Grammar parses for passage 3.8.1
Open translation for this passage
Ἀρχιδάμου δὲ ὡς ἐτελεύτα καταλιπόντος παῖδας Ἆγίς τε πρεσβύτερος ἦν ἡλικίᾳ καὶ παρέλαβεν ἀντὶ Ἀγησιλάου τὴν ἀρχήν.
Genitive absolute Ἀρχιδάμου ... καταλιπόντος παῖδας sets the temporal background; Ἆγις is subject of coordinated predicates ἦν and παρέλαβεν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ἀρχιδάμου | Ἀρχίδαμος | PROPN | Neut? | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 καταλιπόντος | nsubj | medium | Genitive absolute subject with καταλιπόντος; proper name. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 7 Ἆγίς | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | Conj | _ | 4 ἐτελεύτα | mark | high | Temporal conjunction introducing the clause with ἐτελεύτα. |
| 4 | ἐτελεύτα | τελευτάω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 5 καταλιπόντος | advcl | high | Imperfect in temporal clause. |
| 5 | καταλιπόντος | καταλείπω | VERB | V-2AAP-GMS | Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 13 παρέλαβεν | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute, with παῖδας as object; aorist participle. |
| 6 | παῖδας | παῖς | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 καταλιπόντος | obj | high | Object of καταλιπόντος. |
| 7 | Ἆγίς | Ἆγις | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἦν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦν and coordinated subject of παρέλαβεν. |
| 8 | τε | τε | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 13 παρέλαβεν | cc | high | Correlative/postpositive conjunction linking the two predicates. |
| 9 | πρεσβύτερος | πρέσβυς | ADJ | A-S---NM-S | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἦν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with ἦν. |
| 10 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IXI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 13 παρέλαβεν | conj | high | First coordinated predicate. |
| 11 | ἡλικίᾳ | ἡλικία | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 πρεσβύτερος | obl | high | Dative of respect: older in age. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 13 παρέλαβεν | cc | high | Coordinator of the second predicate. |
| 13 | παρέλαβεν | παραλαμβάνω | VERB | V-2AAI-3S | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate: assumed/received the rule. |
| 14 | ἀντὶ | ἀντί | ADP | Prep | _ | 15 Ἀγησιλάου | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 15 | Ἀγησιλάου | Ἀγησίλαος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 παρέλαβεν | obl | high | Complement of ἀντί: in place of Agesilaus. |
| 16 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἀρχήν | det | high | Article modifying ἀρχήν. |
| 17 | ἀρχήν | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 παρέλαβεν | obj | high | Object of παρέλαβεν. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 παρέλαβεν | punct | high |
ἐγένετο δὲ Ἀρχιδάμῳ καὶ θυγάτηρ, ὄνομα μὲν Κυνίσκα, φιλοτιμότατα δὲ ἐς τὸν ἀγῶνα ἔσχε τὸν Ὀλυμπικόν καὶ πρώτη τε ἱπποτρόφησε γυναικῶν καὶ νίκην ἀνείλετο Ὀλυμπικὴν πρώτη.
The sentence has an existential/giving construction: θυγάτηρ is the nominative subject and Ἀρχιδάμῳ the dative possessor/recipient. ὄνομα Κυνίσκα is an appositional naming phrase; the later clauses coordinate predicates of Κυνίσκα, with πρώτη agreeing with the subject and γυναικῶν a partitive genitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-3SAMI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 5 θυγάτηρ | root | high | Existential/possessive aorist predicate. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἐγένετο | cc | high | |
| 3 | Ἀρχιδάμῳ | Ἀρχίδαμος | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 ἐγένετο | iobj | high | Dative possessor/recipient with γίγνομαι. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 θυγάτηρ | cc | high | |
| 5 | θυγάτηρ | θυγάτηρ | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Nominative subject of the existential construction. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 1 ἐγένετο | punct | high | |
| 7 | ὄνομα | ὄνομα | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 θυγάτηρ | appos | high | Appositional naming phrase, literally 'name'. |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 7 ὄνομα | discourse | high | Correlative μέν anticipates δέ. |
| 9 | Κυνίσκα | Κυνίσκα | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ὄνομα | nmod | high | Name in apposition to θυγάτηρ; nominative form. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 7 ὄνομα | punct | high | |
| 11 | φιλοτιμότατα | φιλότιμος | ADV | ADV | Degree=Sup | 16 ἔσχε | advmod | high | Superlative adverb modifying ἔσχε. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ἔσχε | cc | high | Continues the μέν...δέ contrast. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 15 ἀγῶνα | case | high | |
| 14 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἀγῶνα | det | high | |
| 15 | ἀγῶνα | ἀγών | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἔσχε | obl | high | Prepositional goal/object of ἔσχε. |
| 16 | ἔσχε | ἔχω | VERB | V-3SAAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 1 ἐγένετο | conj | high | Coordinated predicate with implicit subject Κυνίσκα. |
| 17 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 Ὀλυμπικόν | det | high | |
| 18 | Ὀλυμπικόν | Ὀλυμπικός | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἀγῶνα | amod | high | Agrees with ἀγῶνα. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ἱπποτρόφησε | cc | high | |
| 20 | πρώτη | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 ἱπποτρόφησε | advmod | high | Predicative/temporal 'first', agreeing with implicit Κυνίσκα. |
| 21 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ἱπποτρόφησε | cc | high | Correlative coordination with καί. |
| 22 | ἱπποτρόφησε | ἱπποτροφέω | VERB | V-3SAAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 16 ἔσχε | conj | high | Coordinated predicate; subject is Κυνίσκα. |
| 23 | γυναικῶν | γυνή | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 22 ἱπποτρόφησε | obl | medium | Partitive genitive: first among women. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 26 ἀνείλετο | cc | high | |
| 25 | νίκην | νίκη | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 ἀνείλετο | obj | high | Direct object of ἀνείλετο. |
| 26 | ἀνείλετο | ἀναιρέω | VERB | V-3SAMI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 22 ἱπποτρόφησε | conj | high | Further coordinated predicate; middle voice is lexical/idiomatic for winning or gaining. |
| 27 | Ὀλυμπικὴν | Ὀλυμπικός | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 νίκην | amod | high | Agrees with νίκην. |
| 28 | πρώτη | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 ἀνείλετο | advmod | high | Predicative/temporal 'first', agreeing with Κυνίσκα; distinct from the earlier πρώτη. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 1 ἐγένετο | punct | high |
Κυνίσκας δὲ ὕστερον γυναιξὶ καὶ ἄλλαις καὶ μάλιστα ταῖς ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος γεγόνασιν Ὀλυμπικαὶ νῖκαι, ὧν ἡ ἐπιφανεστέρα ἐς τὰς νίκας οὐδεμία ἐστὶν αὐτῆς.
The sentence has an elliptical/garbled comparative construction: Κυνίσκας is the topic/standard of comparison, while γεγόνασιν agrees with νῖκαι; ὧν introduces a genitive-relative clause, with αὐτῆς referring back to Κυνίσκας and οὐδεμία understood as οὐδεμία νίκη.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Κυνίσκας | Κυνίσκας | PROPN | Neut? | Case=ACC|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 νῖκαι | obl | low | Proper name; accusative likely marks comparison/topic in an elliptical construction, but form and syntax are uncertain. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 νῖκαι | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὕστερον | ὕστερος | ADV | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 12 γεγόνασιν | advmod | high | Adverbial comparative, ‘later/afterward’. |
| 4 | γυναιξὶ | γυνή | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=DAT|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 12 γεγόνασιν | iobj | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 ἄλλαις | cc | high | |
| 6 | ἄλλαις | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-DFP | Case=DAT|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 γυναιξὶ | conj | high | Substantivized adjective, coordinated with γυναιξί. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 ταῖς | cc | high | |
| 8 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | ADV | Degree=Sup | 9 ταῖς | advmod | high | Superlative adverb modifying the following restrictive phrase. |
| 9 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DFP | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ἄλλαις | conj | medium | Article with substantivized/elliptical feminine noun; coordinated with ἄλλαις. |
| 10 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 11 Λακεδαίμονος | case | high | |
| 11 | Λακεδαίμονος | Λακεδαίμων | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ταῖς | nmod | high | Genitive governed by ἐκ. |
| 12 | γεγόνασιν | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-RIA3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 14 νῖκαι | acl | medium | Perfect active form, ‘have come into being/occurred’; syntactically predicates νῖκαι. |
| 13 | Ὀλυμπικαὶ | Ὀλυμπικός | ADJ | A-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 νῖκαι | amod | high | |
| 14 | νῖκαι | νίκη | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main nominal predicate/topic of the sentence. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 νῖκαι | punct | high | |
| 16 | ὧν | ὅς | PRON | R-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 ἐπιφανεστέρα | nmod | medium | Genitive relative pronoun, likely partitive/relational with ἐπιφανεστέρα. |
| 17 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-NSF | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπιφανεστέρα | det | high | |
| 18 | ἐπιφανεστέρα | ἐπιφανής | ADJ | A-NSF-C | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | Comparative adjective used substantivally, ‘the more notable one’. |
| 19 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 21 νίκας | case | high | Attic/Ionic form of εἰς. |
| 20 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-APF | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 νίκας | det | high | |
| 21 | νίκας | νίκη | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 ἐπιφανεστέρα | obl | high | Accusative governed by ἐς; phrase means ‘in respect of victories’. |
| 22 | οὐδεμία | οὐδείς | PRON | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐστὶν | nsubj | medium | Substantival negative pronoun, likely an elliptical predicate complement/subject relation with ἐστίν. |
| 23 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIA3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Copular clause after the relative clause; dependency representation is necessarily approximate because the wording is elliptical. |
| 24 | αὐτῆς | αὐτός | PRON | P-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3 | 23 ἐστὶν | obl | low | Genitive likely refers to Κυνίσκας, ‘of her’; exact construction is uncertain. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἐστὶν | punct | high |