Pausanias Analysis

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Chapter 6.13

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6.13.1 1 historical high Ἀστύλος δὲ Κροτωνιάτης Πυθαγόρου μέν ἐστιν ἔργον, τρεῖς δὲ ἐφεξῆς Ὀλυμπίασι σταδίου τε καὶ διαύλου νίκας ἔσχεν. Astylus of Croton was the work of Pythagoras, and he won victories at three successive Olympiads in both the stadion and the diaulos. Astylus’ Olympic victories are a historical athletic achievement, and Pythagoras is a historical sculptor.
6.13.1 2 historical high ὅτι δὲ ἐν δύο ταῖς ὑστέραις ἐς χάριν τὴν Ἱέρωνος τοῦ Δεινομένους ἀνηγόρευσεν αὑτὸν Συρακούσιον, τούτων ἕνεκα οἱ Κροτωνιᾶται τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ δεσμωτήριον εἷναι κατέγνωσαν καὶ τὴν εἰκόνα καθεῖλον παρὰ τῇ Ἥρᾷ τῇ Λακινίᾳ κειμένην. However, because in his two later Olympic victories he declared himself a Syracusan in honor of Hieron, son of Deinomenes, the Crotoniates condemned his house to become a prison and pulled down his statue, which stood beside Hera Lakinia. Refers to the historical athlete Hieron and the Crotoniates' reaction; this is an event after 500 BC, not mythic or merely descriptive.
6.13.2 1 historical high ἀνάκειται δὲ τῇ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ καὶ στήλη λέγουσα τοῦ Λακεδαιμονίου Χιόνιδος τὰς νίκας. There is also set up at Olympia a stele commemorating the victories of Chionis the Lacedaemonian. A commemorative stele for an athlete's victories is an antiquarian/historical monument, not mythic narrative.
6.13.2 2 historical medium εὐηθείας μὲν δὴ μετέχουσι καὶ ὅσοι Χίονιν αὐτὸν ἀναθεῖναι τὴν στήλην, ἀλλʼ οὐ Λακεδαιμονίων ἥγηνται τὸ δημόσιον· ἔστω γὰρ δήπου, ὡς ἐν τῇ στήλῃ, οὐκ εἶναί πω τοῦ ὅπλου τὸν δρόμον· πῶς ἂν οὖν ἐπίσταιτο ὁ Χίονις εἰ αὖθίς ποτε προσνομοθετήσουσιν Ἠλεῖοι; Indeed, those who suppose that this stele was set up by Chionis himself and not by the Lacedaemonian state display simplicity; for granted indeed, according to what is inscribed upon the stele, that the race in armour did not yet exist, how could Chionis have known whether the Eleans might later add it as an event? References an inscribed stele and later addition of an athletic event, i.e. antiquarian/historical matter rather than myth.
6.13.2 3 other high τούτων δὲ ἔτι ἐς πλέον ἥκουσιν εὐηθείας οἳ τὸν ἑστηκότα ἀνδριάντα παρὰ τῇ στήλῃ φασὶν εἰκόνα εἶναι Χιόνιδος, ἔργον ὄντα τοῦ Ἀθηναίου Μύρωνος. But even more simple-minded than these are those who assert that the standing statue beside the stele is an image of Chionis himself, although it is, in fact, the work of Myron the Athenian. Antiquarian identification of a statue and its sculptor; no mythic or historical event.
6.13.3 1 historical high ἐοικότα δὲ Χιόνιδι τὰ ἐς δόξαν καὶ ἀνὴρ Λύκιος παρέσχετο Ἑρμογένης Ξάνθιος, ὃς τὸν κότινον ἐν τρισὶν Ὀλυμπιάσιν ἀνείλετο ὀκτάκις ἐπίκλησίν τε ἔσχεν Ἵππος ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων· Similar to Chionis, a Lycian man named Hermogenes, son of Xanthias, achieved a comparable reputation. Mentions Hermogenes, an athlete of the Olympic games, which is a post-mythic historical figure/event.
6.13.3 2 other high ποιήσαιο δʼ ἂν καὶ Πολίτην ἐν μεγάλῳ θαύματι. Hermogenes won the olive wreath at three Olympiads, eight times in total, and among the Greeks he was given the nickname "Horse." This is an antiquarian/descriptive remark about a notable person and a nickname, not a mythic event or a historical event affecting the landscape.
6.13.3 3 historical high ὁ Πολίτης δʼ ἦν οὗτος ἐκ Κεράμου τῆς ἐν τῇ Θρακίᾳ Καρίᾳ, ἀνέφηνε δὲ ἀρετὴν ποδῶν ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ πᾶσαν· One may also justly regard Polites with great admiration. Refers to Polites, an athlete from Keraeus in Thracian Caria, and his excellence in Olympia; this is a historical biographical statement, not mythic or purely geographical.
6.13.3 4 other high ἀπὸ γὰρ τοῦ μηκίστου καὶ διαρκεστάτου διʼ ὀλιγίστου δὴ καιροῦ μεθηρμόσατο ἐπὶ τὸ βραχύτατον ὁμοῦ καὶ ὤκιστον, καὶ δολίχου τε ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ καὶ παραυτίκα σταδίου λαβὼν νίκην προσέθηκε δὲ διαύλου σφίσι τὴν τρίτην. This Polites was from Ceramus in Caria near Thrace, and at Olympia he exhibited excellence in every type of running contest. Describes an athlete’s achievements at Olympia and a biographical detail, not a mythic event or post-500 BC historical event.
6.13.4 1 other high Πολίτης μὲν δὴ ἐπὶ τῆς δευτέρας καὶ τέσσαρας, ὡς ἂν ἕκαστοι συνταχθῶσιν ὑπὸ τοῦ κλήρου, καὶ οὐκ ἀθρόους ἀφιᾶσιν ἐς τὸν δρόμον· The citizens run according to the second and fourth groupings, to which each is assigned by lot, and they do not set off all at once in the race. Describes the race arrangement and grouping by lot; it is procedural/descriptive, not mythic or historical.
6.13.4 2 other high οἳ δʼ ἂν ἐν ἑκάστῃ τάξει κρατήσωσιν, ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν αὖθις θέουσι τῶν ἄθλων· Those who prove victorious in each heat run once more to contend for the prizes. Describes the rules of an athletic contest; this is descriptive material, not mythic or historical event.
6.13.4 3 other high καὶ οὕτω σταδίου δύο ὁ στεφανούμενος ἀναιρήσεται νίκας. Thus, the victor awarded the crown achieves twice the distance of the stadion. A measurement of the race distance and winner's prize; purely descriptive/geographical rather than mythic or historical.
6.13.4 4 historical high τὰ μέντοι ἐπιφανέστατα ἐς δρόμον Λεωνίδᾳ Ῥοδίῳ ἐστίν· ἐπὶ γὰρ τέσσαρας Ὀλυμπιάδας ἀκμάζων τε τῇ ὠκύτητι ἀντήρκεσε, καὶ γεγόνασιν αὐτῷ δρόμου νῖκαι δύο ἀριθμὸν καὶ δέκα. The most remarkable record in running, however, belongs to Leonidas of Rhodes: he maintained his peak speed through four Olympiads, and altogether gained twelve victories in running events. A record of Olympic victories by Leonidas of Rhodes is a post-500 BC historical athletic fact.
6.13.5 1 other high Χιόνιδος δὲ οὐ πόρρω τῆς ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ στήλης Σκαῖος ἕστηκεν ὁ Δούριος Σάμιος, κρατήσας πυγμῇ παῖδας· Near Chionis, not far from his stele at Olympia, stands the Samos-born Skaeus, son of Duris, who won a boxing victory among the boys. A descriptive notice of an Olympia victor statue and its location; no mythic or historical event is being narrated.
6.13.5 2 historical high τέχνη δὲ ἡ εἰκών ἐστι μὲν Ἱππίου τοῦ , τὸ δὲ ἐπίγραμμα δηλοῖ τὸ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ, νικῆσαι Σκαῖον ἡνίκα ὁ Σαμίων δῆμος ἔφευγεν ἐκ τῆς νήσου, τὸν δὲ καιρὸν ἐπὶ τὰ οἰκεῖα τὸν δῆμον. This statue is the work of Hippias, son of ..., and the inscription upon it states clearly that Skaeus won his victory at the time when the Samians were driven into exile from their island, and it encourages the Samians at this opportunity to return to their homeland. Refers to the Samians being driven into exile from their island, a historical event affecting the people and homeland, not a mythic one.
6.13.6 1 other high παρὰ δὲ τὸν τύραννον Δίαλλος ὁ Πόλλιδος ἀνάκειται, γένος μὲν Σμυρναῖος, Ἰώνων δὲ πρῶτος λαβεῖν ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ φησὶν οὗτος ὁ Δίαλλος παγκρατίου στέφανον ἐν παισίν. Next to the statue of the tyrant stands Diallos, son of Pollis, a native of Smyrna. A statue description and location note; purely descriptive/antiquarian, with no mythic or historical event.
6.13.6 2 historical high Θερσίλοχον δὲ Κορκυραῖον καὶ Ἀριστίωνα Θεοφίλους Ἐπιδαύριον, τὸν μὲν ἀνδρῶν πυγμῆς, Θερσίλοχον δὲ λαβόντα ἐν παισὶ στέφανον, Πολύκλειτος ἐποίησε σφᾶς ὁ Ἀργεῖος. This Diallos claimed to have been the first of the Ionians to win at Olympia the crown in boys' pankration. Refers to Olympic victors and athletic competition, a post-mythic historical context.
6.13.7 1 historical high Βύκελος δέ, ὃς Σικυωνίων πρῶτος πὺξ ἐκράτησεν ἐν παισίν, ἔστιν ἔργον Σικυωνίου Κανάχου παρὰ τῷ Ἀργείῳ Πολυκλείτῳ διδαχθέντος. The statue of Bykelos, who was the first among the Sicyonians to achieve victory in boys' boxing, is a work by the Sicyonian Canachus, who had studied under the Argive Polycleitus. Refers to a named athlete and sculptor in an art-historical context, not myth.
6.13.7 2 other high παρὰ δὲ τὸν Βύκελον ὁπλίτης ἀνὴρ ἐπίκλησιν Λίβυς Μνασέας Κυρηναῖος ἕστηκε· Next to Bykelos stands an armed warrior, named Libys, who was actually Mnaseas of Cyrene. Purely descriptive identification of a statue/person next to a landmark; no mythic or historical event.
6.13.7 3 other high Πυθαγόρας δὲ ὁ Ῥηγῖνος ἐποίησε τὴν εἰκόνα. Pythagoras of Rhegium made his statue. A sculptor making a statue is an antiquarian/descriptive fact, not a mythic or historical event.
6.13.7 4 other high Κυζικηνῷ δὲ Ἀγεμάχῳ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσιανῆς ἠπείρου γενέσθαι ἐν Ἄργει τὸ ἐπίγραμμα τὸ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ μηνύει. As for Agemachos of Cyzicus, who originated from the continent of Asia, the inscription on his statue indicates that he settled in Argos. An inscription noting a man's origin and settlement in Argos is antiquarian/descriptive, not mythic or historical narrative.
6.13.8 1 historical medium Νάξου δὲ οἰκισθείσης ποτὲ ἐν Σικελίᾳ ὑπὸ Χαλκιδέων τῶν ἐπὶ Εὐρίπῳ, τῆς πόλεως μὲν οὐδὲ ἐρείπια ἐλείπετο ἐς ἡμᾶς ἔτι, ὄνομα δὲ καὶ ἐς τοὺς ἔπειτα εἶναι τῆς Νάξου Τίσανδρος ὁ Κλεοκρίτου μάλιστα αἰτίαν ἐχέτω· When Naxos had once been settled in Sicily by the Chalcidians from the Euripus, no ruins of the city remained even in my time; yet that the name Naxos still survives among posterity is chiefly due to Tisandros, son of Kleokritos. Refers to the settlement of Naxos in Sicily by Chalcidians and the later survival of its name, an antiquarian/historical landscape note rather than myth.
6.13.8 2 historical high τετράκις γὰρ δὴ ἐν ἀνδράσι κατεμαχέσατο ὁ Τίσανδρος πύκτας ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ, τοσαῦται δὲ καὶ Πυθοῖ γεγόνασιν αὐτῷ νῖκαι, For Tisandros won four victories in boxing at Olympia among men, and he gained the same number of victories at Pytho. Records athletic victories of Tisandros at Olympia and Pytho, a historical/antiquarian notice rather than mythic narrative.
6.13.8 3 historical high καὶ Κορινθίοις δὲ οὐκ ἦν πω τηνικαῦτα οὐδὲ Ἀργείοις ἐς ἅπαντας ὑπομνήματα τοὺς Νέμεια καὶ Ἴσθμια νικήσαν τας. At that time neither Corinthians nor Argives had yet instituted the custom of recording victories at Nemea and the Isthmian games for posterity. Refers to the establishment of a commemorative custom at the Nemean and Isthmian games, an antiquarian/historical practice after the mythic age.
6.13.9 1 other high ἡ δὲ ἵππος ἡ τοῦ Κορινθίου Φειδώλα ὄνομα μέν, ὡς οἱ Κορίνθιοι μνημονεύουσιν, ἔχει Αὔρα, The horse of the Corinthian Pheidolas, as the Corinthians recall, had the name Aura ("Breeze"). Antiquarian description of a named horse and its remembered name; no mythic or historical event.
6.13.9 2 other high τὸν δὲ ἀναβάτην ἔτι ἀρχομένου τοῦ δρόμου συνέπεσεν ἀποβαλεῖν αὐτήν· Just as the race began, it happened that her rider fell off. A race-start accident is a descriptive event, not mythic or post-500 BC historical.
6.13.9 3 other high καὶ οὐδέν τι ἧσσον θέουσα ἐν κόσμῳ περί τε τὴν νύσσαν ἐπέστρεφε, καὶ ἐπεὶ τῆς σάλπιγγος ἤκουσεν, ἐπετάχυνεν ἐς πλέον τὸν δρόμον, Nevertheless, she continued running skillfully, made the turn around the post in good order, and, when she heard the trumpet, quickened her pace even more. Describes an athletic race action and course details, not a mythic or historical event.
6.13.9 4 mythic low φθάνει τε δὴ ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἑλλανοδίκας ἀφικομένη καὶ νικῶσα ἔγνω καὶ παύεται τοῦ δρόμου. She arrived first before the judges of the Greeks, appeared to be victorious, and then stopped her race. Describes a race outcome in an aetiological/mythic narrative context rather than a historical event.
6.13.9 5 historical high Ἠλεῖοι δὲ ἀνηγόρευσαν ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ τὸν Φειδώλαν καὶ ἀναθεῖναί οἱ τὴν ἵππον ταύτην ἐφιᾶσιν. The Eleans proclaimed Pheidolas the victor and permitted him to dedicate a statue of this horse. Records an athletic victory and dedication in the historical Olympic context, not a mythic event.
6.13.10 1 historical high ἐγένετο δὲ καὶ τοῦ Φειδώλα τοῖς παισὶν ἐπὶ κέλητι ἵππῳ νίκη, καὶ ὅ τε ἵππος ἐπὶ στήλῃ πεποιημένος καὶ ἐπίγραμμά ἐστιν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ· ὠκυδρόμας Λύκος Ἴσθμιʼ ἅπαξ, δύο δʼ ἐνθάδε νίκαις Φειδώλα παίδων ἐστεφάνωσε δόμους. The sons of Pheidolas also gained a victory in the riding-horse race; the horse itself is represented on a stele with an inscription upon it: "Swift-running Lycus once at the Isthmian games, and twice here by victories crowned the house of Pheidolas' children." Records an athletic victory and commemorative stele/inscription, which are post-mythic historical details.
6.13.10 2 historical high οὐ μὴν τῷ γε ἐπιγράμματι καὶ τὰ Ἠλείων ἐς τοὺς Ὀλυμπιονίκας ὁμολογεῖ γράμματα· ὀγδόῃ γὰρ Ὀλυμπιάδι καὶ ἑξηκοστῇ καὶ οὐ πέρα ταύτης ἐστὶν ἐν τοῖς Ἠλείων γράμμασιν ἡ νίκη τῶν Φειδώλα παίδων· Yet the inscription does not agree with the Eleans' records of Olympic victors, since according to the Elean writings the sons of Pheidolas obtained their victory in the sixty-eighth Olympiad and no later. Refers to Olympic victors recorded in Elean writings, a post-archaic historical record.
6.13.11 1 other high ταῦτα μὲν δὴ οὕτως ἔχοντα ἴστω τις· Now let this information suffice as it stands. Editorial transition stating that the preceding information is sufficient; not mythic or historical content.
6.13.11 2 historical high Ἠλείοις δὲ ἀνδράσιν Ἀγαθίνῳ τε τῷ Θρασυβούλου καὶ Τηλεμάχῳ, Τηλεμάχῳ μὲν ἐπὶ ἵππων νίκῃ γέγονεν ἡ εἰκών, Ἀγαθῖνον δὲ ἀνέθεσαν Ἀχαιοὶ Πελληνεῖς. As for statues honoring Elean men, there are those of Agathinus, son of Thrasybulus, and Telemachus; the statue of Telemachus commemorates his victory with horses, while the Achaeans from Pellene dedicated that of Agathinus. Describes honorific statues for named men and a recorded horse-racing victory, i.e. a historical commemorative monument.
6.13.11 3 historical high ἀνέθηκε δὲ καὶ ὁ Ἀθηναίων δῆμος Ἀριστοφῶντα Λυσίνου, παγκρατιαστὰς ἐν τῷ ἀγῶνι τῷ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ κρατήσαντα ἄνδρας. The Athenian people also dedicated a statue of Aristophon, son of Lysinus, who prevailed over his opponents in the men's pankration at the Olympic Games. Refers to a dedicatorial statue for an Olympic victor, a post-500 BC historical honorific act.