸ Ἡρακλέους ἀνάστατος καὶ αὖθις ἐπισυνοικισθεῖσα ὑπὸ Ἠλείων, ἔμελλεν ἀνὰ χρόνον οὐχ ἕξειν οἰκήτορας. παρὰ δὲ αὐτὴν ποταμὸς Λάδων κάτεισιν ἐς τὸν Πηνειόν.

Proper Nouns:

Κλήσων Λάδων Μεγαρεύς Πηνειός Πύλος Πύλων Ἠλεία Ἠλεῖοι Ἡρακλῆς Ἦλις Ὀλυμπία

The ruins of Pylos in Elis are clearly visible along the mountainous road leading from Olympia to the city of Elis; from Pylos it is eighty stadia to Elis. As I have previously mentioned, this Pylos was founded by Pylon, son of Kleson, a man from Megara. Having been destroyed by Heracles and afterward repopulated once more by the Eleans, the town eventually became deserted again, losing its inhabitants over time. Beside it runs the Ladon River, emptying into the Peneius.

Passage 6.22.6 Class: Skeptical

λέγουσι δὲ οἱ Ἠλεῖοι καὶ ἔπος ἐς τὴν Πύλον ταύτην ἔχειν τῶν Ὁμήρου, γένος δʼ ἦν ἐκ ποταμοῖο Ἀλφειοῦ, ὅστʼ εὐρὺ ῥέει Πυλίων διὰ γαίης, Hom. Il. 5.544 καὶ ἐμὲ ἔπειθον λέγοντες· ῥεῖ γὰρ δὴ διὰ τῆς χώρας ταύτης ὁ Ἀλφειός, ἐς δὲ ἄλλην Πύλον οὐκ ἔστιν ἐπενεγκεῖν τὸ ἔπος· Πυλίων γὰρ τῶν ὑπὲρ νήσου τῆς Σφακτηρίας οὐ πέφυκεν ἀρχὴν διοδεύειν τὴν γῆν ὁ Ἀλφειός, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐν τῇ Ἀρκάδων Πύλον ποτὲ ὀνομασθεῖσαν ἴσμεν πόλιν.

Proper Nouns:

Πύλιοι Πύλος Σφακτηρία Ἀλφειός Ἀλφειός Ἀρκάδες Ἠλεῖοι Ὅμηρος

The Eleans say that there is also a verse from Homer referring to this Pylos, "whose race was from the river Alpheius, which flows broad through the land of the Pylians," and indeed they persuaded me as well, stating that the Alpheius does flow through this territory, and the verse cannot be applied to another Pylos. For the Alpheius does not naturally flow through the land of the Pylians beyond the island of Sphacteria, nor was there ever, so far as we know, a city called Pylos in Arcadia.

Passage 6.22.7 Class: Non-skeptical

ἀπέχει δὲ ὡς πεντήκοντα Ὀλυμπίας σταδίους κώμη τε Ἠλείων Ἡράκλεια καὶ πρὸς αὐτῇ Κύθηρος ποταμός· πηγὴ δὲ ἐκδιδοῦσα ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν καὶ νυμφῶν ἐστιν ἱερὸν ἐπὶ τῇ πηγῇ. ὀνόματα δὲ ἰδίᾳ μὲν ἑκάστῃ τῶν νυμφῶν Καλλιφάεια καὶ Συνάλλασις καὶ Πηγαία τε καὶ Ἴασις, ἐν κοινῷ δέ σφισιν ἐπίκλησις Ἰωνίδες. λουομένοις δὲ ἐν τῇ πηγῇ καμάτων τέ ἐστι καὶ ἀλγημάτων παντοίων ἰάματα· καλεῖσθαι δὲ τὰς νύμφας ἀπὸ Ἴωνος λέγουσι τοῦ Γαργηττοῦ, μετοικήσαντος ἐνταῦθα ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν.

Proper Nouns:

Γαργήττης Καλλιφάεια Κύθηρος Πηγαία Συνάλλασις Ἀθῆναι Ἠλεῖοι Ἡράκλεια Ἰωνίδες Ἴασις Ἴων Ὀλυμπία

About fifty stadia from Olympia is Herakleia, a village of the Eleans, and beside it flows the river Kytheros. There is a spring issuing into the river, and at the spring a sanctuary of the Nymphs. Each one of the Nymphs is individually named, Kalliphaeia, Synallasis, Pegaia, and Iasis, but collectively they are called Ionides. Bathing in the spring provides healing from weariness and all sorts of pains. They say that the Nymphs take their name from Ion, the son of Gargettos, who migrated here from Athens.

Passage 6.22.8 Class: Non-skeptical

εἰ δὲ ἐλθεῖν ἐς Ἦλιν διὰ τοῦ πεδίου θελήσειας, σταδίους μὲν εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατὸν ἐς Λετρίνους ἕξεις, ὀγδοήκοντα δὲ ἐκ Λετρίνων καὶ ἑκατὸν ἐπὶ Ἦλιν. τὸ μὲν δὴ ἐξ ἀρχῆς πόλισμα ἦν οἱ Λετρῖνοι, καὶ Λετρεὺς ὁ Πέλοπος ἐγεγόνει σφίσιν οἰκιστής· ἐπʼ ἐμοῦ δὲ οἰκήματά τε ἐλείπετο ὀλίγα καὶ Ἀλφειαίας Ἀρτέμιδος ἄγαλμα ἐν ναῷ.

Proper Nouns:

Λετρεύς Λετρῖνοι Λετρῖνοι Λετρῖνοι Πέλοψ Ἀλφειαία Ἄρτεμις Ἦλις

If you wish to travel to Elis through the plain, the journey to Letrinoi is one hundred and twenty stadia, and from Letrinoi to Elis again one hundred and eighty. Originally, Letrinoi was a small city established by Letreus, a son of Pelops. In my own time, however, only a few buildings remained, along with an image of Artemis Alpheiaia in a temple.

Passage 6.22.9 Class: Non-skeptical

γενέσθαι δὲ τὴν ἐπίκλησιν τῇ θεῷ λέγουσιν ἐπὶ λόγῳ τοιῷδε· ἐρασθῆναι τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος τὸν Ἀλφειόν, ἐρασθέντα δέ, ὡς ἐπέγνω μὴ γενήσεσθαί οἱ διὰ πειθοῦς καὶ δεήσεως τὸν γάμον, ἐπιτολμᾶν ὡς βιασόμενον τὴν θεόν, καὶ αὐτὸν ἐς παννυχίδα ἐς Λετρίνους ἐλθεῖν ὑπὸ αὐτῆς τε ἀγομένην τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος καὶ νυμφῶν αἷς παίζουσα συνῆν αὐτῇ · τὴν δὲ---ἐν ὑπονοίᾳ γὰρ τοῦ Ἀλφειοῦ τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν ἔχειν--- ἀλείψασθαι τὸ πρόσωπον πηλῷ καὶ αὐτὴν καὶ ὅσαι τῶν νυμφῶν παρῆσαν, καὶ τὸν Ἀλφειόν, ὡς ἐσῆλθεν, οὐκ ἔχειν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων διακρῖναι τὴν Ἄρτεμιν, ἅτε δὲ οὐ διαγινώσκοντα ἀπελθεῖν ἐπὶ ἀπράκτῳ τῷ ἐγχειρήματι.

Proper Nouns:

Λετρίνοι Ἀλφειός Ἀλφειός Ἄρτεμις Ἄρτεμις

They say the goddess received this surname because of the following tale: Alpheios fell in love with Artemis, and when he understood that he could never persuade or entreat her to marry him, he dared to attempt to force himself upon the goddess. She, however, went to Letrinoi for an all-night festival, attended by nymphs with whom she delighted in play. Artemis, suspecting Alpheios' plan, smeared her own face and those of all the attending nymphs with mud. Thus, when Alpheios entered, he could not distinguish Artemis from the others, and unable to recognize her, he departed, his attempt frustrated.

Passage 6.22.10 Class: Non-skeptical

Λετριναῖοι μὲν δὴ Ἀλφειαίαν ἐκάλουν τὴν θεὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἀλφειοῦ τῷ ἐς αὐτὴν ἔρωτι· οἱ δὲ Ἠλεῖοι ---φιλία γάρ σφισιν ὑπῆρχεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐς Λετριναίους ---τὰ παρὰ σφίσιν Ἀρτέμιδι ἐς τιμὴν τῇ Ἐλαφιαίᾳ καθεστηκότα ἐς Λετρίνους τε μετήγαγον καὶ τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι ἐνόμισαν τῇ Ἀλφειαίᾳ δρᾶν, καὶ οὕτω τὴν Ἀλφειαίαν θεὸν Ἐλαφιαίαν ἀνὰ χρόνον ἐξενίκησεν ὀνομασθῆναι.

Proper Nouns:

Λετριναῖοι Λετριναῖοι Λετριναῖοι Ἀλφειαία Ἀλφειαία Ἀλφειός Ἄρτεμις Ἐλαφιαία Ἐλαφιαία Ἠλεῖοι

The people of Letrini indeed called the goddess "Alpheiaia," because of the love Alpheios had for her. As for the Eleans—who had maintained friendship with the Letrinians from the beginning—they transferred to Letrini the rites established among themselves for Artemis Elaphia, and ordained that these rites be observed in honor of Artemis Alpheiaia. Thus, in time, the goddess came to be more commonly known as Elaphiaia rather than Alpheiaia.

Passage 6.22.11 Class: Skeptical

Ἐλαφιαίαν δὲ ἐκάλουν οἱ Ἠλεῖοι τὴν Ἄρτεμιν ἐπὶ τῶν ἐλάφων ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν τῇ θήρᾳ· αὐτοὶ δὲ γυναικὸς ἐπιχωρίας ὄνομα εἶναι τὴν Ἐλάφιον καὶ ὑπὸ ταύτης τραφῆναι τὴν Ἄρτεμίν φασι. Λετρίνων δὲ ὅσον τε ἕξ ἀπωτέρω σταδίοις ἐστὶν ἀέναος λίμνη τριῶν που τὴν διάμετρον σταδίων μάλιστα.

Proper Nouns:

Λέτραι Ἄρτεμις Ἐλάφιος Ἠλεῖοι

The Eleans called Artemis "Elaphiaia," in my opinion because of her hunting of deer (elaphoi). But they themselves claim that "Elaphion" was the name of a local woman, and they say that Artemis was nurtured by this Elaphion. About six stades from Letrinoi is a perennial lake, approximately three stades in diameter.

Legend:

Chapter 6.22