Pausanias Analysis

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Chapter 10.23

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10.23.1 1 historical high Βρέννῳ δὲ καὶ τῇ στρατιᾷ τῶν τε Ἑλλήνων οἱ ἐς Δελφοὺς ἀθροισθέντες ἀντετάξαντο, καὶ τοῖς βαρβάροις ἀντεσήμαινε τὰ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ταχύ τε καὶ ὧν ἴσμεν φανερώτατα. Against Brennus and his army, the Greeks who had gathered at Delphi arranged themselves in opposition, and the divine signs opposing the foreigners manifested swiftly and most clearly, according to our knowledge. Describes the Gallic attack on Delphi and the Greeks' response, a post-500 BC historical event and its divine signs in that context.
10.23.1 2 historical high ἥ τε γὰρ γῆ πᾶσα, ὅσην ἐπεῖχεν ἡ τῶν Γαλατῶν στρατιά, βιαίως καὶ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐσείετο τῆς ἡμέρας, βρονταί τε καὶ κεραυνοὶ συνεχεῖς ἐγίνοντο· For the whole earth occupied by the army of the Gauls shook violently and continuously for much of the day, while thunderbolts and lightning repeatedly struck. Describes a portent during the Gallic invasion, a post-500 BC historical event affecting the landscape.
10.23.2 1 historical high καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐξέπληττόν τε τοὺς Κελτοὺς καὶ δέχεσθαι τοῖς ὠσὶ τὰ παραγγελλόμενα ἐκώλυον, τὰ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ οὐκ ἐς ὅντινα κατασκήψαι μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς πλησίον καὶ αὐτοὺς ὁμοίως καὶ τὰ ὅπλα ἐξῆπτε. And they not only struck terror into the Celts and prevented them from hearing orders clearly, but also the lightning from heaven fell not just upon single individuals, but struck equally those nearby, and ignited both the men themselves and their armor. Describes a battle involving the Celts and lightning striking combatants, an event placed in historical narrative rather than myth.
10.23.2 2 mythic high τά τε τῶν ἡρώων τηνικαῦτά σφισιν ἐφάνη φάσματα, ὁ Ὑπέροχος καὶ ὁ Λαόδοκός τε καὶ Πύρρος· οἱ δὲ καὶ τέταρτον Φύλακον ἐπιχώριον Δελφοῖς ἀπαριθμοῦσιν ἥρωα. At this very moment, appearances of heroes became visible to them: Hyperochus, Laodocus, and Pyrrhus; some add also a fourth hero, Phylacus, a local figure of Delphi. Heroic apparitions of named heroes are mythic phenomena affecting the local landscape or event narrative.
10.23.3 1 historical high ἀπέθανον δὲ καὶ αὐτῶν παρὰ τὸ ἔργον τῶν Φωκέων ἄλλοι τε ἀριθμὸν πολλοὶ καὶ Ἀλεξίμαχος, ὃς ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ταύτῃ μάλιστα Ἑλλήνων ἡλικίας τε τῷ ἀκμάζοντι καὶ ἰσχύι σώματος καὶ τῷ ἐρρωμένῳ τοῦ θυμοῦ κατεχρήσατο ἐς τῶν βαρβάρων τὸν φόνον· Among the Phokians themselves, many others died during this action, as well as Aleximachus, who, more than any of the Greeks in this battle, by virtue of his youthful prime, bodily strength, and great courage, wrought destruction upon the barbarians. Describes deaths in a battle involving Phokians and barbarians, an event of the historical period rather than myth.
10.23.3 2 historical high Φωκεῖς δὲ εἰκόνα τοῦ Ἀλεξιμάχου ποιησάμενοι ἀπέστειλαν τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι ἐς Δελφούς. The Phokians made a statue of Aleximachus and dedicated it to Apollo at Delphi. A dedication by the Phokians after a named person is a historical votive act, not mythic or merely descriptive.
10.23.4 1 historical medium τοιούτοις μὲν οἱ βάρβαροι παρὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ἡμέραν παθήμασί τε καὶ ἐκπλήξει συνείχοντο· τὰ δὲ ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ πολλῷ σφᾶς ἔμελλεν ἀλγεινότερα ἐπιλήψεσθαι. Throughout the entire day, the barbarians were thus overwhelmed by sufferings and terror, yet the sufferings coming upon them during the night were destined to be far more grievous. Describes wartime suffering of barbarians during a battle, an event in the historical era rather than myth or description.
10.23.4 2 historical high ῥῖγός τε γὰρ ἰσχυρὸν καὶ νιφετὸς ἦν ὁμοῦ τῷ ῥίγει, πέτραι τε ἀπολισθάνουσαι τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ μεγάλαι τε καὶ κρημνοὶ καταρρηγνύμενοι σκοπὸν τοὺς βαρβάρους εἶχον, καὶ αὐτοῖς οὐ κατὰ ἕνα ἢ δύο ἀλλὰ κατὰ τριάκοντα καὶ ἔτι πλείοσιν, ὡς ἕκαστοι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ φρουροῦντες ἢ καὶ ἀναπαυόμενοι τύχοιεν, ἀθρόοις ἡ ἀπώλεια ἐγένετο ὑπὸ τῆς ἐμβολῆς τῶν κρημνῶν. For there came a severe frost, accompanied by heavy snowfall, and there were great rocks slipping from Parnassus and precipices breaking away, all aimed, as it seemed, at the barbarians; and these, falling not individually or by twos, but upon groups of thirty or even more, as the men were stationed on guard or resting together, destroyed many at once through the impact of the falling cliffs. Describes the Persian disaster at the battle of Thermopylae, a historical event and its environmental effects.
10.23.5 1 historical high ἅμα δὲ τῷ ἡλίῳ ἀνίσχοντι οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐπῄεσάν σφισιν ἐκ τῶν Δελφῶν, οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι τὴν ἐπὶ τὸ στράτευμα εὐθεῖαν, οἱ Φωκεῖς δὲ ἅτε καὶ μᾶλλον ἔχοντες τῶν χωρίων ἐμπείρως κατέβησάν τε διὰ τῆς χιόνος κατὰ τὰ ἀπότομα τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ καὶ ἔλαθον κατὰ νώτου γενόμενοι τοῖς Κελτοῖς, ἠκόντιζόν τε ἐς αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐτόξευον σὺν οὐδενὶ ἀπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων δείματι. As soon as the sun rose, the Greeks advanced against them from Delphi; the rest went straight against the enemy army, but the Phokians, being more familiar with the terrain, descended through the snow down the steep slopes of Parnassus, and unnoticed, came around to the rear of the Celts, casting javelins and arrows upon them, showing not the slightest fear of the Barbarians. Describes a battle involving Greeks and Celts at Delphi, an event after 500 BC.
10.23.6 1 historical high οἱ δὲ ἀρχομένης μὲν τῆς μάχης, καὶ μάλιστα οἱ περὶ τὸν Βρέννον ---οὗτοι δὲ μήκιστοί τε ἦσαν καὶ ἀλκιμώτατοι τῶν Γαλατῶν---τότε μὲν ὑπὸ προθυμίας ἔτι ἀντεῖχον βαλλόμενοί τε πανταχόθεν καὶ οὐχ ἧσσον ὑπὸ τοῦ ῥίγους, μάλιστα οἱ τραυματίαι, ταλαιπωροῦντες· At the beginning of the battle, the Gauls—especially those around Brennus, who were the tallest and bravest among them—still resisted with great zeal, although they were being assailed on every side and were suffering severely from the cold, most of all the wounded. Describes the Battle of Thermopylae-era Gallic invasion under Brennus, a post-500 BC historical event.
10.23.6 2 historical high ὡς δὲ καὶ ὁ Βρέννος ἔλαβε τραύματα, ἐκεῖνον μὲν λιποψυχήσαντα ἐκκομίζουσιν ἐκ τῆς μάχης, οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι πανταχόθεν σφίσιν ἐγκειμένων τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὑπέφευγόν τε ἄκοντες καὶ ἑαυτῶν τοὺς ἀδυνάτους διὰ τραύματα ἕπεσθαι καὶ ἀρρωστίαν φονεύουσιν. But when Brennus himself was wounded and, faint of heart, was carried off the field, then the barbarians, pressed in everywhere by the Greeks, fled unwillingly and killed those among their number who were too weakened by wounds and sickness to keep pace. Describes Brennus and the Gallic attack on the Greeks, a post-500 BC historical battle.
10.23.7 1 historical high καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο ἔνθα νὺξ κατελάμβανεν ἀναχωροῦντας, ἐν δὲ τῇ νυκτὶ φόβος σφίσιν ἐμπίπτει Πανικός· And so they encamped wherever night overtook them during their retreat, but during the night, a panic terror seized upon them. Describes a retreat and night panic in a military episode, not myth or geography.
10.23.7 2 mythic high τὰ γὰρ ἀπὸ αἰτίας οὐδεμιᾶς δείματα ἐκ τούτου φασὶ γίνεσθαι. For fears that occur without any rational cause are said to be due to Pan. Attributes unexplained fears to Pan, a mythic deity and effect of his presence.
10.23.7 3 historical high ἐνέπεσε μὲν ἐς τὸ στράτευμα ἡ ταραχὴ περὶ βαθεῖαν τὴν ἑσπέραν, καὶ ὀλίγοι τὸ κατʼ ἀρχὰς ἐγένοντο οἱ παραχθέντες ἐκ τοῦ νοῦ, ἐδόξαζόν τε οὗτοι κτύπου τε ἐπελαυνομένων ἵππων καὶ ἐφόδου πολεμίων αἰσθάνεσθαι · Disorder struck the army around late evening; at first only a few men lost their senses, imagining that they heard the sounds of galloping horses and perceived the approach of enemies. Describes a wartime episode in an army, an event of historical military narrative rather than myth or geography.
10.23.7 4 historical medium μετὰ δὲ οὐ πολὺ καὶ ἐς ἅπαντας διέδρα ἡ ἄγνοια. Soon enough, however, the confusion spread among the entire army. Describes confusion spreading through an army in a narrated historical episode, not mythic or merely geographical.
10.23.8 1 mythic high ἀναλαβόντες οὖν τὰ ὅπλα καὶ διαστάντες ἔκτεινόν τε ἀλλήλους καὶ ἀνὰ μέρος ἐκτείνοντο, οὔτε γλώσσης τῆς ἐπιχωρίου συνιέντες οὔτε τὰς ἀλλήλων μορφὰς οὔτε τῶν θυρεῶν καθορῶντες τὰ σχήματα· Then taking up their weapons and standing apart, they began slaying one another and being slain in turn, neither understanding the native tongue nor discerning each other's features nor recognizing the shapes of their shields. Describes autochthonous/legendary conflict where participants cannot understand one another; this is a mythic narrative event.
10.23.8 2 mythic high ἀλλὰ ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς τάξεσιν ὁμοίως ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἀγνοίας οἵ τε ἄνδρες οἱ ἀνθεστηκότες εἶναί σφισιν Ἕλληνες καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ τὰ ὅπλα ἐφαίνοντο καὶ Ἑλλάδα ἀφιέναι τὴν φωνήν, ἥ τε ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ μανία πλεῖστον ἐξειργάσατο ὑπʼ ἀλλήλων τοῖς Γαλάταις τὸν φόνον. In both battle lines, due to their confusion at that moment, the warriors confronting them appeared similarly Greek, their arms appeared Greek, and their speech seemed to be Greek. The sentence attributes the Gallic slaughter to divine madness sent by the god, which is mythic causation.
10.23.9 1 historical high τῶν δὲ Φωκέων ὅσοι κατελίποντο κατὰ τοὺς ἀγροὺς φυλακῆς βοσκημάτων ἕνεκα, πρῶτοί τε ᾔσθοντο καὶ ἀπαγγέλλουσι τοῖς Ἕλλησι τὰ ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ κατασχόντα τοὺς βαρβάρους. Those of the Phokians who had remained scattered through the countryside to guard their livestock were the first to perceive and report to the Greeks the events that had happened with the barbarians during the night. Refers to events during the Persian War campaign, a post-500 BC historical incident.
10.23.9 2 historical high ἀναθαρσήσαντες δὲ οἱ Φωκεῖς προθυμότερον ἔτι ἐνέκειντο τοῖς Κελτοῖς· Encouraged by this, the Phokians pressed more eagerly against the Celts. Refers to Phokians fighting the Celts, a historical military event rather than myth or geography.
10.23.9 3 historical high διὰ φυλακῆς τε πλείονος τὰς ἐπαύλεις ἐποιοῦντο καὶ τὰ ἐς βίου χρείαν οὐ περιεώρων σφᾶς ἐκ τῆς χώρας ἀμαχεὶ λαμβάνοντας, ἐγεγόνει τε αὐτίκα τοῖς Γαλάταις διὰ παντὸς τοῦ στρατοῦ καὶ σίτου καὶ ὅσα ἐς τροφὴν ἄλλα ἔνδεια ἰσχυρά. They defended their farmsteads with increased vigilance and did not passively watch the enemy seize from their land without a fight goods essential for their livelihood. Describes a military conflict with the Gauls and its practical effects on livelihoods, which is post-500 BC historical material.
10.23.10 1 historical high πλῆθος δὲ τὸ ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι αὐτῶν ἀναλωθέν, ὀλίγῳ μὲν ἑξακισχιλίων ἐλάσσονες οἱ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις, οἱ δʼ ἐν τῇ χειμερίῳ διαφθαρέντες νυκτὶ καὶ ὕστερον οἱ ἐν τῷ Πανικῷ δείματι ἐγένοντο ὑπὲρ τοὺς μυρίους, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ἄλλοι καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ λιμοῦ. The total number of them destroyed in Phocis was slightly fewer than six thousand in the battles themselves, but those who perished during the wintry night and afterwards in the panic exceeded ten thousand, and as many again died by starvation. Describes casualties in Phocis from battles, panic, and starvation, i.e. a historical event.
10.23.11 1 historical high Ἀθηναίων δὲ ἄνδρες ἐπισκεψόμενοι μὲν ἀφίκοντο ἐν Δελφοῖς· τότε δὲ ἐπανήκοντες τά τε ἄλλα ἤγγελλον ὁποῖα συμβεβήκει τοῖς βαρβάροις καὶ τὰ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ κατειληφότα. Some men of the Athenians had gone to Delphi to make inquiry, and upon their return they reported both what had happened to the barbarians, and the oracle they had received from the god. Refers to Athenian envoys at Delphi reporting events involving the Persians, i.e. a historical oracle context after 500 BC.
10.23.11 2 historical high οἱ δὲ αὐτοί τε ἐξεστρατεύοντο καὶ ὡς τὴν Βοιωτίαν διώδευον οἱ Βοιωτοί σφισιν ἀνεμίχθησαν· The Athenians themselves then marched out, and as they were passing through Boeotia, the Boeotians joined forces with them. Refers to the Athenians and Boeotians marching and joining forces, a historical military movement.
10.23.11 3 historical high οὕτω δὴ ἀμφότεροι τοῖς βαρβάροις ἐπακολουθοῦντες ἐλόχων τε καὶ ἔκτεινον τοὺς ἀεὶ ἐσχάτους. Thus united, both groups followed after the barbarians, ambushed them, and repeatedly slew those who were falling behind. A combat action in the Persian Wars context, describing a historical military event rather than myth or mere description.
10.23.12 1 historical high τοῖς δὲ φεύγουσιν ὁμοῦ τῷ Βρέννῳ καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἀκιχώριον ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ νυκτὶ ἀνεμίχθησαν· βραδεῖαν γὰρ τὴν πορείαν ἐποίησάν σφισιν οἱ Αἰτωλοὶ τοῖς τε ἀκοντίοις ἐς αὐτοὺς ἀφειδέστερον καὶ ὅτῳ τύχοιεν καὶ ἄλλῳ χρώμενοι, ὥστε ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον τὸ πρὸς τῇ Ἡρακλείᾳ μοῖρα οὐ πολλὴ διέφυγεν ἐξ αὐτῶν. Those who fled along with Brennus joined with the men around Akichorius during the previous night. Describes Brennus and the Gallic retreat, a post-500 BC historical event.
10.23.12 2 historical high τῷ δὲ Βρέννῳ κατὰ μὲν τὰ τραύματα ἐλείπετο ἔτι σωτηρίας ἐλπίς· τῶν δὲ πολιτῶν φόβῳ φασὶν αὐτὸν καὶ τῇ αἰδοῖ πλέον, ἅτε τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι κακῶν αἴτιον, ἑκουσίως ἀφεῖναι τὴν ψυχὴν ἀκράτου πίνοντα τοῦ οἴνου. The Aetolians had made their march slow, attacking them unsparingly with javelins and whatever other weapons were available, so that only a small portion of them escaped to the camp near Herakleia. Describes Brennus and the Gallic invasion of Greece, a post-500 BC historical event.
10.23.13 1 historical high καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ οἱ βάρβαροι μέχρι μὲν τοῦ Σπερχειοῦ χαλεπῶς ἐκομίσθησαν, τῶν Αἰτωλῶν βιαίως σφίσιν ἐγκειμένων· From this point onward the barbarians made their retreat to the Spercheius only with great difficulty, harassed violently by the Aetolians. Describes a retreat by barbarians and Aetolian resistance, an event in the historical narrative.
10.23.13 2 historical high ὡς δὲ ἀφίκοντο ἐπὶ τὸν Σπερχειόν, οἱ ἐντεῦθεν ὑποκαθήμενοι Θεσσαλοὶ καὶ οἱ Μαλιεῖς ἐνεφορήθησαν οὕτω σφῶν ὡς μηδένα οἴκαδε ἀποσωθῆναι. And when they arrived at the Spercheius, the Thessalians and Malians, who lay hidden in ambush there, fell upon them and destroyed them so utterly that none returned home alive. Describes a battle ambush and destruction of men, an event in the historical sphere rather than myth or geography.
10.23.14 1 historical high ἐγένετο δὲ τῶν Κελτῶν στρατεία τε ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια Ἀναξικράτους Ἀθήνῃσιν ἄρχοντος, δευτέρῳ δὲ ἔτει τῆς πέμπτης Ὀλυμπιάδος ἐπὶ εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατόν, ἣν Λάδας Αἰγιεὺς ἐνίκα στάδιον· The Celtic invasion of Greece and their defeat occurred during the archonship of Anaxicrates at Athens, in the second year of the hundred and twenty-fifth Olympiad, in which Ladas of Aigion won the stadion. Dates the Celtic invasion and a contemporary archon/Olympiad, a post-500 BC historical event.
10.23.14 2 historical high τῷ δὲ ἔτει τῷ ἐφεξῆς Δημοκλέους Ἀθήνῃσιν ἄρχοντος, οἱ δὲ αὖθις ἐς τὴν Ἀσίαν διαβαίνουσιν οἱ Κελτοί. In the following year, during the archonship of Democles at Athens, the Celts crossed once more into Asia. Dated by the Athenian archonship and refers to the Celts' crossing into Asia, a post-500 BC historical event.