Pausanias Analysis

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Chapter 8.50

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8.50.1 1 historical medium ἅτε δὲ ἤδη τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἀφορώντων ἐς αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ πάντα ἐκεῖνον ποιουμένων, τοῖς τεταγμένοις αὐτῶν ἐν τῷ πεζῷ μετέβαλε τῶν ὅπλων τὴν σκευήν· Since the Achaeans by this time were directing their gaze upon him and entrusting every matter into his hands, he altered for their appointed foot-soldiers the character of their arms. Refers to an Achaean political-military reorganization and arming, not a mythic event.
8.50.1 2 historical medium φοροῦντας γὰρ μικρὰ δοράτια καὶ ἐπιμηκέστερα ὅπλα κατὰ τοὺς Κελτικοὺς θυρεοὺς ἢ τὰ γέρρα τὰ Περσῶν, ἔπεισε θώρακάς τε ἐνδύεσθαι καὶ ἐπιτίθεσθαι κνημῖδας, πρὸς δὲ ἀσπίσιν Ἀργολικαῖς χρῆσθαι καὶ τοῖς δόρασι μεγάλοις. For whereas they wore small spears and shields rather elongated like the Celtic targets or the Persian wicker shields, he persuaded them instead to put on breastplates, to equip themselves with greaves, and to use Argolic shields and long spears. Describes a reform of military equipment and tactics, which is a historical/antiquarian development rather than mythic narrative.
8.50.2 1 historical high Μαχανίδου δὲ ἐν Λακεδαίμονι ἀναφύντος τυράννου καὶ αὖθις πολέμου τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους καὶ Μαχανίδαν συνεστηκότος, When Machanidas rose up as tyrant in Sparta, war once more broke out between the Achaeans and the Spartans led by Machanidas. Refers to Machanidas as tyrant and the ensuing war with the Achaeans, an event of the Hellenistic historical period.
8.50.2 2 historical high ἡγεῖτο μὲν τοῦ Ἀχαϊκοῦ Φιλοποίμην· Philopoemen commanded the Achaean forces. Philopoemen is a historical figure leading the Achaean forces.
8.50.2 3 historical high γινομένης δὲ πρὸς Μαντινείᾳ μάχης Λακεδαιμονίων μὲν οἱ ψιλοὶ τοὺς ἀσκεύους τῶν Ἀχαιῶν νικῶσι καὶ φεύγουσιν αὐτοῖς ἐπέκειτο ὁ Μαχανίδας, A battle took place near Mantineia, in which the Spartan skirmishers defeated the lightly armed Achaeans, and Machanidas himself pursued them in their flight. Describes a battle involving Machanidas near Mantineia, a post-500 BC historical event.
8.50.2 4 historical high τῇ δὲ φάλαγγι ὁ Φιλοποίμην τῶν πεζῶν τρέπεται τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τοὺς ὁπλίτας However, Philopoemen, commanding the phalanx of infantry, routed the Spartan hoplites. Philopoemen is a historical figure, and the sentence describes a battle action in the Hellenistic period.
8.50.2 5 historical high καὶ ἀναχωροῦντι ἀπὸ τῆς διώξεως Μαχανίδᾳ συντυχὼν ἀποκτίννυσιν αὐτόν. As Machanidas was returning from the pursuit, Philopoemen encountered and slew him. Describes Philopoemen killing Machanidas, a post-classical historical military event.
8.50.2 6 historical high Λακεδαιμονίοις δὲ ἠτυχηκόσι τῇ μάχῃ περιεγεγόνει μείζων ἢ κατὰ τὸ πταῖσμα εὐτυχία, γεγονόσιν ἐλευθέροις ἀπὸ τοῦ τυράννου. For the Spartans, though defeated in battle, their fortune afterward proved greater than their disaster, since by his death they were freed from the tyrant. Refers to the Spartans' liberation from the tyrant, a post-mythic political event and its historical impact.
8.50.3 1 historical high μετὰ δὲ οὐ πολὺ ἀγόντων Νέμεια Ἀργείων ἔτυχε μὲν τῶν κιθαρῳδῶν τῷ ἀγῶνι ὁ Φιλοποίμην παρών· Not long after, while the Argives were celebrating the Nemean games, Philopoemen was present at the contest of the citharoedes. Philopoemen is a historical figure and the Nemean games here are an event in the historical period.
8.50.3 2 historical high Πυλάδου δὲ Μεγαλοπολίτου μὲν ἀνδρὸς γένος, κιθαρῳδοῦ δὲ τῶν ἐφʼ αὑτοῦ δοκιμωτάτου καὶ ἀνῃρημένου Πυθικὴν νίκην, τότε δὲ ᾄδοντος Τιμοθέου νόμον τοῦ Μιλησίου Πέρσας καὶ καταρξαμένου τῆς ᾠδῆς Κλεινὸν ἐλευθερίας τεύχων μέγαν Ἑλλάδι κόσμον, Timotheus, unknown location. Pylades, a man of Megalopolis by birth and esteemed as the most distinguished citharoedus of his time, who had won a Pythian victory, was singing then the "Persae," a composition of Timotheus of Miletus, beginning his song with the words, "Fashioning glorious and great adornment of freedom for Greece." Refers to Timotheus’ song about the Persian Wars and Greek freedom, a post-500 BC historical context.
8.50.3 3 other high ἀπεῖδεν ἐς τὸν Φιλοποίμενα τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν καὶ ἐπεσημήναντο τῷ κρότῳ φέρειν ἐς ἐκεῖνον τὸ ᾆσμα. He turned his gaze towards Philopoemen as he sang these very words, and by their applause, the Greek audience directed the performance towards him. Describes a performance and audience reaction involving Philopoemen; this is descriptive/antiquarian rather than mythic or historical event.
8.50.3 4 historical high τοιοῦτο ἐς Θεμιστοκλέα ἄλλο ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ πυνθάνομαι συμβῆναι· καὶ γὰρ Θεμιστοκλέους ἐς τιμὴν ἐπανέστη τὸ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ θέατρον. I have heard of a similar incident occurring at Olympia concerning Themistocles; for there, too, the theater rose in honor of Themistocles. Refers to Themistocles and a historical honor at Olympia, not a mythic event.
8.50.4 1 historical high Φίλιππος δὲ ὁ Δημητρίου Μακεδόνων βασιλεύς, ὃς καὶ Ἄρατον φαρμάκῳ τὸν Σικυώνιον ἀπέκτεινεν, ἀπέστειλεν ἄνδρας ἐς Μεγάλην πόλιν φονεῦσαί σφισι Φιλοποίμενα ἐντειλάμενος· Philip, son of Demetrius, king of Macedonia, who also killed Aratus the Sicyonian with poison, sent men to Megalopolis, instructing them to murder Philopoemen. Refers to Philip V and Philopoemen, Hellenistic historical figures and a political হত্যation plot.
8.50.4 2 historical high ἁμαρτὼν δὲ ἀνὰ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐμισήθη πᾶσαν. But having failed in the attempt, he was thereafter hated throughout the whole of Greece. Describes a post-attempt reaction spreading across Greece, which is a historical consequence rather than mythic or purely descriptive.
8.50.4 3 historical high Θηβαῖοι δὲ κεκρατηκότες μάχῃ Μεγαρέας καὶ ἤδη τοῦ Μεγαρικοῦ τείχους ἐπιβαίνοντες, ἀπάτῃ τῶν Μεγαρέων μετελθόντων αὐτοὺς ὡς ἥκοι Φιλοποίμην σφίσιν ἐς τὴν πόλιν, Moreover, the Thebans, who had defeated the Megarians in battle and were already mounting the walls of Megara, were deceived by the Megarians, who pretended that Philopoemen had come into their city. Refers to a named historical conflict involving Thebans and Megarians, not mythic material.
8.50.4 4 historical medium ἐς τοσοῦτο εὐλαβείας προῆλθον ὡς οἴκαδε ἀποχωρῆσαι καταλιπόντες ἄπρακτον τοῦ πολέμου τὸ ἔργον. They became so cautious that they withdrew back to their homeland, leaving their campaign unfinished. Describes a military withdrawal and failed campaign, which is historical rather than mythic.
8.50.5 1 historical high ἐν δὲ Λακεδαίμονι αὖθις ἐπανέστη τύραννος Νάβις, ὃς Πελοποννησίων πρώτοις ἐπέθετο Μεσσηνίοις· In Lacedaemon, however, Nabis again arose as a tyrant, who was the first among the Peloponnesians to attack the Messenians. Refers to Nabis, a post-Classical historical tyrant and his attack on the Messenians.
8.50.5 2 historical high ἐπελθὼν δέ σφισιν ἐν νυκτὶ καὶ οὐδαμῶς τὴν ἔφοδον ἐλπίζουσιν εἷλε μὲν πλὴν τῆς ἀκροπόλεως τὸ ἄστυ, He fell upon them by night, capturing their city—except the acropolis—while they were completely unprepared and unsuspecting of the assault. Describes a night assault and capture of a city, an historical military event.
8.50.5 3 historical high ἀφικομένου δὲ ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίαν στρατιᾷ Φιλοποίμενος ἐξέπεσεν ὑπόσπονδος ἐκ Μεσσήνης. But on the following day, when Philopoemen arrived with an army, Nabis was forced by treaty to withdraw from Messene. Philopoemen and Nabis are historical figures, and the sentence describes a treaty-driven military withdrawal in a post-500 BC event.
8.50.6 1 historical high Φιλοποίμην δέ, ὡς ἐξῆκέν οἱ στρατηγοῦντι ὁ χρόνος καὶ ἄρχειν ἄλλοι τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ᾕρηντο, αὖθις ἐς Κρήτην διέβη καὶ ἐπεκούρησε Γορτυνίοις πολέμῳ πιεζομένοις. When Philopoemen's term as general ended and other men had been chosen to lead the Achaeans, he once again crossed over to Crete and assisted the Gortynians, who were hard pressed by war. Philopoemen and the Achaean League are historical figures/events from the Hellenistic period, not mythic material.
8.50.6 2 historical high ποιουμένων δὲ ἐν ὀργῇ διὰ τὴν ἀποδημίαν τῶν Ἀρκάδων αὐτόν, ἐπάνεισί τε ἐκ Κρήτης καὶ Ῥωμαίους πόλεμον κατελάμβανεν ἐπανῃρημένους πρὸς Νάβιν. However, as the Arcadians expressed anger at his absence, he returned from Crete, arriving at the time when the Romans had resumed their war against Nabis. Mentions the Romans resuming war against Nabis, a post-500 BC historical event.
8.50.7 1 historical high παρεσκευασμένων δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν Νάβιν ναυτικὸν τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ὁ Φιλοποίμην ὑπὸ προθυμίας μεθέξειν ἔμελλε τοῦ ἀγῶνος· When the Roman naval forces had made preparations against Nabis, Philopoemen, eager to take part in the engagement, intended to join them. Refers to Philopoemen and Roman naval preparations against Nabis, a Hellenistic historical event.
8.50.7 2 other high ἅτε δὲ ἐς ἅπαν ἀπείρως θαλάσσης ἔχων τριήρους ἔλαθεν ἐπιβὰς ῥεούσης, ὥστε καὶ ἐσῆλθε Ῥωμαίους καὶ τὸ ἄλλο συμμαχικὸν μνήμη τῶν ἐπῶν ὧν ἐν καταλόγῳ πεποίηκεν Ὅμηρος ἐπὶ τῇ Ἀρκάδων ἀμαθίᾳ τῇ ἐς θάλασσαν. However, being entirely inexperienced in maritime matters, he boarded a trireme which had already been launched without being noticed, thus causing the Romans and other allies to recall the verses which Homer in his catalogue composed regarding the Arcadians' ignorance of the sea. Descriptive anecdote about seafaring ignorance and a Homeric quotation; no mythic event or post-500 BC historical event.
8.50.8 1 historical high ἡμέραις δὲ ὕστερον τῆς ναυμαχίας οὐ πολλαῖς Φιλοποίμην καὶ ὁ σὺν αὐτῷ λόχος φυλάξαντες νύκτα ἀσέληνον τὸ στρατόπεδον τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων κατεμπιπρᾶσιν ἐν Γυθίῳ. Not many days after the naval battle, Philopoemen and the force accompanying him, taking advantage of a moonless night, attacked and set fire to the camp of the Lacedaemonians at Gythium. Philopoemen and the attack on the Lacedaemonian camp are a post-classical historical military event.
8.50.8 2 historical high ἐνταῦθα ἀπέλαβεν ἐν δυσχωρίαις Νάβις Φιλοποίμενά τε αὐτὸν καὶ ὅσοι περὶ αὐτὸν τῶν Ἀρκάδων ἦσαν· Here, Nabis caught Philopoemen himself and the Arcadians around him in difficult terrain. Refers to Nabis and Philopoemen, figures of the Hellenistic period, and a concrete historical military episode.
8.50.8 3 other high ἦσαν δὲ ἄλλως μὲν ἀγαθοὶ τὰ ἐς πόλεμον, ἀριθμὸν δὲ οὐ πολλοί. These Arcadians, though otherwise courageous soldiers, were few in number. General descriptive remark about the Arcadians' military quality and numbers, with no specific mythic or historical event.
8.50.9 1 historical high Φιλοποίμην δὲ τὴν τάξιν, ἣν τεταγμένους ἀπῆγεν ὀπίσω, ταύτην ὑπαλλάξας τὰ μάλιστα ἰσχυρὰ τῶν χωρίων πρὸς αὑτοῦ καὶ οὐ πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων ἐποίησεν εἶναι· Philopoemen, having reversed the order in which he had previously arranged his troops during the retreat, managed to turn the strongest positions toward himself rather than allowing them to remain with the enemy. Philopoemen is a historical figure and this sentence describes a military maneuver in a historical conflict.
8.50.9 2 historical high κρατήσας δὲ τῇ μάχῃ Νάβιν καὶ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ καταφονεύσας πολλούς, δόξης ἔτι ἐς πλέον παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἤρθη. After winning the battle against Nabis and killing many of the Lacedaemonians in the night, he gained even greater renown among the Greeks. Describes a battle against Nabis and its aftermath, a post-Classical historical event.
8.50.10 1 historical high μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Νάβις μὲν ἐς εἰρημένον χρόνον σπονδὰς παρὰ Ῥωμαίων εὑράμενος τελευτᾷ, πρὶν ἤ οἱ τοῦ πολέμου τὰς ἀνοχὰς ἐξήκειν, After these events, Nabis, who had obtained a truce from the Romans for a specified period, met his end before the agreed cessation of hostilities had expired. Nabis and the Roman truce are Hellenistic historical events after 500 BC.
8.50.10 2 historical high ὑπὸ ἀνδρὸς Καλυδωνίου κατὰ δὴ συμμαχίας πρόφασιν ἥκοντος, πολεμίου δὲ τῷ ἔργῳ καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτὸ ἐσταλμένου τοῦτο ὑπὸ τῶν Αἰτωλῶν. He was killed by a man from Calydon, who had arrived ostensibly as an ally, but who, in practice, was hostile and had been sent specifically for this purpose by the Aetolians. Describes a political killing carried out by Aetolians, a post-mythic historical event.