Pausanias Analysis

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Chapter 4.34

PassageSentenceBucketConfidenceGreekEnglishRationale
4.34.1 1 other high ἐκ δὲ Μεσσήνης ὑπὸ τοῦ Παμίσου τὸ στόμα ὁδὸς μὲν σταδίων ἐστὶν ὀγδοήκοντα, ῥεῖ δὲ ὁ Πάμισος διά τε ἀρουμένης καὶ καθαρὸς καὶ ἀναπλεῖται ναυσὶν ἐκ θαλάσσης ἐπὶ δέκα που σταδίους· From Messene to the mouth of the Pamisos River is a journey of eighty stades. A route and distance description between Messene and the river mouth.
4.34.1 2 other high ἀναθέουσι δὲ ἐς αὐτὸν καὶ οἱ θαλάσσιοι τῶν ἰχθύων περὶ ὥραν μάλιστα τοῦ ἦρος. The Pamisos flows clearly through cultivated fields, and ships can sail up it from the sea for roughly ten stades. Describes a river’s navigability and seasonal behavior, which is geographical/descriptive rather than mythic or historical.
4.34.1 3 other high τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ ἐς Ῥῆνόν τε καὶ ἐς τὸν Μαίανδρον ποιοῦσιν οἱ ἰχθῦς· At the beginning of spring, the fish from the sea also swim upstream into it. Describes a natural/geographical phenomenon about fish swimming upstream, not a mythic or historical event.
4.34.1 4 other high μάλιστα δὲ ἀνὰ τὸ ῥεῦμα τὸ Ἀχελῴου νήχονται τοῦ ἐκδιδόντος κατὰ νήσους τὰς Ἐχινάδας. Fish behave similarly in the Rhine and the Maeander rivers, but particularly in the current of the Achelous, which empties into the sea by the Echinades islands. Purely geographical/natural description of river behavior and the Echinades; no mythic or historical event.
4.34.2 1 other high διάφοροι δὲ τὸ εἶδος μάλιστα ἰχθῦς ἀναθέουσιν ἐς τὸν Πάμισον ἅτε ἐς ὕδωρ καθαρὸν καὶ οὐ κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ τοῖς κατειλεγμένοις ποταμοῖς ἰλυῶδες· Fish of unusually varied appearance ascend the Pamisos, since its waters are clear and differ from those of the aforementioned rivers, whose streams are muddy. Purely geographical/descriptive remark about the Pamisos and its clear water.
4.34.2 2 other high οἱ κέφαλοι δέ, ἅτε ἰχθύων ὄντες τῶν πηλαίων, ποταμῶν φίλοι τῶν θολερωτέρων εἰσί. Grey mullets, however, being fish that prefer muddy habitats, favor rivers whose waters are cloudier. Purely zoological/descriptive statement about fish behavior and river conditions, with no mythic or historical event.
4.34.2 3 other high θηρία δὲ ἐς ὄλεθρον ἀνθρώπων οὐ πεφύκασιν οἱ Ἑλλήνων ποταμοὶ φέρειν, καθάπερ γε Ἰνδὸς καὶ Νεῖλος ὁ Αἰγύπτιος, ἔτι δὲ Ῥῆνος καὶ Ἴστρος Εὐφράτης τε καὶ Φᾶσις· Greek rivers by nature do not produce wild animals destructive to humans, as do the rivers of India and the Egyptian Nile, as well as the Rhine, the Danube, the Euphrates, and the Phasis. A geographical/descriptive comparison of rivers and their fauna, not a mythic or historical event.
4.34.2 4 other high οὗτοι γὰρ δὴ θηρία ὅμοια τοῖς μάλιστα ἀνδροφάγα αὔξουσι, ταῖς ἐν Ἕρμῳ καὶ Μαιάνδρῳ γλάνισιν ἐοικότα ἰδέας πλὴν χρόας τε μελαντέρας καὶ ἀλκῆς· ταῦτα δὲ αἱ γλάνεις ἀποδέουσιν. These indeed nurture animals that are among the most dangerous man-eaters, resembling the catfish found in the Hermus and Maeander rivers in shape, but considerably darker in color and greater strength—qualities in which the catfish are lacking. Purely descriptive zoological comparison and geographic reference to rivers; no mythic or historical event.
4.34.3 1 other high ὁ δὲ Ἰνδὸς καὶ ὁ Νεῖλος κροκοδείλους μὲν ἀμφότεροι, Νεῖλος δὲ παρέχεται καὶ ἵππους, οὐκ ἔλασσον ἢ ὁ κροκόδειλος κακὸν ἀνθρώποις. Both the Indus and the Nile produce crocodiles, and the Nile also brings forth hippopotamuses, a creature no less harmful to humans than the crocodile. Geographical/natural description of rivers and animals, not a mythic or historical event.
4.34.3 2 other high οἱ δὲ Ἑλλήνων ποταμοὶ δείματα ὡς ἀπὸ θηρίων εἰσὶν οὐδέν, ἐπεὶ καὶ Ἀώῳ τῷ διὰ τῆς Θεσπρωτίδος ῥέοντι ἠπείρου θηρία οὐ ποτάμια οἱ κύνες, ἀλλὰ ἐπήλυδές εἰσιν ἐκ θαλάσσης. The rivers of the Greeks, however, contain no terrors arising from beasts. Geographical/descriptive remark about rivers and animals, with no mythic or historical event.
4.34.4 1 other high Κορώνη δέ ἐστι πόλις ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Παμίσου πρὸς θαλάσσῃ τε καὶ ὑπὸ τῷ ὄρει τῇ Μαθίᾳ. Korone is a city situated to the right of the Pamisos River, near the sea and below Mount Mathia. Purely geographic location description of Korone relative to river, sea, and mountain.
4.34.4 2 mythic high κατὰ δὲ τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην ἐστὶν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ χωρίον, ὃ Ἰνοῦς ἱερὸν εἶναι νομίζουσιν· On this route, beside the sea, there is a place believed to be sacred to Ino. Ino is a mythic figure; the sentence concerns a place believed sacred to her.
4.34.4 3 mythic high ἐπαναβῆναι γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ἐκ θαλάσσης φασὶν αὐτὴν θεόν τε ἤδη νομιζομένην καὶ Λευκοθέαν καλουμένην ἀντὶ Ἰνοῦς. They say the goddess herself came ashore here from the sea, already regarded as divine and called Leukothea instead of Ino. Describes Ino/Leukothea's divine transformation and legendary landing from the sea.
4.34.4 4 other high προελθόντων δὲ οὐ πολὺ Βίας ἐκδίδωσιν ἐς θάλασσαν ποταμός· Not far ahead, the river Bias flows into the sea. Purely geographical description of a river flowing into the sea.
4.34.4 5 mythic high γενέσθαι δὲ αὐτῷ λέγουσι τὸ ὄνομα ἀπὸ Βίαντος τοῦ Ἀμυθάονος. It is said to be named after Bias, the son of Amythaon. Explains a place-name as deriving from the mythic figure Bias, son of Amythaon.
4.34.4 6 other high καὶ Πλατανιστῶνος δὲ ἡ πηγὴ στάδια μὲν εἴκοσίν ἐστιν ἀπωτέρω τῆς ὁδοῦ, ῥεῖ δὲ ἐκ πλατάνου τὸ ὕδωρ πλατείας καὶ τὰ ἐντὸς κοίλης· The spring of Plataniston lies about twenty stades off the road; its water flows from a broad plane tree, hollow within. Purely geographical description of a spring and its location, with no mythic or historical event.
4.34.4 7 other high κατὰ σπήλαιον μάλιστά που μικρὸν τὸ εὖρός ἐστι τοῦ δένδρου, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτόθεν ἐς Κορώνην τὸ πότιμον κάτεισι. The width of the tree is particularly narrow within a small cave-like hollow, from where drinking water flows down towards Korone. Purely descriptive geography: a tree in a cave-like hollow and water flowing toward Korone.
4.34.5 1 other high τὸ μὲν δὴ ὄνομα τὸ ἀρχαῖον εἶχεν Αἴπεια· The ancient name of the place was indeed Aipeia. This is a simple antiquarian note about an ancient place-name, not a mythic event or a historical event after 500 BC.
4.34.5 2 historical medium ἐπεὶ δὲ ὑπὸ Θηβαίων κατήχθησαν ἐς Πελοπόννησον, Ἐπιμηλίδην φασὶν ἀποσταλέντα οἰκιστὴν καλέσαι Κορώνειαν, εἶναι γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐκ Κορωνείας τῆς Βοιωτῶν, τοὺς δὲ Μεσσηνίους ἐξ ἀρχῆς τε οὐ κατορθοῦν περὶ τὸ ὄνομα καὶ μᾶλλον ἔτι ἀνὰ χρόνον ἐκνικῆσαι τὸ ἐκείνων ἁμάρτημα. But after they had been brought down into the Peloponnese by the Thebans, they say that Epimelides, who had been sent as founder, gave it the name Coroneia, as he himself was from Coroneia in Boeotia; the Messenians, however, did not approve this name from the very beginning, and over time they succeeded still more in rejecting this mistaken naming. Refers to a post-Mythic ethnographic/foundational naming tradition tied to the Theban relocation of Messenians and an oikist, not a divine myth.
4.34.5 3 mythic medium λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἕτερος λόγος, ὡς τοῦ τείχους τὰ θεμέλια ὀρύσσοντες ἐπιτύχοιεν κορώνῃ χαλκῇ. Another story is also told, namely that while digging the foundations of the city-wall they came upon a bronze crow ("korone"). A foundation-discovery tale about a bronze crow attached to wall-building belongs to local mythic aetiology.
4.34.6 1 other high θεῶν δέ ἐστιν ἐνταῦθα Ἀρτέμιδός τε καλουμένης Παιδοτρόφου καὶ Διονύσου καὶ Ἀσκληπιοῦ ναός· In this place there is a temple of the gods—Artemis, called Paidotrophos ("Child-nurturer"), Dionysus, and Asclepius. Describes the presence of temples and cult names at a place; this is topographical/religious description rather than a mythic event or historical event.
4.34.6 2 other high τῷ μὲν δὴ Ἀσκληπιῷ καὶ Διονύσῳ λίθου, Διὸς δὲ Σωτῆρος χαλκοῦν ἄγαλμα ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς πεποίηται. The statues of Asclepius and Dionysus are made of stone, but there is a bronze image of Zeus Soter in the marketplace. Describes statues and their materials/location in the marketplace, a descriptive topographical detail.
4.34.6 3 other high χαλκοῦν δὲ καὶ ἐν ἀκροπόλει τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τὸ ἄγαλμά ἐστιν ἐν ὑπαίθρῳ, κορώνην ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ἔχουσα. On the acropolis, an open-air bronze statue of Athena stands, holding a crow in her hand. A descriptive note about a statue on the acropolis; no event or dated historical action.
4.34.6 4 other high εἶδον δὲ καὶ τοῦ Ἐπιμηλίδου μνῆμα· ἐφʼ ὅτῳ δὲ τὸν λιμένα Ἀχαιῶν καλοῦσιν, οὐκ οἶδα. I saw also the tomb of Epimelides, but for what reason the harbor is called "Achaean," I do not know. A tomb and a harbor name are antiquarian/geographical details; the speaker explicitly withholds explanation rather than relating a mythic or historical event.
4.34.7 1 other high ἐκ Κορώνης δὲ ὡς ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίους προελθόντι Ἀπόλλωνός ἐστιν ἱερὸν πρὸς θαλάσσῃ τιμὰς ἔχον· ἀρχαιότατόν τε γὰρ λόγῳ τῷ Μεσσηνίων ἐστὶ καὶ νοσήματα ὁ θεὸς ἰᾶται, About eighty stadia beyond Korone, beside the sea, is a sanctuary dedicated to Apollo, held in considerable honor; for according to Messenians, it is their most ancient temple, and the god heals sicknesses there. Topographical description of a sanctuary and local antiquarian note; no mythic episode or post-500 BC historical event.
4.34.7 2 other high Κόρυνθον δὲ Ἀπόλλωνα ὀνομάζουσι. They call him Apollo Korynthos. A naming/antiquarian note about Apollo's epithet, not a mythic or historical event.
4.34.7 3 other high τοῦτο μὲν δὴ ξόανον, τοῦ Ἀργεώτα δὲ χαλκοῦν ἐστι τὸ ἄγαλμα· Now, this image is wooden, but the statue of Apollo Argeotas is of bronze; Describes the material form of statues, a purely descriptive antiquarian detail.
4.34.7 4 mythic high ἀναθεῖναι δέ φασι τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ἀργοῖ πλεύσαντας. it is said to have been dedicated by those who sailed on the ship Argo. Refers to the Argonauts and the ship Argo, a mythic event group.
4.34.8 1 other high τῇ Κορωναίων δὲ πόλει ἐστὶν ὅμορος Κολωνίδες· Next to the territory of Korone lies the town of Kolonides. Purely geographical description of neighboring towns; no mythic or historical event.
4.34.8 2 mythic medium οἱ δὲ ἐνταῦθα οὐ Μεσσήνιοί φασιν εἶναι, ἀλλὰ ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἀγαγεῖν σφᾶς Κόλαινον λέγουσι, Κολαίνῳ δὲ κόρυδον τὴν ὄρνιθα ἐκ μαντεύματος ἐς τὴν ἀποικίαν ἡγήσασθαι. The inhabitants here assert that they are not Messenians; rather, they say they were guided from Attica by Kolainos. The sentence concerns an oracle-guided foundation story about Kolainos leading the settlers from Attica.
4.34.8 3 mythic medium ἔμελλον δὲ ἄρα διάλεκτόν τε ἀνὰ χρόνον καὶ ἔθη μεταμαθήσεσθαι τὰ Δωριέων. According to an oracle, Kolainos was led to the colony by a crested lark, his chosen bird. The sentence refers to an oracle and the colony's origin guidance, which belongs to mythic foundation tradition rather than historical narration.
4.34.8 4 other high κεῖται δὲ τὸ πόλισμα αἱ Κολωνίδες ἐπὶ ὑψηλοῦ, μικρὸν ἀπὸ θαλάσσης. Nevertheless, through time they inevitably altered both their dialect and customs to those of the Dorians. Purely geographic/descriptive: it states the polis is on high ground near the sea, with no mythic or historical event.
4.34.9 1 other high Ἀσιναῖοι δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς Λυκωρίταις ὅμοροι περὶ τὸν Παρνασσὸν ᾤκουν· The Asinaeans originally dwelt around Mount Parnassus, neighboring the Lycoreans. A settlement location and neighborhood description around Mount Parnassus; purely geographical/antiquarian.
4.34.9 2 other high ὄνομα δὲ ἦν αὐτοῖς, ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐς Πελοπόννησον διεσώσαντο, ἀπὸ τοῦ οἰκιστοῦ Δρύοπες. They had received the name Dryopes from their founder, which they preserved even after migrating into the Peloponnesus. A naming and migration note about ethnonym preservation, not a mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
4.34.9 3 mythic high γενεᾷ δὲ ὕστερον τρίτῃ βασιλεύοντος Φύλαντος μάχῃ τε οἱ Δρύοπες ὑπὸ Ἡρακλέους ἐκρατήθησαν καὶ τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι ἀνάθημα ἤχθησαν ἐς Δελφούς· Later, during the third generation, when Phylas was king, the Dryopes were defeated by Heracles in battle, brought as an offering to Apollo to Delphi, and then transported to the Peloponnesus by Heracles, following an oracle from the god. Heracles defeating the Dryopes and an oracle-driven transport to Delphi are mythic events.
4.34.9 4 historical medium ἀναχθέντες δὲ ἐς Πελοπόννησον χρήσαντος Ἡρακλεῖ τοῦ θεοῦ πρῶτα μὲν τὴν πρὸς Ἑρμιόνι Ἀσίνην ἔσχον, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἐκπεσόντες ὑπὸ Ἀργείων οἰκοῦσιν ἐν τῇ Μεσσηνίᾳ, Λακεδαιμονίων δόντων καὶ ὡς ἀνὰ χρόνον οἱ Μεσσήνιοι κατήχθησαν οὐ γενομένης σφίσιν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἀναστάτου τῆς πόλεως. There they first occupied Asine near Hermione; but driven out from there by the Argives, they settled in Messenia, with the Spartans granting them land after the Messenians eventually had been reduced—though the original city had not been destroyed by them. Describes settlement relocations involving Argives, Spartans, and Messenians, which are historical/antiquarian rather than mythic.
4.34.10 1 other high Ἀσιναῖοι δὲ αὐτοὶ περὶ σφῶν οὕτω λέγουσι· The Asinaeans themselves relate their story as follows: Introductory attribution that Asinaeans are about to tell their local story; no event is described.
4.34.10 2 mythic high κρατηθῆναι μὲν ὑπὸ Ἡρακλέους μάχῃ συγχωροῦσιν ἁλῶναί τε τὴν ἐν τῷ Παρνασσῷ πόλιν, αἰχμάλωτοι δὲ γενέσθαι καὶ ἀχθῆναι παρὰ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα οὔ φασιν· they admit having been defeated in battle by Heracles and that their city on Parnassus was taken, but they deny that they became prisoners or were taken to Apollo. Heracles and Apollo are mythic figures, and the sentence concerns a mythical battle and capture of a city on Parnassus.
4.34.10 3 mythic high ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡλίσκετο ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους τὸ τεῖχος, ἐκλιπεῖν τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἀναφυγεῖν ἐς τὰ ἄκρα τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ, διαβάντες δὲ ὕστερον ναυσὶν ἐς Πελοπόννησον γενέσθαι φασὶν Εὐρυσθέως ἱκέται, καὶ σφίσιν Εὐρυσθέα ἅτε ἀπεχθανόμενον τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ δοῦναι τὴν ἐν τῇ Ἀργολίδι Ἀσίνην. Rather, they say that when the city walls were being captured by Heracles, they abandoned their town and fled to the heights of Parnassus. Afterwards they crossed by ships into the Peloponnese, became suppliants of Eurystheus, and Eurystheus, because of his hatred for Heracles, gave them Asine in Argolis. Describes Heracles capturing the wall and Eurystheus giving land to his suppliants, both mythic events.
4.34.11 1 other high μόνοι δὲ τοῦ γένους τοῦ Δρυόπων οἱ Ἀσιναῖοι σεμνύνονται καὶ ἐς ἡμᾶς ἔτι τῷ ὀνόματι, οὐδὲν ὁμοίως καὶ Εὐβοέων οἱ Στύρα ἔχοντες. Among the Dryopian race, only the people of Asine boast of the name down to our time; the city of Styra in Euboea does not do so similarly. Antiquarian remark about peoples retaining or losing a name; no mythic or historical event.
4.34.11 2 mythic high εἰσὶ γὰρ καὶ οἱ Στυρεῖς Δρύοπες τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, ὅσοι τῆς πρὸς τὸν Ἡρακλέα οὐ μετέσχον μάχης, ἀπωτέρω τῆς πόλεως ἔχοντες τὰς οἰκήσεις· Indeed, the Styrians too were originally Dryopes, those who had not joined battle against Heracles and whose abodes were distant from the city. This gives the mythical origin of the Styrians as Dryopes and links them to Heracles.
4.34.11 3 other high ἀλλὰ οἱ μὲν Στυρεῖς καλεῖσθαι Δρύοπες ὑπερφρονοῦσι, καθάπερ γε καὶ οἱ Δελφοὶ πεφεύγασιν ὀνομάζεσθαι Φωκεῖς, Yet the Styrians disdain the designation "Dryopes," just as the people of Delphi have avoided being called "Phokians." Describes local naming preferences and ethnic labels, not a mythic or historical event.
4.34.11 4 mythic high Ἀσιναῖοι δὲ Δρύοπές τε τὰ μάλιστα χαίρουσι καλούμενοι καὶ τῶν ἱερῶν τὰ ἁγιώτατά εἰσι δῆλοι κατὰ μνήμην πεποιημένοι τῶν ποτὲ ἐν Παρνασσῷ σφισιν ἱδρυμένων. But the people of Asine, on the contrary, especially delight in being called Dryopes, and clearly maintain their holiest sanctuaries in memory of those once established upon Parnassus. Refers to the Dryopes and sanctuaries preserved in memory of those once established on Parnassus, a myth-linked ancestral landscape tradition.
4.34.11 5 other high τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ Ἀπόλλωνός ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ναός, τοῦτο δὲ Δρύοπος ἱερὸν καὶ ἄγαλμα ἀρχαῖον· For they have here a temple of Apollo and there a sanctuary of Dryops and an ancient image. Purely descriptive notice of a temple, sanctuary, and ancient image; no event is narrated.
4.34.11 6 mythic high ἄγουσι καὶ παρὰ ἔτος αὐτῷ τελετήν, παῖδα τὸν Δρύοπα Ἀπόλλωνος εἶναι λέγοντες. Every year they hold a religious festival in his honor, claiming Dryops as the son of Apollo. Claims Dryops is the son of Apollo and describes a recurring festival honoring him, which depends on a mythic genealogy.
4.34.12 1 other high κεῖται δὲ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ καὶ αὐτὴ κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ τῇ ποτὲ ἐν μοίρᾳ τῇ Ἀργολίδι Ἀσίνῃ· Asine also lies by the sea and occupies a position similar to that formerly held by Asine in Argolis. Geographical description of Asine’s coastal location and comparison with its former Argive site.
4.34.12 2 other high σταδίων δὲ τεσσαράκοντά ἐστιν ἐκ Κολωνίδων ἐς αὐτὴν ὁδός, τοσαύτη δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίνης πρὸς τὸν Ἀκρίταν καλούμενον. The journey from Kolonides to Asine is forty stades; a similarly long road runs from Asine to the headland called Acritas. Purely route and distance description between places.
4.34.12 3 other high ἀνέχει δὲ ἐς θάλασσαν ὁ Ἀκρίτας, καὶ νῆσος Θηγανοῦσσά ἐστιν ἔρημος πρὸ αὐτοῦ· Acritas projects into the sea, and before it lies an uninhabited island named Theganoussa. Purely geographical description of a headland and nearby uninhabited island.
4.34.12 4 other high μετὰ δὲ τὸν Ἀκρίταν λιμήν τε Φοινικοῦς καὶ νῆσοι κατʼ αὐτὸν Οἰνοῦσσαι. Beyond Acritas are the harbor Phoinikous and the islands called Oinoussai, lying opposite it. Purely geographic and route description of harbor and islands.