Pausanias Analysis

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Chapter 3.11

PassageSentenceBucketConfidenceGreekEnglishRationale
3.11.1 1 other high ἀπὸ δὲ Θόρνακος προελθόντι ἔστιν ἡ πόλις, Σπάρτη μὲν ὀνομασθεῖσα ἐξ ἀρχῆς, προσλαβοῦσα δὲ ἀνὰ χρόνον καὶ Λακεδαίμων ἡ αὐτὴ καλεῖσθαι· After Thornax, as one proceeds further, comes the city originally called Sparta, which in time acquired the name Lacedaemon as well. Purely geographical and antiquarian naming note about the city and its route context.
3.11.1 2 other high τέως δὲ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο ἔκειτο τῇ γῇ. Previously, this name belonged to the territory itself. A naming note about the land itself, not a mythic or historical event.
3.11.1 3 other high ὃ δὲ ἐν τῇ συγγραφῇ μοι τῇ Ἀτθίδι ἐπανόρθωμα ἐγένετο, μὴ τὰ πάντα με ἐφεξῆς, τὰ δὲ μάλιστα ἄξια μνήμης ἐπιλεξάμενον ἀπʼ αὐτῶν εἰρηκέναι, δηλώσω δὴ πρὸ τοῦ λόγου τοῦ ἐς Σπαρτιάτας· Before embarking upon my account of the Spartans, I will explain here what served as a corrective measure in my Attic narrative—that I have chosen not to relate absolutely everything in order, but rather have carefully selected and recounted only those things most worthy of remembrance. Meta-commentary on the author's method of selection, not a mythic or historical event.
3.11.1 4 other high ἐμοὶ γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἠθέλησεν ὁ λόγος ἀπὸ πολλῶν καὶ οὐκ ἀξίων ἀφηγήσεως, ὧν ἃ ἕκαστοι παρὰ σφίσι λέγουσιν, ἀποκρῖναι τὰ ἀξιολογώτατα. Indeed, from the start, my purpose has been to gather from many sources—including those unworthy of detailed narration—the most noteworthy traditions that each people relates. Meta-commentary on method and source selection, not an event or landscape impact.
3.11.1 5 other high ὡς οὖν εὖ βεβουλευμένος οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπου παραβήσομαι. Thus assured that my intention is rightly considered, there is no point at which I will deviate from it. A speaker’s resolve or intention; no mythic or historical event.
3.11.2 1 other high Λακεδαιμονίων τοῖς Σπάρτην ἔχουσίν ἐστιν ἀγορὰ θέας ἀξία, καὶ τῆς τε γερουσίας βουλευτήριον καὶ τῶν ἐφόρων καὶ νομοφυλάκων καὶ καλουμένων Βιδιαίων ἀρχεῖά ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς. The marketplace of the Lacedaemonians who occupy Sparta is worthy of seeing, and situated upon it are the council-house of the Gerousia, as well as the offices of the Ephors, the Nomophylakes ("Guardians of the Laws"), and the so-called Bidiaeans. A descriptive account of Sparta's marketplace and civic buildings; no mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
3.11.2 2 other high ἡ μὲν δὴ γερουσία συνέδριον Λακεδαιμονίοις κυριώτατον τῆς πολιτείας, οἱ λοιποὶ δέ εἰσιν ἄρχοντες. The Gerousia is indeed, most authoritative in the constitution for the Lacedaemonians, while the others serve as magistrates. Describes Spartan political institutions, which is antiquarian/descriptive rather than mythic or historical event.
3.11.2 3 other high τοῖς δὲ ἐφόροις καὶ Βιδιαίοις πέντε ἀριθμὸν ἑκατέροις οὖσι, τοῖς μὲν τοὺς ἐπὶ τῷ Πλατανιστᾷ καλουμένῳ καὶ ἄλλους τῶν ἐφήβων ἀγῶνας τιθέναι καθέστηκεν, ἔφοροι δὲ τά τε ἄλλα διοικοῦσι τὰ σπουδῆς μάλιστα ἄξια καὶ παρέχονται τὸν ἐπώνυμον, καθὰ δὴ καὶ Ἀθηναίοις τῶν καλουμένων ἐννέα ἐπώνυμός ἐστιν εἷς ἄρχων. As for the Ephors and the Bidiaeans, each body consists of five men respectively; the latter are appointed to oversee the contests held at the place called Platanistas and other competitions among the young men, while the Ephors manage all the most important public affairs and give their name to the year, just as among the Athenians there is one distinguished archon who lends his name to the year from among the so-called nine archons. Administrative and comparative civic description of Spartan offices and Athenian archonship; no mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
3.11.3 1 historical high ἐπιφανέστατον δὲ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ἐστιν ἣν στοὰν Περσικὴν ὀνομάζουσιν ἀπὸ λαφύρων ποιηθεῖσαν τῶν Μηδικῶν· The most famous building on the Agora is the Stoa called the Persian, which was constructed from the spoils of the Persian wars. Built from spoils of the Persian Wars, a historical event after 500 BC.
3.11.3 2 historical medium ἀνὰ χρόνον δὲ αὐτὴν ἐς μέγεθος τὸ νῦν καὶ ἐς κόσμον τὸν παρόντα μεταβεβλήκασιν. Over time, they have transformed this structure into its present size and current splendor. Describes a structure transformed over time into its present form, a non-mythic historical change to a monument.
3.11.3 3 historical high εἰσὶ δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν κιόνων Πέρσαι λίθου λευκοῦ καὶ ἄλλοι καὶ Μαρδόνιος ὁ Γωβρύου. On the columns stand figures of Persians carved from white marble, among whom is Mardonius, the son of Gobryas. Mardonius and the Persians are figures from the Persian Wars, a post-500 BC historical context and monument description.
3.11.3 4 historical high πεποίηται δὲ καὶ Ἀρτεμισία, θυγάτηρ μὲν Λυγδάμιδος, ἐβασίλευσε δὲ Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ· Also depicted is Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis, who reigned in Halicarnassus. Artemisia is a historical ruler of Halicarnassus, not a mythic figure.
3.11.3 5 historical high ταύτην φασὶν ἑκουσίως ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα συστρατεῦσαι Ξέρξῃ καὶ ἔργα ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίᾳ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα ἀποδείξασθαι. They say that she willingly joined Xerxes' expedition against Greece and distinguished herself by her exploits in the naval battle off Salamis. Refers to Xerxes' campaign and the Battle of Salamis, which are historical events after 500 BC.
3.11.4 1 historical high ναοὶ δέ εἰσιν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς Καίσαρος, ὃς μοναρχίας πρῶτος ἐν Ῥωμαίοις ἐπεθύμησεν καὶ ἀρχὴν τὴν καθεστηκυῖαν πρῶτος ἐκτήσατο, ὁ δὲ Αὐγούστῳ πεποίηται παιδὶ ἐκείνου τήν τε βασιλείαν βεβαιωσαμένῳ μᾶλλον καὶ ἀξιώματος καὶ δυνάμεως ἐς πλέον ἢ ὁ πατήρ οἱ προελθόντι· In the marketplace there are temples—one of Caesar, who first among the Romans desired monarchy and first obtained absolute power, and one dedicated to Augustus, his son, who not only strengthened the imperial rule further, but advanced in honor and power far beyond what his father had attained. Refers to Caesar and Augustus and their political power, a post-500 BC historical subject.
3.11.4 2 historical high τὸ δὲ ὄνομα ἦν τούτῳ Αὔγουστος, ὃ κατὰ γλῶσσαν δύναται τὴν Ἑλλήνων σεβαστός. This latter was called Augustus, a name which in the Greek tongue means "Sebastos" (revered). Refers to Augustus and explains the meaning of his name, a historical/person-identifying note rather than mythic or geographical material.
3.11.5 1 other high τοῦ δὲ Αὐγούστου δεικνύουσι πρὸς τῷ βωμῷ χαλκῆν εἰκόνα Ἀγίου. Near the altar they show a bronze statue of Agias, dedicated by Augustus. A descriptive note about a bronze statue shown near the altar; no mythic or post-500 BC historical event is described.
3.11.5 2 historical high τοῦτον τὸν Ἀγίαν μαντευσάμενόν φασι Λυσάνδρῳ τὸ Ἀθηναίων ἑλεῖν ναυτικὸν περὶ Αἰγὸς ποταμοὺς πλὴν τριήρων δέκα· αὗται δὲ ἀποφεύγουσιν ἐς Κύπρον, τὰς δὲ ἄλλας οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ αὐτὰς καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας αἱροῦσιν. They say that this Agias foretold to Lysander the capture of the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami, except for ten triremes; these ten ships escaped to Cyprus, but the rest, ships and men alike, were taken by the Lacedaemonians. The sentence refers to the battle of Aegospotami and Lysander’s capture of the Athenian fleet, a post-500 BC historical event.
3.11.5 3 mythic medium ὁ δὲ Ἀγίας Ἀγελόχου παῖς ἦν τοῦ Τισαμενοῦ· Agias was the son of Agelochus, who himself was the son of Tisamenus. Genealogical identification of figures from heroic mythic tradition.
3.11.6 1 mythic high Τισαμενῷ δὲ ὄντι Ἠλείῳ τῶν Ἰαμιδῶν λόγιον ἐγένετο ἀγῶνας ἀναιρήσεσθαι πέντε ἐπιφανεστάτους αὐτόν. To Tisamenus of Elis, one of the Iamidae, an oracle came declaring that he would win five very illustrious contests. An oracle and its prophecy are mythic/religious material.
3.11.6 2 other high οὕτω πένταθλον Ὀλυμπίασιν ἀσκήσας ἀπῆλθεν ἡττηθείς, καίτοι τὰ δύο γε ἦν πρῶτος· καὶ γὰρ δρόμῳ τε ἐκράτει καὶ πηδήματι Ἱερώνυμον τὸν Ἄνδριον. Accordingly, having trained for the pentathlon at Olympia, he departed defeated, although he had come first in two events; for he surpassed Hieronymus of Andros in running and jumping. Describes an athletic contest at Olympia, a descriptive/antiquarian detail rather than a mythic or historical event.
3.11.6 3 mythic high καταπαλαισθεὶς δὲ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἁμαρτὼν τῆς νίκης συνίησι τοῦ χρησμοῦ, διδόναι οἱ τὸν θεὸν μαντευομένῳ πέντε ἀγῶνας πολέμῳ κρατῆσαι. Yet when he had been defeated by him in wrestling and had lost the victory, he understood the prophecy: the god had granted him victory in five contests of warfare, not athletics. An oracle/prophecy is being interpreted, with the god’s intended meaning explained; this is mythic-religious material.
3.11.7 1 historical high Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ---οὐ γὰρ εἶχον ἀνηκόως ὧν Τισαμενῷ προεῖπεν ἡ Πυθία---πείθουσι μετοικήσαντα ἐξ Ἤλιδος μαντεύεσθαι Σπαρτιατῶν τῷ κοινῷ· The Lacedaemonians—already knowing well the prophetic utterance delivered by the Pythian priestess to Tisamenus—persuaded him, after he had removed from Elis, to serve as prophet for the Spartans collectively. Refers to the Lacedaemonians' recruitment of Tisamenus, a post-archaic historical episode tied to a known later seer.
3.11.7 2 historical high καί σφισιν ὁ Τισαμενὸς ἀγῶνας πολέμου πέντε ἐνίκησε, πρῶτον μὲν Πλαταιᾶσιν ἐναντία Περσῶν, δεύτερον δὲ ἐν Τεγέᾳ πρὸς Τεγεάτας καὶ Ἀργείους μάχης Λακεδαιμονίοις συνεστώσης, ἐπὶ τούτοις δὲ ἐν Διπαιεῦσιν Ἀρκάδων πάντων πλὴν Μαντινέων ἀντιτεταγμένων· Tisamenus won for them five contests of war: first, at Plataea against the Persians; second, at Tegea when the Lacedaemonians battled against the Tegeans and Argives; and later at Dipaieis, where all the Arcadians, except the Mantineans, took the field against them. Plataea and the other named battles are historical Greek wars, with a post-500 BC military context.
3.11.7 3 other high οἱ δὲ Διπαιεῖς ἐν τῇ Μαιναλίᾳ πόλισμα Ἀρκάδων ἦσαν. The Dipaieis were an Arcadian town situated in the Mainalian region. A settlement location description in Arcadia; purely geographical/descriptive.
3.11.8 1 historical high τέταρτον δὲ ἠγωνίσατο πρὸς τοὺς ἐξ ἰσθμοῦ ἐς Ἰθώμην ἀποστάντας ἀπὸ τῶν εἱλώτων· Fourthly, they fought against those helots who revolted from the Isthmus to Ithome. Describes a revolt by helots, a post-Mycenaean historical conflict, not a mythic event.
3.11.8 2 historical high ἀπέστησαν δὲ οὐχ ἅπαντες οἱ εἵλωτες, ἀλλὰ τὸ Μεσσηνιακὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων εἱλώτων ἀποσχισθέντες· Not all the helots revolted, however, but only the descendants of the ancient Messenians, who split away from the original helot group. Refers to the helot revolt and the Messenians’ historical separation from Sparta, a post-500 BC event.
3.11.8 3 other high καί μοι καὶ τάδε ὁ λόγος αὐτίκα ἐπέξεισι. The account concerning this event I shall presently discuss further. Meta-discursive transition to the next topic; no mythic, historical, or descriptive content itself.
3.11.8 4 historical high τότε δὲ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τοὺς ἀποστάντας ἀπελθεῖν ὑποσπόνδους εἴασαν Τισαμενῷ καὶ τῷ ἐν Δελφοῖς χρηστηρίῳ πειθόμενοι· On that occasion the Lacedaemonians permitted the revolters to leave under a truce, following the advice of Tisamenus and the oracle at Delphi. Refers to a specific political/military action in the historical period, with Tisamenus and Delphi oracle as advisors.
3.11.8 5 historical high τελευταῖον δὲ ὁ Τισαμενὸς ἐμαντεύσατο ἐν Τανάγρᾳ σφίσι πρὸς Ἀργείους καὶ Ἀθηναίους γινομένης συμβολῆς. Tisamenus later prophesied for them at Tanagra when they were preparing for battle against the Argives and Athenians. Battle of Tanagra is a post-500 BC historical event; Tisamenus' prophecy is tied to that historical conflict.
3.11.9 1 historical medium τὰ μὲν Τισαμενοῦ τοιαῦτα ἐπυνθανόμην ὄντα· Such were the things I learned concerning Tisamenus. Refers to learned information about Tisamenus, a post-mythic individual in a historical anecdote.
3.11.9 2 other high Σπαρτιάταις δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς Πυθαέως τέ ἐστιν καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος καὶ Λητοῦς ἀγάλματα. In the Spartan marketplace there are images of Pythaeus, Apollo, Artemis, and Leto. A descriptive note about statues in the Spartan marketplace; no event is narrated.
3.11.9 3 other high Χορὸς δὲ οὗτος ὁ τόπος καλεῖται πᾶς, ὅτι ἐν ταῖς γυμνοπαιδίαις---ἑορτὴ δὲ εἴ τις ἄλλη καὶ αἱ γυμνοπαιδίαι διὰ σπουδῆς Λακεδαιμονίοις εἰσίν---ἐν ταύταις οὖν οἱ ἔφηβοι χοροὺς ἱστᾶσι τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι. This entire place is called Chorus because during the Gymnopaediae—a festival which the Lacedaemonians celebrate with particular seriousness—the youths form choruses in honor of Apollo. Explains a place-name by a local festival custom and civic ritual, not a mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
3.11.9 4 other high τούτων δὲ οὐ πόρρω Γῆς ἱερὸν καὶ Διός ἐστιν Ἀγοραίου, τὸ δὲ Ἀθηνᾶς Ἀγοραίας καὶ Ποσειδῶνος ὃν ἐπονομάζουσιν Ἀσφάλιον, καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος αὖθις καὶ Ἥρας· Not far from these is a sanctuary of Earth and Zeus Agoraios, as well as sanctuaries of Athena Agoraea, and Poseidon surnamed Asphalios, and again of Apollo, and of Hera. A topographic description of nearby sanctuaries and divine epithets, not an event.
3.11.10 1 other high ἀνάκειται δὲ καὶ Δήμου τοῦ Σπαρτιατῶν ἀνδριὰς μεγέθει μέγας. There is also a statue of Demos of the Spartans, notably large in size. Simple description of a statue on view; no mythic or historical event.
3.11.10 2 mythic high καὶ Μοιρῶν Λακεδαιμονίοις ἐστὶν ἱερόν, Ὀρέστου δὲ τοῦ Ἀγαμέμνονος πρὸς αὐτῷ τάφος· κομισθέντα γὰρ ἐκ Τεγέας τοῦ Ὀρέστου τὰ ὀστᾶ κατὰ μαντείαν θάπτουσιν ἐνταῦθα. The Lacedaemonians also have a sanctuary dedicated to the Moirai (Fates), and near it lies the tomb of Orestes, son of Agamemnon; for, in accordance with an oracle, they brought the remains of Orestes from Tegea and buried them here. Orestes is a mythic hero, and the sentence describes the burial of his remains at Lacedaemon in response to an oracle.
3.11.10 3 other high παρὰ δὲ τοῦ Ὀρέστου τὸν τάφον ἐστὶν εἰκὼν Πολυδώρου τοῦ Ἀλκαμένους, ὃν βασιλέων ἐς τοσοῦτο τιμῆς προήχασιν ὥστε οἱ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἔχοντες, ὁπόσα δεῖ σημαίνεσθαι, τοῦ Πολυδώρου σημαίνονται τῇ εἰκόνι. Beside the tomb of Orestes is a statue of Polydorus, son of Alcamenes, whom they have honored among their kings to such a high degree that the magistrates responsible for declaring public business make their announcements standing by the statue of Polydorus. Describes the location of a statue beside Orestes' tomb and a civic custom; this is topographical/antiquarian rather than mythic or historical narrative.
3.11.11 1 other high ἔστι δὲ καὶ Ἑρμῆς Ἀγοραῖος Διόνυσον φέρων παῖδα, καὶ τὰ ἀρχαῖα καλούμενα Ἐφορεῖα, ἐν δὲ αὐτοῖς Ἐπιμενίδου τοῦ Κρητὸς μνῆμα καὶ Ἀφαρέως τοῦ Περιήρους· There is also a Hermes of the Marketplace, carrying Dionysus as a child; nearby are buildings called "Ephoreia" from ancient times, within which is the tomb of Epimenides the Cretan, as well as of Aphareus the son of Perieres. Primarily describes cult statues, old buildings, and tomb locations rather than narrating a mythic or historical event.
3.11.11 2 other high καὶ τά γε ἐς Ἐπιμενίδην Λακεδαιμονίους δοξάζω μᾶλλον Ἀργείων λέγειν εἰκότα. Concerning Epimenides, I judge that the Lacedaemonians tell a story more credible than the Argives. This is a judgment about competing local stories concerning Epimenides, not a narrated mythic event or historical occurrence.
3.11.11 3 other high ἐνταῦθα, ἔνθα αἱ Μοῖραι, καὶ Ἑστία τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις ἐστὶ καὶ Ζεὺς Ξένιος καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ Ξενία. Here, where the Moirai stand, the Lacedaemonians also have sanctuaries to Hestia, Zeus Xenios ("Protector of Strangers"), and Athena Xenia ("Goddess of Hospitality"). Describes sanctuaries and divine cult locations at Sparta; this is topographical/religious description rather than a mythic event or historical event.