Grammar parses for passage 4.8.1
Open translation for this passage
τοιαῦτα μὲν ὁ Εὐφαὴς εἶπεν·
Simple verb-initial narrative clause with subject postposed before the verb; μὲν is discourse/correlative particle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοιαῦτα | τοιοῦτος | ADJ | PDNP-NPN | Case=Nominative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 5 εἶπεν | obj | high | Neuter plural demonstrative/adjectival accusative-nominative form used as object/complement with speech verb; likely direct object. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 5 εἶπεν | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular|PronType=Art | 4 Εὐφαὴς | det | high | Article modifying the name. |
| 4 | Εὐφαὴς | Εὐφαής | PROPN | _ | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 5 εἶπεν | nsubj | high | Proper name functioning as subject. |
| 5 | εἶπεν | λέγω | VERB | VAAI3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 6 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 εἶπεν | punct | high | Middle dot punctuation. |
ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑκατέροις ἐσήμηναν οἱ ἡγεμόνες, Μεσσήνιοι μὲν δρόμῳ τε ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἀφειδῶς αὑτῶν εἶχον ἅτε ἄνθρωποι θανατῶντες ὑπὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἕκαστος πρῶτος ἔσπευδεν ἄρξαι μάχης·
The syntax is a series of coordinated main clauses after the temporal clause ἐπεὶ δὲ ...; ἅτε introduces a circumstantial participial explanation, and αὐτὸς ἕκαστος is treated as an emphatic subject phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπεὶ | ἐπεί | SCONJ | _ | _ | 4 ἐσήμηναν | mark | high | Subordinating conjunction introducing temporal clause. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 4 ἐσήμηναν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἑκατέροις | ἑκάτερος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἐσήμηναν | iobj | medium | Dative of recipient/affected party with 'σήμαινω'. |
| 4 | ἐσήμηναν | σημαίνω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the temporal clause. |
| 5 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 ἡγεμόνες | det | high | Article modifying ἡγεμόνες. |
| 6 | ἡγεμόνες | ἡγεμών | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἐσήμηναν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐσήμηναν. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐσήμηναν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 8 | Μεσσήνιοι | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐχρῶντο | nsubj | medium | Subject of ἐχρῶντο; ethnicon used substantively. |
| 9 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 8 Μεσσήνιοι | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 10 | δρόμῳ | δρόμος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐχρῶντο | obl | medium | Dative of manner/instrument. |
| 11 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 8 Μεσσήνιοι | cc | medium | Enclitic connective; paired with καί. |
| 12 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 14 Λακεδαιμονίους | case | high | Preposition governing acc. |
| 13 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Λακεδαιμονίους | det | high | Article modifying Λακεδαιμονίους. |
| 14 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Object of preposition εἰς. |
| 15 | ἐχρῶντο | χράομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first coordinated clause. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 19 εἶχον | cc | high | Connects coordinated predicates. |
| 17 | ἀφειδῶς | ἀφειδῶς | ADV | _ | _ | 19 εἶχον | advmod | high | Adverb modifying εἶχον. |
| 18 | αὑτῶν | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 19 εἶχον | obj | medium | Reflexive genitive with ἔχω, 'hold themselves back from/withhold from themselves' is not literal; likely genitive of separation/partitive nuance. |
| 19 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 15 ἐχρῶντο | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐχρῶντο. |
| 20 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | _ | _ | 22 θανατῶντες | mark | high | Comparative/causal marker introducing participial clause. |
| 21 | ἄνθρωποι | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 θανατῶντες | nsubj | medium | Predicative subject of participle. |
| 22 | θανατῶντες | θανατόω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 19 εἶχον | advcl | high | Participial clause explaining motive/circumstance. |
| 23 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | _ | _ | 25 θυμοῦ | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 24 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 25 θυμοῦ | det | high | Article modifying θυμοῦ. |
| 25 | θυμοῦ | θυμός | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 θανατῶντες | obl | high | Agent/cause with ὑπό. |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 εἶχον | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 27 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 31 ἔσπευδεν | cc | high | Connects to previous clause. |
| 28 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 29 ἕκαστος | compound | medium | Intensifying pronoun modifying ἕκαστος. |
| 29 | ἕκαστος | ἕκαστος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 31 ἔσπευδεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔσπευδεν. |
| 30 | πρῶτος | πρῶτος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 31 ἔσπευδεν | advmod | medium | Predicative/adverbial 'first' with ἔσπευδεν. |
| 31 | ἔσπευδεν | σπεύδω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 15 ἐχρῶντο | conj | high | Coordinated main verb in final clause. |
| 32 | ἄρξαι | ἄρχω | VERB | _ | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 31 ἔσπευδεν | xcomp | high | Complement infinitive depending on σπεύδω. |
| 33 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 32 ἄρξαι | obj | high | Genitive complement of ἄρξαι. |
| 34 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 ἔσπευδεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ἀντεπῄεσαν δὲ καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι σπουδῇ καὶ οὗτοι, πρόνοιαν δὲ ὅμως ἐποιοῦντο μὴ διαλυθῆναί σφισι τὴν τάξιν.
The syntax is straightforward overall, with two coordinated finite verbs; the only difficult point is the appositive/emphatic force of καὶ οὗτοι and the dative σφισι with the passive infinitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀντεπῄεσαν | ἀντεπῄειμι | VERB | VIAI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 5 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | cc | high | Links coordinated subject. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | Article with substantive adjective. |
| 5 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | nsubj | high | Subject of main verb. |
| 6 | σπουδῇ | σπουδή | NOUN | n-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | advmod | medium | Dative of manner. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 οὗτοι | cc | high | Coordinates demonstrative/emphatic pronoun. |
| 8 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | pd-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 5 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | appos | medium | Likely appositive/emphatic 'these too' referring to the Lacedaemonians. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 10 | πρόνοιαν | πρόνοια | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | obj | high | Object of ἐποιοῦντο. |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 12 | ὅμως | ὅμως | ADV | d-------- | _ | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | advmod | high | Sentence adverb. |
| 13 | ἐποιοῦντο | ποιέω | VERB | VIIM3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | conj | high | Second coordinated finite verb. |
| 14 | μὴ | μή | PART | _ | _ | 15 διαλυθῆναί | advmod | high | Negation in infinitival clause. |
| 15 | διαλυθῆναί | διαλύω | VERB | VAN--- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Pass | 13 ἐποιοῦντο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive. |
| 16 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | p-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 15 διαλυθῆναί | iobj | medium | Dative with passive infinitive, 'for them'. |
| 17 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 18 τάξιν | det | high | Article. |
| 18 | τάξιν | τάξις | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 διαλυθῆναί | obj | high | Object of infinitive. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀντεπῄεσαν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |