Grammar parses for passage 4.8.1
Open translation for this passage
ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑκατέροις ἐσήμηναν οἱ ἡγεμόνες, Μεσσήνιοι μὲν δρόμῳ τε ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἀφειδῶς αὑτῶν εἶχον ἅτε ἄνθρωποι θανατῶντες ὑπὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἕκαστος πρῶτος ἔσπευδεν ἄρξαι μάχης·
The opening ἐπεὶ-clause is temporal with a plural subject οἱ ἡγεμόνες and dative recipient ἑκατέροις. The main clause has coordinated predicates ἐχρῶντο and εἶχον, followed by an ἅτε participial explanation; αὐτὸς ἕκαστος is emphatic subject of ἔσπευδεν, with ἄρξαι as its complementary infinitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπεὶ | ἐπεί | SCONJ | ADV | PronType=Rel | 4 ἐσήμηναν | mark | high | Temporal subordinating conjunction. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐσήμηναν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἑκατέροις | ἑκάτερος | PRON | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind | 4 ἐσήμηναν | iobj | high | Dative recipient, ‘to each side’. |
| 4 | ἐσήμηναν | σημαίνω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 ἐχρῶντο | advcl | high | Finite verb of the temporal clause. |
| 5 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 ἡγεμόνες | det | high | Article with ἡγεμόνες. |
| 6 | ἡγεμόνες | ἡγεμών | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἐσήμηναν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐσήμηναν. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 4 ἐσήμηναν | punct | high | |
| 8 | Μεσσήνιοι | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐχρῶντο | nsubj | high | Subject of the coordinated main predicates. |
| 9 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 8 Μεσσήνιοι | discourse | high | Correlative particle, with no explicit following δέ. |
| 10 | δρόμῳ | δρόμος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Dative of manner or means, ‘at a run’. |
| 11 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 δρόμῳ | cc | high | First member of a τε ... καί coordination. |
| 12 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 Λακεδαιμονίους | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 13 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Λακεδαιμονίους | det | high | Article with Λακεδαιμονίους. |
| 14 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Goal/directional object of ἐχρῶντο with ἐς. |
| 15 | ἐχρῶντο | χράομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite predicate; χράομαι takes a dative or manner complement and here means ‘used/engaged’. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 19 εἶχον | cc | high | Coordinates ἐχρῶντο and εἶχον. |
| 17 | ἀφειδῶς | ἀφειδῶς | ADV | ADV | _ | 19 εἶχον | advmod | high | Adverb, ‘unsparingly’. |
| 18 | αὑτῶν | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rcp | 19 εἶχον | obl | medium | Reflexive genitive, likely ‘of themselves/lives’; exact complement relation is idiomatic. |
| 19 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 15 ἐχρῶντο | conj | high | Second coordinated main predicate. |
| 20 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | ADV | _ | 22 θανατῶντες | mark | high | Introduces an explanatory causal participial construction. |
| 21 | ἄνθρωποι | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 θανατῶντες | nsubj | high | Predicate/subject noun with the participle. |
| 22 | θανατῶντες | θανατόω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 19 εἶχον | advcl | medium | Participial explanation of their emotional state or action; the form is morphologically clear, though semantic attachment is somewhat idiomatic. |
| 23 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 25 θυμοῦ | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 24 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 25 θυμοῦ | det | high | Article with θυμοῦ. |
| 25 | θυμοῦ | θυμός | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 θανατῶντες | obl | high | Agent/cause complement of θανατῶντες with ὑπό. |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 22 θανατῶντες | punct | high | |
| 27 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 31 ἔσπευδεν | cc | high | Coordinates the final clause with the preceding main-clause predication. |
| 28 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | P-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int | 29 ἕκαστος | amod | high | Intensive pronoun modifying ἕκαστος, ‘each himself’. |
| 29 | ἕκαστος | ἕκαστος | PRON | A-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 31 ἔσπευδεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔσπευδεν. |
| 30 | πρῶτος | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-NMS | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 31 ἔσπευδεν | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective, ‘first’, with ἔσπευδεν. |
| 31 | ἔσπευδεν | σπεύδω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 15 ἐχρῶντο | conj | high | Coordinated finite predicate with singular distributive subject ἕκαστος. |
| 32 | ἄρξαι | ἄρχω | VERB | V-AAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 31 ἔσπευδεν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive after ἔσπευδεν. |
| 33 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 32 ἄρξαι | obj | high | Genitive object of ἄρχω, ‘begin the battle’. |
| 34 | · | · | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 15 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high |