Pausanias Analysis

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Chapter 3.14

PassageSentenceBucketConfidenceGreekEnglishRationale
3.14.1 1 historical high ἐκ δὲ τῆς ἀγορᾶς πρὸς ἥλιον ἰόντι δυόμενον τάφος κενὸς Βρασίδᾳ τῷ Τέλλιδος πεποίηται· From the marketplace, going toward the setting sun, there is the empty tomb built in honor of Brasidas, son of Tellis. Brasidas was a historical Spartan general, and the tomb is a commemorative landmark tied to a post-500 BC historical figure.
3.14.1 2 other high ἀπέχει δὲ οὐ πολὺ τοῦ τάφου τὸ θέατρον, λίθου λευκοῦ, θέας ἄξιον. Not far from this tomb is the theater, constructed from white stone, worthy of seeing. Purely descriptive geography/architecture: locates the theater near the tomb and notes its white stone construction.
3.14.1 3 historical high τοῦ θεάτρου δὲ ἀπαντικρὺ Παυσανίου τοῦ Πλαταιᾶσιν ἡγησαμένου μνῆμά ἐστι, τὸ δὲ ἕτερον Λεωνίδου--- Opposite the theater is the memorial of Pausanias, who led the forces at Plataea, and another belonging to Leonidas. Memorials of Pausanias and Leonidas refer to the historical Persian Wars and their commemorative monuments.
3.14.1 4 historical high καὶ λόγους κατὰ ἔτος ἕκαστον ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς λέγουσι καὶ τιθέασιν ἀγῶνα, ἐν ᾧ πλὴν Σπαρτιατῶν ἄλλῳ γε οὐκ ἔστιν ἀγωνίζεσθαι---, Each year they recite speeches over these tombs and hold contests, in which no one except Spartans is permitted to compete. Annual speeches and contests at tombs are commemorative practices tied to historical burial customs, not mythic narrative.
3.14.1 5 historical high τὰ δὲ ὀστᾶ τοῦ Λεωνίδου τεσσαράκοντα ἔτεσιν ὕστερον ἀνελομένου ἐκ Θερμοπυλῶν τοῦ Παυσανίου. The bones of Leonidas were brought back from Thermopylae by Pausanias forty years later. Refers to a later historical relocation of Leonidas’ bones by Pausanias, not a mythic event.
3.14.1 6 historical high κεῖται δὲ καὶ στήλη πατρόθεν τὰ ὀνόματα ἔχουσα οἳ πρὸς Μήδους τὸν ἐν Θερμοπύλαις ἀγῶνα ὑπέμειναν. There stands also a stele bearing the names according to their paternal lineage of those who endured the fight against the Medes at Thermopylae. Refers to the memorial stele for the defenders at Thermopylae, a historical event after 500 BC.
3.14.2 1 other high καλεῖται δὲ ἐν τῇ Σπάρτῃ Θεομηλίδα χωρίον· In Sparta there is a place called Theomelida. Purely a place-name and location note in Sparta; no mythic or historical event.
3.14.2 2 historical high κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς πόλεως τάφοι τῶν Ἀγιαδῶν βασιλέων εἰσὶ καὶ πλησίον ὀνομαζομένη λέσχη Κροτανῶν· εἰσὶ δὲ οἱ Κροτανοὶ Πιτανατῶν μοῖρα. In this part of the city lie the tombs of the Agiad kings, and nearby is a meeting hall named the Lesche of the Crotani—now, the Crotani are a section of the Pitana district. Refers to tombs of named Spartan kings and a local civic subdivision, both post-mythic civic/topographic material.
3.14.2 3 other high Ἀσκληπιοῦ δὲ οὐ πόρρω τῆς λέσχης ἐστὶν ἱερὸν, ἐν Ἀγιαδῶν καλούμενον. Not far from the Lesche is a sanctuary dedicated to Asclepius, situated at the place known as Agiadai. Purely topographical description of a sanctuary's location near the Lesche.
3.14.2 4 mythic high προελθοῦσι δὲ Ταινάρου μνῆμά ἐστι, καὶ τὴν ἄκραν τὴν ἐς θάλασσαν ἐσέχουσαν ἀπὸ τούτου φασὶν ὀνομασθῆναι· Going forward, one finds a monument to Tainaros, and they say that the promontory extending into the sea received its name from him. A place-name explained from Tainaros is a mythic/etiological landscape tradition.
3.14.2 5 other high θεῶν δὲ ἱερὰ Ποσειδῶνός ἐστιν Ἱπποκουρίου καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος Αἰγιναίας. There are also temples dedicated to the gods Poseidon Hippokourios and Artemis Aiginaia. Simple description of existing temples/shrines; geographical-antiquarian rather than mythic or historical event.
3.14.2 6 other high ἐπανελθοῦσι δὲ ὀπίσω πρὸς τὴν λέσχην ἐστὶν Ἀρτέμιδος Ἰσσωρίας ἱερόν· Returning backward towards the Lesche, there is a sanctuary of Artemis Issoria. A route note locating a sanctuary; purely descriptive/topographical.
3.14.2 7 mythic high ἐπονομάζουσι δὲ αὐτὴν καὶ Λιμναίαν, οὖσαν οὐκ Ἄρτεμιν, Βριτόμαρτιν δὲ τὴν Κρητῶν· They call her also Limnaia, yet she is not Artemis but Britomartis of Crete. Identifies Britomartis, a mythic Cretan figure, as the deity named.
3.14.2 8 other high τὰ δὲ ἐς αὐτὴν ὁ Αἰγιναῖος ἔχει μοι λόγος. As for her story, I will reserve it to my description of Aigina itself. A narrative transition about where the story will be told; no mythic or historical event.
3.14.3 1 historical high ἐγγυτάτω δὲ τῶν μνημάτων ἃ τοῖς Ἀγιάδαις πεποίηται στήλην ὄψει, γεγραμμέναι δέ εἰσιν ἃς Χίονις ἀνὴρ Λακεδαιμόνιος δρόμου νίκας ἀνείλετο ἄλλας τε καὶ Ὀλυμπίασιν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἑπτὰ ἐγένοντό οἱ νῖκαι, τέσσαρες μὲν σταδίου, διαύλου δὲ αἱ λοιπαί· Nearest to the tombs built for the Agiadai, you will see a pillar, on which are recorded the victories that Chionis, a man of Lacedaemon, won at running, including those at Olympia: here he gained seven victories, four in the stadion race, and the rest in the diaulos (double course). Records athletic victories of Chionis at Olympia, a historical commemorative inscription.
3.14.3 2 other high τὸν δὲ σὺν τῇ ἀσπίδι δρόμον ἐπὶ ἀγῶνι λήγοντι οὐ συνέβαινεν εἶναί πω. At that time the race in armor ("race with the shield") had not yet been established as an event. Describes the status of a competition event, not a mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
3.14.3 3 historical high Χίονιν δὲ καὶ τοῦ στόλου μετασχεῖν τῷ Θηραίῳ Βάττῳ καὶ Κυρήνην οἰκίσαι σὺν ἐκείνῳ καὶ Λιβύων καταστρέψασθαι τοὺς προσχώρους λέγουσιν. They say also that Chionis took part in the expedition of Battus of Thera, helped him found Cyrene, and assisted in subduing the neighboring Libyans. Refers to Battus’ expedition and the foundation of Cyrene, a colonial-historical event rather than mythic.
3.14.4 1 mythic high τὸ δὲ ἱερὸν τῆς Θέτιδος κατασκευασθῆναί φασιν ἐπʼ αἰτίᾳ τοιαύτῃ· They say the sanctuary of Thetis was established for the following reason: A sanctuary of Thetis and its founding reason belong to mythic cult foundation narrative.
3.14.4 2 historical high πολεμεῖν μὲν πρὸς Μεσσηνίους ἀφεστηκότας, τὸν δὲ βασιλέα σφῶν Ἀνάξανδρον ἐσβαλόντα ἐς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν λαβεῖν αἰχμαλώτους γυναῖκας, ἐν δὲ αὐταῖς εἶναι Κλεώ, Θέτιδος δὲ αὐτὴν ἱέρειαν εἶναι. When the Spartans were at war with the rebelling Messenians, and their king Anaxandros invaded Messenia and captured some women as prisoners, among them was Cleo, who was a priestess of Thetis. Refers to the Messenian war and King Anaxandros, a historical-era conflict and event.
3.14.4 3 mythic medium ταύτην ἡ τοῦ Ἀναξάνδρου γυνὴ τὴν Κλεὼ παρὰ τοῦ Ἀναξάνδρου αἰτεῖ, καὶ τό τε ξόανον τῆς Θέτιδος ἀνεῦρεν ἔχουσαν καὶ ναὸν μετʼ αὐτῆς ἱδρύσατο τῇ θεῷ· The wife of Anaxandros requested this Cleo from him, and she discovered that Cleo possessed the wooden cult-image of Thetis, and with her she set up a temple dedicated to the goddess. The sentence concerns a cult-image of Thetis and the foundation of a temple for the goddess, tied to divine/mythic cult rather than historical narrative.
3.14.4 4 mythic high ἐποίει δὲ ταῦτα ἡ Λεανδρὶς κατὰ ὄψιν ὀνείρατος. Leandris (for that was her name) did all this according to a vision she had seen in a dream. A dream vision guiding action is a mythic mode of causation in Pausanias.
3.14.5 1 mythic high τὸ μὲν δὴ ξόανον τῆς Θέτιδος ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ φυλάσσουσι· The wooden image of Thetis is indeed preserved in secrecy. Thetis is a mythic figure, and the sentence describes her cult image.
3.14.5 2 mythic high Δήμητρα δὲ Χθονίαν Λακεδαιμόνιοι μὲν σέβειν φασὶ παραδόντος σφίσιν Ὀρφέως, δόξῃ δὲ ἐμῇ διὰ τὸ ἱερὸν τὸ ἐν Ἑρμιόνῃ κατέστη καὶ τούτοις Χθονίαν νομίζειν Δήμητρα. The Lacedaemonians say that their worship of Demeter Chthonia was handed down to them by Orpheus; yet, in my own opinion, their belief in Demeter as Chthonia arose due to the sanctuary at Hermione. Orpheus is a mythic figure and the sentence concerns the origin of a cult tradition attributed to him.
3.14.5 3 historical high ἔστι δὲ καὶ Σαράπιδος νεώτατον τοῦτο Σπαρτιάταις ἱερὸν καὶ Διὸς ἐπίκλησιν Ὀλυμπίου. There is also a very recent temple of Sarapis among the Spartans, as well as one dedicated to Zeus under the epithet Olympios. Describes a very recent temple among the Spartans, a post-classical cultic/historical detail rather than myth.
3.14.6 1 other high καλοῦσι δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι Δρόμον, ἔνθα τοῖς νέοις καὶ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἔτι δρόμου μελέτη καθέστηκεν. The Lacedaemonians call this place the Dromos ("the Course"), where young men, even down to our day, practice running. Purely geographical/descriptive: names the place and notes athletic practice there in the present.
3.14.6 2 mythic high ἐς τοῦτον τὸν Δρόμον ἰόντι ἀπὸ τοῦ τάφου τῶν Ἀγιαδῶν ἔστιν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ μνῆμα Εὐμήδους, Ἱπποκόωντος δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἦν ὁ Εὐμήδης· On the way to this Dromos from the tomb of the Agiadai, there is, on your left, the memorial of Eumedes, who also was a son of Hippocoön. Mentions Eumedes as a son of Hippocoön, a mythic genealogical figure.
3.14.6 3 other high ἔστι δὲ ἄγαλμα ἀρχαῖον Ἡρακλέους, ᾧ θύουσιν οἱ Σφαιρεῖς· οἱ δέ εἰσιν οἱ ἐκ τῶν ἐφήβων ἐς ἄνδρας ἀρχόμενοι συντελεῖν. There stands also an ancient statue of Heracles, to whom the Sphairai offer sacrifices; these Sphairai are young men at the stage of passing from youth into full adulthood. Descriptive note about an ancient statue and a local ritual group; no mythic event or post-500 BC historical event.
3.14.6 4 historical high πεποίηται δὲ καὶ γυμνάσια ἐν τῷ Δρόμῳ, τὸ ἕτερον Εὐρυκλέους ἀνάθημα ἀνδρὸς Σπαρτιάτου· In the Dromos there are also gymnasia, one of which was dedicated by a Spartan named Eurycles. Refers to a Spartan benefactor, Eurycles, and a dedication in the Dromos, which is a post-500 BC historical/antiquarian notice.
3.14.6 5 other high τοῦ Δρόμου δὲ ἐκτὸς κατὰ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους τὸ ἄγαλμα ἔστιν οἰκία τὰ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἰδιώτου, Μενελάου τὸ ἀρχαῖον. Outside the Dromos, near the statue of Heracles, there is a house belonging, in our time, to a private citizen, though of old it belonged to Menelaüs. Purely topographical and descriptive: locates a house near the Dromos and Heracles' statue, with an antiquarian note on former ownership.
3.14.6 6 other high προελθόντι δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Δρόμου Διοσκούρων ἱερὸν καὶ Χαρίτων, τὸ δὲ Εἰλειθυίας ἐστὶν Ἀπόλλωνός τε Καρνείου καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος Ἡγεμόνης· As one moves further from the Dromos, there is a sanctuary of the Dioscuri and one of the Charites, as well as sanctuaries of Eileithyia, of Apollo Karneios, and of Artemis Hegemone. Topographical description of sanctuaries along the route; no event narrative.
3.14.7 1 other high τὸ δὲ τοῦ Ἀγνίτα πεποίηται μὲν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Δρόμου. The sanctuary of Agnitas is made on the right-hand side of the Course. Purely topographical description of the sanctuary’s location relative to the Course.
3.14.7 2 other high Ἀσκληπιοῦ δέ ἐστιν ἐπίκλησις ὁ Ἀγνίτας, ὅτι ἦν ἄγνου τῷ θεῷ ξόανον. Agnitas is a surname of Asclepius, derived from the image of the god being carved of agnos (willow). Explains a cult title and local etymology for Asclepius; antiquarian/etymological rather than mythic or historical event.
3.14.7 3 other high ἡ δὲ ἄγνος λύγος καὶ αὐτὴ κατὰ ταὐτά ἐστι τῇ ῥάμνῳ. Agnos itself is the same as the shrub called lygos, identical in nature to the rhamnos. A botanical identification of plants; purely descriptive/geographical material.
3.14.7 4 mythic high τοῦ Ἀσκληπιοῦ δὲ οὐ πόρρω τρόπαιον ἕστηκε, Πολυδεύκην δὲ ἀναστῆσαί φασιν ἐπὶ Λυγκεῖ. Not far from Asclepius stands a trophy, said to have been erected by Polydeuces after his victory over Lynceus. Refers to Polydeuces erecting a trophy after victory over Lynceus, a mythic event affecting the landscape.
3.14.7 5 mythic medium καί μοι κἀμοὶ καὶ τοῦτο ἀποφαίνει τὸν λόγον εἰκότα, οὐ ταφῆναι τοὺς Ἀφαρέως παῖδας ἐν Σπάρτῃ. And this tradition too seems reasonable to me, that the sons of Aphareus were not buried in Sparta. Refers to the sons of Aphareus, a mythic family; the sentence concerns their burial tradition and its effect on Sparta.
3.14.7 6 mythic high πρὸς δὲ τοῦ Δρόμου τῇ ἀρχῇ Διόσκουροί τέ εἰσιν Ἀφετήριοι καὶ ὀλίγον προελθόντι ἡρῷον Ἄλκωνος. Toward the beginning of the Course stand images of the Dioscuri as Starters of the Race, and after proceeding a little further one sees the hero-shrine of Alcon. The Dioscuri and a hero-shrine are mythic/religious landscape features, not historical events.
3.14.7 7 mythic high τὸν δὲ Ἄλκωνα λέγουσιν Ἱπποκόωντας παῖδα εἶναι. Alcon is said to have been a son of Hippocoön. Genealogical claim about Alcon being a son of Hippocoön, a mythic figure.
3.14.7 8 other high παρὰ δὲ τοῦ Ἄλκωνος τὸ ἡρῷον Ποσειδῶνός ἐστιν ἱερόν, Δωματίτην δὲ ἐπονομάζουσιν. Next to Alcon's monument is a sanctuary of Poseidon, whom they call Domatites. Describes a sanctuary and local cult epithet at a monument; this is topographical/religious description, not a mythic event or post-500 BC historical event.
3.14.8 1 other high καὶ χωρίον Πλατανιστᾶς ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῶν δένδρων, αἳ δὴ ὑψηλαὶ καὶ συνεχεῖς περὶ αὐτὸ αἱ πλάτανοι πεφύκασιν. There is also a place called Platanistas, named after the plane-trees [platanes], as the plane-trees around it grow high and close together. Purely geographical/etymological description of a place named from nearby plane-trees.
3.14.8 2 other high αὐτὸ δὲ τὸ χωρίον, ἔνθα τοῖς ἐφήβοις μάχεσθαι καθέστηκε, κύκλῳ μὲν εὔριπος περιέχει κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ εἰ νῆσον θάλασσα, ἔφοδοι δὲ ἐπὶ γεφυρῶν εἰσι. The area itself, appointed as the place where the youths fight, is encircled by a canal filled with water, just like an island by the sea, and has entrances by means of bridges. Purely topographical description of the training area, canal, and bridges; no mythic or historical event.
3.14.8 3 other high γεφυρῶν δὲ ἐφʼ ἑκατέρᾳ τῇ μέν ἐστιν ἄγαλμα Ἡρακλέους, τῇ δὲ εἰκὼν Λυκούργου· At each of these bridges stands a statue—by one is an image of Heracles, by the other a figure representing Lycurgus. Describes statues at bridges; this is topographical/descriptive rather than mythic or historical narrative.
3.14.8 4 historical high νόμους δὲ ἔς τε τὴν ἄλλην πολιτείαν καὶ ἐς τὴν μάχην τῶν ἐφήβων ἔθηκεν ὁ Λυκοῦργος. Indeed, Lycurgus established their laws, both those governing the rest of their civic order as well as those governing the youths' combat. Lycurgus is a lawgiver figure tied to Sparta's civic institutions and reforms, which belong to historical/antiquarian tradition rather than mythic landscape.
3.14.9 1 other high καὶ τάδε ἄλλα τοῖς ἐφήβοις δρώμενά ἐστι· The following rites also are performed by the youths. Describes rites performed by youths; this is ritual/descriptive material, not a mythic or historical event.
3.14.9 2 other high θύουσι πρὸ τῆς μάχης ἐν τῷ Φοιβαίῳ· τὸ δὲ Φοιβαῖόν ἐστιν ἐκτὸς τῆς πόλεως, Θεράπνης οὐ πολὺ ἀφεστηκός. Before the battle, they sacrifice in the Phoibaion; the Phoibaion stands outside the city, not far from Therapne. Describes a ritual location and its position outside the city, which is geographical/descriptive rather than mythic or historical.
3.14.9 3 mythic high ἐνταῦθα ἑκατέρα μοῖρα τῶν ἐφήβων σκύλακα κυνὸς τῷ Ἐνυαλίῳ θύουσι, θεῶν τῷ ἀλκιμωτάτῳ κρίνοντες ἱερεῖον κατὰ γνώμην εἶναι τὸ ἀλκιμώτατον ζῷον τῶν ἡμέρων. At this place, each division of youths sacrifices a puppy to Enyalios, judging that the bravest god must appropriately receive in sacrifice what they consider to be the bravest of domesticated animals. A ritual sacrifice to Enyalios, a war god, belongs to mythic/religious practice.
3.14.9 4 other high κυνὸς δὲ σκύλακας οὐδένας ἄλλους οἶδα Ἑλλήνων νομίζοντας θύειν ὅτι μὴ Κολοφωνίους· θύουσι γὰρ καὶ Κολοφώνιοι μέλαιναν τῇ Ἐνοδίῳ σκύλακα. I know of no other Greeks besides the Colophonians who are accustomed to sacrifice puppies; for the Colophonians also sacrifice a black puppy to Enodia. Describes a local cult practice and ritual custom, not a mythic event or a historical event.
3.14.9 5 other high νυκτεριναὶ δὲ ἥ τε Κολοφωνίων θυσία καὶ τῶν ἐν Λακεδαίμονι ἐφήβων καθεστήκασιν. Both the sacrifice of the Colophonians and that of the youths in Lacedaemon are performed at night. Describes ritual practice and timing, not a mythic event or a post-500 BC historical event.
3.14.10 1 other high ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ θυσίᾳ κάπρους ἠθάδας οἱ ἔφηβοι συμβάλλουσι μαχουμένους· At the sacrifice, the ephebes set two trained boars to fight against each other. Describes a ritual practice at a sacrifice, not a mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
3.14.10 2 other high ὁποτέρων δʼ ἂν ὁ κάπρος τύχῃ νικῶν, ἐστιν ἐν τῷ Πλατανιστᾷ κρατῆσαι τούτους ὡς τὰ πλείω συμβαίνει. Whichever side's boar happens to win, that group usually prevails in the contest at the Platanistas. Describes a contest rule at the Platanistas; this is route/antiquarian material, not mythic or historical event.
3.14.10 3 other high τοσάδε μὲν δρῶσιν ἐν τῷ Φοιβαίῳ· Such are their proceedings in the Phoibaion. Describes proceedings at a place, with no mythic or historical event.
3.14.10 4 other high ἐς δὲ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ὀλίγον πρὸ μεσούσης ἡμέρας ἐσίασι κατὰ τὰς γεφύρας ἐς τὸ εἰρημένον χωρίον. On the following day, shortly before midday, the youths enter across the bridges into the aforementioned place. Purely a route/timing description of people entering a place across bridges; no mythic or historical event.
3.14.10 5 other high τὴν μὲν δὴ ἔσοδον, καθʼ ἣν ἐσελθεῖν δεῦρο ἔστιν ἑκατέραν τάξιν, προεδήλωσε κλῆρός σφισιν ἐν τῇ νυκτί· During the preceding night, lots have already determined for each group the entrance by which they must approach. A route/process detail about lots determining an entrance; no mythic or historical event.
3.14.10 6 other high μάχονται δὲ καὶ ἐν χερσὶ καὶ ἐμπηδῶντες λάξ, δάκνουσί τε καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἀντορύσσουσιν. They fight both hand-to-hand and by kicking and leaping upon one another; they bite and even try to gouge out each other's eyes. Generic descriptive account of combat behavior, with no mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
3.14.10 7 other high ἀνὴρ μὲν δὴ πρὸς ἄνδρα τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον μάχεται· Thus man grapples against man in the manner described. General descriptive statement about wrestling/fighting; no mythic or historical event.
3.14.10 8 other high ἀθρόοι δέ ἐμπίπτουσι βιαίως καὶ ἐς τὸ ὕδωρ ὠθοῦσιν ἀλλήλους. They rush together violently in groups and push each other into the water. Describes a physical action in the water, with no mythic or historical event.