Pausanias Analysis

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Chapter 4.10

PassageSentenceBucketConfidenceGreekEnglishRationale
4.10.1 1 historical high Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἀκούσαντες τὸν γενόμενον Μεσσηνίοις χρησμὸν ἀθύμως διέκειντο καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς ἔς τε τὰ λοιπὰ καὶ ἄρχειν ὀκνοῦντες μάχης. When the Lacedaemonians heard of the oracle given to the Messenians, both they themselves and their kings became disheartened regarding the future and grew hesitant to offer battle. Refers to the Lacedaemonians and their response to an oracle in the context of the Messenian war, a historical event in the archaic period.
4.10.1 2 historical high ἔτει δὲ ἕκτῳ μετὰ τὸν ἐξ Ἰθώμης Λυκίσκου δρασμὸν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι---τὰ γὰρ ἱερὰ ἐγίνετο αὐτοῖς αἴσια ---στρατεύουσιν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰθώμην· But in the sixth year after Lykiskos had escaped from Ithome, the Lacedaemonians—since the omens from their sacrifices had become favorable—marched against Ithome. A dated military campaign by the Lacedaemonians after the escape from Ithome; this is post-mythic historical action.
4.10.1 3 historical low οἱ δὲ Κρῆτες οὐκέτι παρόντες σφίσιν ἔτυχον. The Cretans, however, were no longer there to assist them. Refers to the absence of the Cretans in a narrated episode; likely a historical narrative detail rather than mythic or purely descriptive.
4.10.1 4 historical high ὑστέρησαν δὲ καὶ οἱ τῶν Μεσσηνίων σύμμαχοι---διʼ ὑποψίας γὰρ οἱ Σπαρτιᾶται καὶ ἄλλοις ἤδη Πελοποννησίων καὶ Ἀρκάσιν ἦσαν καὶ Ἀργείοις μάλιστα---καὶ οἱ μὲν Ἀργεῖοι κρύφα ἔμελλον τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἀφίξεσθαι καὶ ἰδίᾳ δὴ μᾶλλον ἢ μετὰ δόγματος κοινοῦ, τοῖς δὲ Ἀρκάσιν ἡ στρατεία μὲν ἀνείρητο ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ, παρέτυχον δὲ οὐδʼ οὗτοι. And now the allies of the Messenians also fell away, as the Spartans had become suspicious not only of certain other Peloponnesians but especially of the Arcadians and Argives; the Argives intended secretly to withdraw from the Spartans, planning to act on their own initiative rather than according to a common decision, while as for the Arcadians, though their participation had been openly announced, even they did not present themselves for battle. Describes political/military events among Spartans, Argives, and Arcadians in the historical period, not mythic material.
4.10.1 5 historical low τοὺς γὰρ Μεσσηνίους καὶ ἄνευ συμμάχων κινδυνεῦσαι προήγαγεν ἡ δόξα τοῦ χρησμοῦ. Thus, it was the reputation of the oracle itself that emboldened the Messenians to risk combat even without allies. Refers to the effect of an oracle on Messenians' behavior in a later historical context rather than a mythic event.
4.10.2 1 historical medium τὰ μὲν οὖν πολλὰ οὐδέν τι ἐγένετο διάφορα ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς προτέρας μάχης, ἥ τε ἡμέρα καὶ τότε μαχομένους προαπέλιπεν· For the most part the events differed little from the previous battle, and this day too ended with the combatants still fighting. Describes the course of a battle, a post-500 BC historical event.
4.10.2 2 historical medium οὐ μέντοι βιασθῆναί γε οὐδέτερον κέρας ἢ καὶ λόχον μνημονεύουσιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ τὴν τάξιν, ὡς ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ἐτάχθησαν, συμμεῖναί φασιν, ἀλλʼ ἀφʼ ἑκατέρων τοὺς ἀρίστους συνελθόντας ἐς τὸ μεσαίτατον ἐνταῦθα τὸν πάντα ἔχειν πόνον. However, they record that neither wing nor formation was forced back, since indeed the original order of battle was not maintained; instead, the best warriors from both sides came together in the center, and it was there that the entire struggle took place. Describes a battle account and troop movements, which are historical rather than mythic.
4.10.3 1 historical high ὁ γὰρ Εὐφαὴς πλέον τι ἢ βασιλέα εἰκὸς ἦν προθυμούμενος καὶ ἀφειδῶς τοῖς περὶ τὸν Θεόπομπον ἐγκείμενος τραύματα τε πολλά τε καὶ οὐκ ἰάσιμα λαμβάνει· For Euphaes, who fought more zealously than was fitting even for a king, attacking recklessly those around Theopompus, received many wounds, which were severe and incurable. Refers to King Euphaes and his injuries in a human conflict, an event from post-500 BC Spartan/Messenian history rather than myth.
4.10.3 2 historical high λιποψυχήσαντα δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ πεσόντα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ὀλίγον ὅμως ἐμπνέοντα ἐποιοῦντο παρʼ αὑτοὺς ἑλκύσαι σπουδήν. When he finally lost strength and fell, the Lacedaemonians attempted in haste to drag him toward themselves while he still breathed slightly. Describes Lacedaemonians in a battle episode, an event after 500 BC.
4.10.3 3 historical medium ἐπήγειρε δὲ καὶ τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἥ τε ἐς τὸν Εὐφαῆ προϋπάρχουσα εὔνοια καὶ τὰ ὀνείδη τὰ μέλλοντα· But the Messenians were roused both by the good-will they previously bore to Euphaes and by the shame they would incur if they failed: Mentions the Messenians and Euphaes in a narrative of later human events, not mythic or purely descriptive material.
4.10.3 4 historical high φονευομένοις τε ὑπὲρ τοῦ βασιλέως ἄμεινόν σφισιν ἐφαίνετο προΐεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς ἢ ἐκεῖνον προεμένων ἀποσωθῆναί τινα. it seemed preferable to them to lose their lives fighting for their king rather than to permit his capture and afterward save themselves. Refers to fighting for a king and capture in a historical military context, not mythic or descriptive.
4.10.4 1 historical high τότε μὲν δὴ πεσὼν ὁ Εὐφαὴς τήν τε μάχην ἐπεμήκυνε καὶ προήγαγεν ἐς πλέον παρὰ ἑκατέρων τὰ τολμήματα· Then indeed, Euphaes, having fallen, prolonged the battle and increased the daring deeds on both sides even further. Refers to Euphaes and a battle, a historical event/action rather than mythic or descriptive material.
4.10.4 2 historical high ὕστερον δὲ ἀνήνεγκε μὲν καὶ ᾔσθετο ὅτι οὐκ ἔλαττον ἐσχήκασιν ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ, ἡμέραις δὲ οὐ πολλαῖς ἀποθνήσκει, βασιλεύσας Μεσσηνίων τρία ἔτη καὶ δέκα καὶ πολεμήσας Λακεδαιμονίοις τὸν πάντα τῆς βασιλείας χρόνον. Afterwards, he recovered enough to realize clearly that they had fared no worse in the encounter, yet within a few days he died, having ruled the Messenians for thirteen years and having fought against the Lacedaemonians throughout his entire reign. Describes a ruler's reign, battle, and death in a historical sequence.
4.10.5 1 historical high Εὐφαεῖ δὲ οὐκ ὄντων παίδων τὸν αἱρεθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου κατελείπετο ἔχειν τὴν ἀρχήν, Κλέοννίς τε καὶ Δᾶμις ἐς ἀμφισβήτησιν Ἀριστοδήμῳ προῆλθον, τά τε ἄλλα καὶ τὰ ἐς πόλεμον διαφέρειν νομιζόμενοι· Since Euphaes had no children, the one chosen by the people was destined to succeed to the throne; however, Cleonnis and Damis came forward disputing the right of Aristodemus, claiming superiority especially in matters related to warfare. Succession dispute over Euphaes and Aristodemus is a post-mythic political event.
4.10.5 2 historical high τὸν δὲ Ἄντανδρον οἱ πολέμιοι κατειργάσαντο ἐν τῇ μάχῃ προκινδυνεύοντα Εὐφαοῦς. But the enemy killed Antandrus, the son of Euphaes, as he took risks in battle ahead of others. Describes a battle death, a post-mythic historical event.
4.10.5 3 mythic high ἦσαν δὲ καὶ τῶν μάντεων αἱ γνῶμαι κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἀμφοτέρων, Ἐπηβόλου καὶ Ὀφιονέως, μὴ σφᾶς ἀνδρὶ ἐναγεῖ καὶ θυγατρὸς μίασμα ἐπικειμένῳ δοῦναι τὴν Αἰπύτου καὶ τῶν ἀπογόνων τιμήν· And the opinions of both the seers, Epebolus and Ophioneus, agreed on the same point—that the people must not entrust to Aristodemus the honor of Aepytus and his descendants, as he was under a curse and stained by the pollution incurred through his daughter. Refers to a curse and ritual pollution from a daughter, i.e. mythic/religious causation rather than historical event.
4.10.6 1 historical high ᾑρέθη δὲ ὅμως καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ἀριστόδημος. Nevertheless, Aristodemus was chosen and became king. Aristodemus becoming king is a post-mythic historical dynastic event.
4.10.6 2 other high ὁ δὲ Ὀφιονεὺς οὗτος ὁ τῶν Μεσσηνίων μάντις τυφλὸς ὢν εὐθὺς ἐκ γενετῆς μαντικήν τινα εἶχε τοιαύτην· πυνθανόμενος τὰ γινόμενα ἑκάστοις ἰδίᾳ τε καὶ ἐν κοινῷ προέλεγεν οὕτω τὰ μέλλοντα. Ophioneus, the prophet of the Messenians, who had been blind from birth, possessed an extraordinary mode of divination: upon inquiring into current events, both matters concerning individuals privately and affairs of the state, he was thus able to foretell accurately what was to come. Describes a Messenian seer and his divinatory ability, not a mythic event or historical occurrence.
4.10.6 3 mythic high οὗτος μὲν τρόπον ἐμαντεύετο τὸν εἰρημένον, Ἀριστόδημος δὲ βασιλεύσας τῷ τε δήμῳ διέμεινε τὰ εἰκότα χαρίζεσθαι προθυμούμενος καὶ τοὺς ἐν τέλει τούς τε ἄλλους καὶ μάλιστα Κλέοννιν καὶ Δᾶμιν ἦγεν ἐν τιμῇ· διὰ θεραπείας δὲ εἶχε καὶ τὰ τῶν συμμάχων, Ἀρκάδων τε τοῖς δυνατοῖς καὶ ἐς Ἄργος καὶ Σικυῶνα ἀποστέλλων δῶρα. Such was Ophioneus' manner of prophecy. Refers to the manner of prophecy of Ophioneus, a mythic figure; this is mythic material rather than historical or descriptive.
4.10.7 1 historical high τὸν δὲ πόλεμον ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀριστοδήμου βασιλείας ἐπολέμουν λῃστείαις τε κατʼ ὀλίγους ἀεὶ καὶ περὶ τὴν ὡραίαν καταδρομαῖς ἐς τὴν ἀλλήλων χρώμενοι, συνεσέβαλλον δὲ καὶ παρὰ τῶν Ἀρκάδων τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἐς τὴν Λακωνικήν· During the reign of Aristodemus, warfare consisted of continual raiding in small bands upon one another and incursions into each other's territories around harvest-time. Describes warfare during Aristodemus' reign, a post-500 BC historical period, with raids and incursions.
4.10.7 2 historical high Ἀργεῖοι δὲ προαναφῆναι μὲν τὸ ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἔχθος οὐκ ἠξίουν, γινομένου δὲ ἀγῶνος παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς μεθέξοντες. The Messenians also made joint invasions into Laconia, supported by contingents from the Arcadians. Refers to Messenians and Arcadians making invasions into Laconia, a post-mythic historical military event.