Grammar parses for passage 4.8.1
Open translation for this passage
τοιαῦτα μὲν ὁ Εὐφαὴς εἶπεν·
Simple clause: the substantivized τοιαῦτα is the accusative object of εἶπεν, and Εὐφαὴς is its nominative subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοιαῦτα | τοιοῦτος | ADJ | A--PAN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 εἶπεν | obj | high | Substantivized demonstrative-like adjective, accusative neuter plural. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G--------- | _ | 5 εἶπεν | discourse | high | Postpositive contrastive/topic particle; no overt δέ in this sentence. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | S---NM-S- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Εὐφαὴς | det | high | Definite article with the proper name. |
| 4 | Εὐφαὴς | Εὐφαής | PROPN | N--NM-S- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 εἶπεν | nsubj | high | Proper name, nominative masculine singular. |
| 5 | εἶπεν | λέγω | VERB | V--AAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active indicative, third-person singular. |
| 6 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 εἶπεν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑκατέροις ἐσήμηναν οἱ ἡγεμόνες, Μεσσήνιοι μὲν δρόμῳ τε ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἀφειδῶς αὑτῶν εἶχον ἅτε ἄνθρωποι θανατῶντες ὑπὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἕκαστος πρῶτος ἔσπευδεν ἄρξαι μάχης·
The opening ἐπεὶ-clause is temporal with a plural subject οἱ ἡγεμόνες and dative recipient ἑκατέροις. The main clause has coordinated predicates ἐχρῶντο and εἶχον, followed by an ἅτε participial explanation; αὐτὸς ἕκαστος is emphatic subject of ἔσπευδεν, with ἄρξαι as its complementary infinitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπεὶ | ἐπεί | SCONJ | ADV | PronType=Rel | 4 ἐσήμηναν | mark | high | Temporal subordinating conjunction. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐσήμηναν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἑκατέροις | ἑκάτερος | PRON | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind | 4 ἐσήμηναν | iobj | high | Dative recipient, ‘to each side’. |
| 4 | ἐσήμηναν | σημαίνω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 ἐχρῶντο | advcl | high | Finite verb of the temporal clause. |
| 5 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 ἡγεμόνες | det | high | Article with ἡγεμόνες. |
| 6 | ἡγεμόνες | ἡγεμών | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἐσήμηναν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐσήμηναν. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 4 ἐσήμηναν | punct | high | |
| 8 | Μεσσήνιοι | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐχρῶντο | nsubj | high | Subject of the coordinated main predicates. |
| 9 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 8 Μεσσήνιοι | discourse | high | Correlative particle, with no explicit following δέ. |
| 10 | δρόμῳ | δρόμος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Dative of manner or means, ‘at a run’. |
| 11 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 δρόμῳ | cc | high | First member of a τε ... καί coordination. |
| 12 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 Λακεδαιμονίους | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 13 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Λακεδαιμονίους | det | high | Article with Λακεδαιμονίους. |
| 14 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Goal/directional object of ἐχρῶντο with ἐς. |
| 15 | ἐχρῶντο | χράομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite predicate; χράομαι takes a dative or manner complement and here means ‘used/engaged’. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 19 εἶχον | cc | high | Coordinates ἐχρῶντο and εἶχον. |
| 17 | ἀφειδῶς | ἀφειδῶς | ADV | ADV | _ | 19 εἶχον | advmod | high | Adverb, ‘unsparingly’. |
| 18 | αὑτῶν | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rcp | 19 εἶχον | obl | medium | Reflexive genitive, likely ‘of themselves/lives’; exact complement relation is idiomatic. |
| 19 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 15 ἐχρῶντο | conj | high | Second coordinated main predicate. |
| 20 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | ADV | _ | 22 θανατῶντες | mark | high | Introduces an explanatory causal participial construction. |
| 21 | ἄνθρωποι | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 θανατῶντες | nsubj | high | Predicate/subject noun with the participle. |
| 22 | θανατῶντες | θανατόω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 19 εἶχον | advcl | medium | Participial explanation of their emotional state or action; the form is morphologically clear, though semantic attachment is somewhat idiomatic. |
| 23 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 25 θυμοῦ | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 24 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 25 θυμοῦ | det | high | Article with θυμοῦ. |
| 25 | θυμοῦ | θυμός | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 θανατῶντες | obl | high | Agent/cause complement of θανατῶντες with ὑπό. |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 22 θανατῶντες | punct | high | |
| 27 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 31 ἔσπευδεν | cc | high | Coordinates the final clause with the preceding main-clause predication. |
| 28 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | P-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int | 29 ἕκαστος | amod | high | Intensive pronoun modifying ἕκαστος, ‘each himself’. |
| 29 | ἕκαστος | ἕκαστος | PRON | A-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 31 ἔσπευδεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔσπευδεν. |
| 30 | πρῶτος | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-NMS | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 31 ἔσπευδεν | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective, ‘first’, with ἔσπευδεν. |
| 31 | ἔσπευδεν | σπεύδω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 15 ἐχρῶντο | conj | high | Coordinated finite predicate with singular distributive subject ἕκαστος. |
| 32 | ἄρξαι | ἄρχω | VERB | V-AAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 31 ἔσπευδεν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive after ἔσπευδεν. |
| 33 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 32 ἄρξαι | obj | high | Genitive object of ἄρχω, ‘begin the battle’. |
| 34 | · | · | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 15 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high |
ἀντεπῄεσαν δὲ καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι σπουδῇ καὶ οὗτοι, πρόνοιαν δὲ ὅμως ἐποιοῦντο μὴ διαλυθῆναί σφισι τὴν τάξιν.
The second clause is coordinated/paratactic: πρόνοιαν ἐποιοῦντο μή ... διαλυθῆναι, with τὴν τάξιν as the accusative subject of the passive infinitive and σφισι as a dative of reference.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀντεπῄεσαν | ἀντεπέρχομαι | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Imperfect form; exact lexical treatment of the compound is somewhat uncertain. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 8 οὗτοι | cc | high | Coordinates the second subject/predicate phrase. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | D-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | |
| 5 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | nsubj | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 6 | σπουδῇ | σπουδή | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | obl | high | Dative of manner. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 8 οὗτοι | cc | high | |
| 8 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | D-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | conj | high | Resumptive/deictic subject, ‘these too’; coordinated with the preceding subject phrase. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | punct | high | |
| 10 | πρόνοιαν | πρόνοια | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | obj | high | Cognate/object accusative with ἐποιοῦντο. |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | cc | high | |
| 12 | ὅμως | ὅμως | ADV | ADV | _ | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | advmod | high | |
| 13 | ἐποιοῦντο | ποιέω | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Middle | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | parataxis | high | Middle ‘were taking/making’; introduces the infinitival complement. |
| 14 | μὴ | μή | PART | Q | Polarity=Neg | 15 διαλυθῆναί | advmod | high | Negative particle governing the infinitive. |
| 15 | διαλυθῆναί | διαλύω | VERB | V-APN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Passive | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of ἐποιοῦντο. |
| 16 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | P-D3P | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 15 διαλυθῆναί | obl | medium | Dative of reference/possessive relation: ‘for them/their formation’. |
| 17 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | D-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 τάξιν | det | high | |
| 18 | τάξιν | τάξις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 διαλυθῆναί | nsubj | medium | Accusative subject of the passive infinitive. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | punct | high |