Pausanias Analysis

Passage 7.10.1 Class: Non-skeptical

τότε μὲν δὴ ἐς τοσοῦτο ἐπράχθη· τολμημάτων δὲ τὸ ἀνοσιώτατον, τὴν πατρίδα καὶ ἄνδρας προδιδόναι πολίτας ἐπὶ οἰκείοις κέρδεσιν, ἔμελλε καὶ Ἀχαιοῖς κακῶν ἄρξειν, οὔποτε ἐκ τοῦ χρόνου παντὸς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐκλιπόν. ἐπὶ μέν γε Δαρείου τοῦ Ὑστάσπου βασιλεύοντος Περσῶν Ἴωσι τὰ πράγματα ἐφθάρη Σαμίων πλὴν ἑνός τε καὶ δέκα ἀνδρῶν τῶν ἄλλων τριηράρχων τὸ ναυτικὸν τὸ Ἰώνων προδόντων·

Proper Nouns:

Δαρεῖος Πέρσαι Σάμιοι Ἀχαιοί Ἑλλάς Ἴωνες Ἴωνες Ὑστάσπης

At that time, then, matters went no further. But the most unholy of deeds—betrayal of one’s own country and fellow citizens for personal gain—was destined to begin afflicting the Achaeans also, after never having disappeared throughout all Greek history. Indeed, in the reign of Darius, son of Hystaspes, king of the Persians, the Ionian cause was ruined for the Samians, since their navy was betrayed by all their trierarchs except eleven men.

Passage 7.10.2 Class: Non-skeptical

μετὰ δὲ Ἴωνας κεχειρωμένους ἠνδραποδίσαντο καὶ Ἐρέτριαν Μῆδοι, προδόται δὲ ἐγένοντο οἱ εὐδοκιμοῦντες μάλιστα ἐν Ἐρετρίᾳ Φίλαγρος Κυνέου καὶ Εὔφορβος Ἀλκιμάχου. Ξέρξῃ δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐλαύνοντι Θεσσαλία τε διʼ Ἀλευάδου προεδόθη, Θήβας δὲ Ἀτταγῖνος καὶ Τιμηγενίδας προδιδόασι φερόμενοι τὰ πρῶτα ἐν Θήβαις. Πελοποννησίων δὲ καὶ Ἀθηναίων πολεμησάντων Ξενίας Ἠλεῖος ἐπεχείρησεν Ἦλιν Λακεδαιμονίοις καὶ Ἄγιδι προδοῦναι, οἵ τε Λυσάνδρου καλούμενοι ξένοι χρόνον

Proper Nouns:

Εὔφορβος Ἀλκιμάχου Θεσσαλία Θῆβαι Θῆβαι Λακεδαιμόνιοι Λύσανδρος Μῆδοι Ξέρξης Ξενίας Ἠλεῖος Πελοποννήσιοι Τιμηγενίδης Φίλαγρος Κυνέου Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀλευάδης Ἀτταγῖνος Ἄγις Ἐρέτρια Ἐρέτρια Ἑλλάς Ἦλις Ἴωνες

After defeating the Ionians, the Medes enslaved Eretria as well. The traitors who betrayed the city were Philagros son of Kyneos and Euphorbos son of Alkimachos, who enjoyed considerable renown in Eretria. When Xerxes marched upon Greece, Thessaly was betrayed through the Aleuadai, and Thebes was handed over by Attaginos and Timegenidas, men highly esteemed among the Thebans. Later, while the Athenians and Peloponnesians were at war, Xenias, an Eleian, tried to betray Elis to Agis and the Spartans, as did those known as Lysander's guests at one time.

Passage 7.10.3 Class: Non-skeptical

οὐδένα ἀνίεσαν πατρίδας ἐγχειρίζοντες Λυσάνδρῳ τὰς ἑαυτῶν. κατὰ δὲ τὴν Φιλίππου βασιλείαν τοῦ Ἀμύντου Λακεδαίμονα πόλεων μόνην οὐ προδοθεῖσαν τῶν ἐν Ἕλλησιν εὕροι τις ἄν· αἱ δὲ ἄλλαι πόλεις αἱ ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι ὑπὸ προδοσίας μᾶλλον ἢ ὑπὸ νόσου πρότερον τῆς λοιμώδους ἐφθάρησαν. Ἀλεξάνδρῳ δὲ τῷ Φιλίππου παρέσχεν ἡ εὐτυχία μικρὰ ἀνδρῶν προδοτῶν καὶ οὐκ ἄξια λόγου προσδεηθῆναι.

Proper Nouns:

Λακεδαίμων Λύσανδρος Φίλιππος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀμύντας Ἑλλάς Ἕλληνες

They yielded nothing when entrusting their homeland to Lysander. During the reign of Philip, son of Amyntas, Sparta alone among Greek cities could be found never betrayed; whereas the other cities in Greece had been destroyed previously through treachery rather than through the ravages of any contagious disease. But Alexander, son of Philip, enjoyed such good fortune that he required only minor assistance from traitors, hardly worth mentioning.

Passage 7.10.4 Class: Non-skeptical

ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ ἐν Λαμίᾳ πταῖσμα ἐγένετο Ἕλλησιν, Ἀντίπατρος μέν, ἅτε διαβῆναι ποιούμενος σπουδὴν πρὸς τὸν ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ πόλεμον, ἐβούλετο εἰρήνην ἐν τάχει συντίθεσθαι, καί οἱ διέφερεν οὐδὲν εἰ Ἀθήνας τε ἐλευθέραν καὶ τὴν πᾶσαν Ἑλλάδα ἀφήσει· Δημάδης δὲ καὶ ὅσον προδοτῶν Ἀθήνῃσιν ἄλλο ἦν, ἀναπείθουσιν Ἀντίπατρον μηδὲν ἐς Ἕλληνας φρονῆσαι φιλάνθρωπον, ἐκφοβήσαντες δὲ Ἀθηναίων τὸν δῆμον ἔς τε Ἀθήνας καὶ πόλεων τῶν ἄλλων τὰς πολλὰς ἐγένοντο αἴτιοι Μακεδόνων ἐσαχθῆναι φρουράς.

Proper Nouns:

Δημάδης Λαμία Μακεδόνες Ἀθηναῖοι Ἀθῆναι Ἀθῆναι Ἀντίπατρος Ἀντίπατρος Ἀσία Ἑλλάς Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες

When the Greeks experienced their defeat at Lamia, Antipater, desiring to cross over swiftly to the war in Asia, was eager to conclude peace quickly, and it mattered nothing to him whether he left Athens and indeed all Greece free. However, Demades and other traitors among the Athenians persuaded Antipater not to show any benevolence towards the Greeks. Then, by terrifying the Athenian people, they became responsible for bringing Macedonian garrisons into Athens and most of the other cities.

Passage 7.10.5 Class: Non-skeptical

βεβαιοῖ δέ μοι καὶ τόδε τὸν λόγον· Ἀθηναῖοι γὰρ μετὰ τὸ ἀτύχημα τὸ ἐν Βοιωτοῖς οὐκ ἐγένοντο Φιλίππου κατήκοοι, ἁλόντων μέν σφισι δισχιλίων, ὡς ἐκρατήθησαν, παρὰ τὸ ἔργον, χιλίων δὲ φονευθέντων· ἐν Λαμίᾳ δὲ περὶ διακοσίους πεσόντων καὶ οὐ πλέον τι, Μακεδόσιν ἐδουλώθησαν. οὕτω μὲν οὔποτε τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐπέλειπον οἱ ἐπὶ προδοσίᾳ νοσήσαντες· Ἀχαιοὺς δὲ ἀνὴρ Ἀχαιὸς Καλλικράτης τηνικαῦτα ἐς ἅπαν ἐποίει Ῥωμαίοις ὑποχειρίους. ἀρχὴ δέ σφισιν ἐγίνετο κακῶν Περσεὺς καὶ ἡ Μακεδόνων ἀρχὴ καταλυθεῖσα ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων.

Proper Nouns:

Βοιωτοί Καλλικράτης Λαμία Μακεδόνες Μακεδόνες Περσεύς Φίλιππος Ἀθηναῖος Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιός Ἑλλάς Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

This fact also supports my assertion: for after the disaster that occurred in Boeotia, the Athenians did not submit themselves to Philip, although two thousand of their men were captured alive as they were defeated in battle, and one thousand slain. Yet later, though losing merely about two hundred men at Lamia, and no more, they became enslaved to Macedon. Thus, those who succumbed to treachery never failed to harm Greece. Likewise, among the Achaeans, an Achaean named Callicrates made them entirely subject to Rome at that time. But their calamities began through Perseus and the downfall of the Macedonian kingdom at Roman hands.

Passage 7.10.6 Class: Non-skeptical

Περσεῖ τῷ Φιλίππου πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἄγοντι εἰρήνην κατὰ συνθήκας, ἃς ὁ πατήρ οἱ Φίλιππος ἐποιήσατο, ἐπῆλθεν ὑπερβῆναι τοὺς ὅρκους καὶ ἐπί τε Σαπαίους καὶ Σαπαίων τὸν βασιλέα Ἀβρούπολιν στράτευμα ἀγαγὼν ἐποίησεν ἀναστάτους Ῥωμαίων συμμάχους ὄντας· Σαπαίων δὲ τούτων καὶ Ἀρχίλοχος ἐν ἰάμβῳ μνήμην ἔσχε.

Proper Nouns:

Περσεύς Σαπαῖοι Σαπαῖοι Φίλιππος Φίλιππος Ἀβρούπολις Ἀρχίλοχος Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι

Perseus, the son of Philip, having peace with the Romans according to the treaty that his father Philip had made, was led to violate his oaths; he marched an army against the Sapaeans and their king Abrupolis, and laid waste their territory, though they were allies of the Romans. Of these Sapaeans even Archilochus made mention in one of his iambic poems.

Passage 7.10.7 Class: Non-skeptical

Μακεδόνων δὲ καὶ Περσέως κεχειρωμένων πολέμῳ διὰ τὸ ἐς Σαπαίους ἀδίκημα, ἄνδρες τῆς Ῥωμαίων βουλῆς δέκα ἐπέμφθησαν καταστησόμενοι πρὸς τὸ ἐπιτηδειότατον Ῥωμαίοις τὰ ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ. ἥκοντας δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὑπήρχετο ὁ Καλλικράτης οὔτε ἔργον τῶν ἐς τὴν κολακείαν οὔτε λόγον οὐδένα ἐς αὐτοὺς παριείς· ἕνα δέ τινα ἐξ αὐτῶν ἄνδρα οὐδαμῶς ἐς δικαιοσύνην πρόθυμον, τοῦτον τὸν ἄνδρα προσεποιήσατο ὁ Καλλικράτης ἐς τοσοῦτον ὥστε αὐτὸν καὶ ἐς τὸ συνέδριον ἐσελθεῖν τὸ Ἀχαιῶν ἔπεισεν.

Proper Nouns:

Καλλικράτης Μακεδονία Μακεδόνες Περσεύς Σαπαῖοι συνέδριον Ἀχαιοί Ἑλλάς Ῥωμαῖοι

When the Macedonians and Perseus had been subdued in war because of the wrongdoing committed against the Sapaeans, ten men from the Roman senate were sent to establish affairs in Macedonia in the manner most beneficial to Rome. Upon their arrival in Greece, Callicrates immediately began flattering them without omitting any action or word that might serve his purpose. One of these men, notably reluctant to act justly, was won over by Callicrates to such a degree that he even persuaded him to enter the assembly of the Achaeans.

Passage 7.10.8 Class: Skeptical

ὁ δὲ ὡς ἐς τὸν σύλλογον ἐσῆλθεν, ἔλεγεν ὡς πολεμοῦντι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους Περσεῖ χρήματα οἱ δυνατώτατοι τῶν Ἀχαιῶν παράσχοιεν, συνάραιντο δὲ καὶ ἐς τὰ ἄλλα· ἐκέλευσεν οὖν καταγνῶναι τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς θάνατον· εἰ δὲ ἐκεῖνοι καταγνοῖεν, τότε καὶ αὐτὸς τὰ ὀνόματα ἐρεῖν ἔφασκε τῶν ἀνδρῶν. λέγειν τε δὴ ἐδόκει παντάπασιν ἄδικα καὶ αὐτὸν ἠξίουν οἱ ἐς τὸν σύλλογον ἐληλυθότες ἤδη, εἰ Περσεῖ τὰ αὐτὰ Ἀχαιῶν τινες ἔπραξαν, ὀνομαστὶ αὐτῶν ἑκάστου μνησθῆναι, πρότερον δὲ οὐ σφᾶς καταγινώσκειν εἰκὸς εἶναι.

Proper Nouns:

Περσεύς Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοί Ῥωμαῖοι

When he entered the assembly, he declared that the most influential among the Achaeans had provided funds to Perseus in his war against Rome, and had assisted him in other matters as well. He therefore urged the Achaeans to condemn these men to death; and if they agreed to condemn them, then he promised that he himself would disclose their names. Those gathered in the assembly considered what he said wholly unjust and demanded instead that, if indeed certain Achaeans had collaborated with Perseus, he name each of them individually before they passed judgment; it was, they argued, improper to condemn them beforehand.

Passage 7.10.9 Class: Non-skeptical

ἔνθα δὴ ὡς ἠλέγχετο ὁ Ῥωμαῖος, ἀπετόλμησεν εἰπεῖν ὡς οἱ ἐστρατηγηκότες Ἀχαιῶν ἐνέχονται πάντες τῇ αἰτίᾳ· πάντας γὰρ φρονῆσαι τὰ Μακεδόνων τε καὶ Περσέως. ὁ μὲν δὴ ταῦτα ἔλεγεν ὑπὸ διδασκαλίᾳ Καλλικράτους· ἀναστὰς δὲ μετʼ αὐτὸν Ξένων--- ἦν δὲ ὁ Ξένων οὗτος οὐκ ἐλαχίστου λόγου παρὰ Ἀχαιοῖς--- "οὕτωσ" ἔφη "κατὰ τὴν αἰτίαν ἔχει ταύτην· ἐστρατήγησα μὲν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ἐγώ, ἀδικίας δὲ οὐδὲν ἐς Ῥωμαίους οὔτε εὐνοίας μοι μέτεστιν ἐς Περσέα· καὶ τοῦδε ἕνεκα ἐθέλω μὲν ἐν συνεδρίῳ τῷ Ἀχαιῶν, ἐθέλω δὲ καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ὑπέχειν κρίσιν." ὁ μὲν δὴ ὑπὸ συνειδότος ἐπαρρησιάζετο ἀγαθοῦ·

Proper Nouns:

Καλλικράτης Μακεδόνες Ξένων Περσεύς Περσεύς συνέδριον τῶν Ἀχαιῶν Ἀχαιοί Ἀχαιοὶ Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖος

When the Roman was thus refuted, he dared further to say that all those who had formerly held command among the Achaeans were implicated in the charge, for they had all been sympathetic towards Macedonia and Perseus. In saying this he acted under the instructions of Callicrates. After him Xenon arose—who was considered among the Achaeans to be a man of considerable reputation—and said: "The accusation stands thus: I myself also commanded the Achaeans, yet neither have I wronged the Romans in any way nor do I bear any goodwill toward Perseus. For this reason, I am prepared to face trial on this matter either before the council of the Achaeans or even before the Romans themselves." He spoke thus boldly due to his good conscience.

Passage 7.10.10 Class: Non-skeptical

ὁ δὲ ἐπελάβετο αὐτίκα ὁ Ῥωμαῖος τῆς προφάσεως, καὶ ὁπόσοις Καλλικράτης ἐπῆγεν αἰτίαν Περσεῖ σφᾶς φρονῆσαι τὰ αὐτά, ἀνέπεμπεν ἐν δικαστηρίῳ κρίσιν τῷ Ῥωμαίων ὑφέξοντας. ὃ μή πω κατειλήφει πρότερον Ἕλληνας· οὐδὲ γὰρ παρὰ Μακεδόνων οἱ ἰσχύσαντες μέγιστον, Φίλιππος Ἀμύντου καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος, τοὺς ἀνθεστηκότας σφίσιν Ἑλλήνων ἐς Μακεδονίαν ἐβιάσαντο ἀποσταλῆναι, διδόναι δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐν Ἀμφικτύοσιν εἴων λόγον.

Proper Nouns:

Καλλικράτης Μακεδονία Μακεδόνες Περσεύς Φίλιππος Ἀμύντου Ἀλέξανδρος Ἀμφικτύονες Ἕλληνες Ἕλληνες Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥωμαῖος

Immediately the Roman seized upon this pretext, and as many as Callicrates accused of sharing the same sympathies as Perseus, these he sent off to Rome to stand trial before the Roman tribunal. Such treatment had never before befallen Greeks; for not even the most powerful of Macedonians, Philip son of Amyntas and Alexander, forced the Greeks who stood opposed to them to be sent off to Macedonia. Rather, they permitted them to give an account before the Amphictyonic council.

Passage 7.10.11 Class: Non-skeptical

τότε δὲ ἐκ τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν ἔθνους ὅντινα καὶ ἀναίτιον Καλλικράτης ἐθελήσειεν αἰτιάσασθαι, ἀνάγεσθαι πάντα τινὰ ἐκεκύρωτο ἐς Ῥώμην· καὶ ἐγένοντο ὑπὲρ χιλίους οἱ ἀναχθέντες. τούτους ὑπὸ Ἀχαιῶν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι προκατεγνῶσθαι νομίζοντες ἔς τε Τυρσηνίαν καὶ ἐς τὰς ἐκεῖ διέπεμψαν πόλεις, καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἄλλοτε ἄλλας ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀνδρῶν πρεσβείας τε καὶ ἱκεσίας ἐπιπεμπόντων λόγον ἐποιοῦντο οὐδένα.

Proper Nouns:

Καλλικράτης Τυρσηνία Ἀχαιοί Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥώμη

At that time, it had been decreed that, from the Achaean nation, anyone whom Callicrates wished to charge—even if wholly innocent—would have to be taken off to Rome; and those who were carried away numbered over one thousand. The Romans, believing that these individuals had already been condemned beforehand by the Achaeans, dispersed them throughout Etruria and its various cities. When the Achaeans continually sent embassies and petitions to Rome on behalf of the men, the Romans paid no heed whatsoever.

Passage 7.10.12 Class: Non-skeptical

ἑπτακαιδεκάτῳ δὲ ὕστερον ἔτει τριακοσίους ἢ καὶ ἐλάσσονας, οἳ μόνοι περὶ Ἰταλίαν Ἀχαιῶν ἔτι ἐλείποντο, ἀφιᾶσιν, ἀποχρώντως κολασθῆναι σφᾶς ἡγούμενοι. ὅσοι δὲ ἀποδράντες ᾤχοντο ἢ εὐθὺς ἡνίκα ἀνήγοντο ἐς Ῥώμην ἢ ὕστερον ἐκ τῶν πόλεων ἐς ἃς ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἐπέμφθησαν, πρόφασις οὐδεμία ἦν τούτους ἁλόντας μὴ ὑποσχεῖν δίκην.

Proper Nouns:

Ἀχαιοί Ἰταλία Ῥωμαῖοι Ῥώμη

Seventeen years later, the Romans released the three hundred—or even fewer—who alone of the Achaeans were still held in Italy, thinking they had been sufficiently punished. As for those who had escaped, either immediately upon their transportation to Rome or later from the cities to which they had been sent by the Romans, there was no excuse at all for these captives, had they been recaptured, not to suffer punishment.

Legend:

Chapter 7.10