Pausanias Analysis

Current sentence-level mythic, historical, and other tags

Chapter 9.40

PassageSentenceBucketConfidenceGreekEnglishRationale
9.40.1 1 other high τὸ δὲ μαντεῖον οἱ Βοιωτοὶ τοῦτο οὐ πεπυσμένοι πρότερον ἐπʼ αἰτίᾳ τοιᾷδε ἔγνωσαν. The Boeotians, who were previously unfamiliar with this oracle, came to know of it under the following circumstances. Introductory explanatory statement about how the Boeotians learned of an oracle; no mythic event or historical event is described.
9.40.1 2 mythic high θεωροὺς ἀφʼ ἑκάστης πόλεως ἄνδρας ἀποστέλλουσιν ἐς Δελφούς· οὐ γὰρ δή σφισιν ἔτος δεύτερον ὗεν ὁ θεός. They dispatched delegates from each city to Delphi, since the god had granted them no rain for two consecutive years. Divine action causing drought is a mythic event and its landscape impact.
9.40.1 3 mythic high τούτοις αἰτοῦσιν ἐπανόρθωμα τοῦ αὐχμοῦ προσέταξεν ἡ Πυθία παρὰ Τροφώνιον ἐς Λεβάδειαν ἐλθοῦσιν εὕρασθαι παρὰ ἐκείνου τὸ ἴαμα. When they requested relief from this drought, the Pythian priestess instructed them to go to Lebadeia and seek from Trophonius the remedy there. The drought and Apollo's oracle directing them to Trophonius are mythic/religious events affecting the landscape.
9.40.2 1 mythic high ὡς δὲ ἐς τὴν Λεβάδειαν ἐλθόντες οὐκ ἐδύναντο εὑρεῖν τὸ μαντεῖον, ἐνταῦθα τῶν ἐξ Ἀκραιφνίου πόλεως Σάων---οὗτος δὲ ἦν καὶ ἡλικίᾳ τῶν θεωρῶν πρεσβύτατος---εἶδεν ἑσμὸν μελισσῶν, When they came to Lebadeia but were unable to find the oracle, it happened that Saon, one of their company, who was from the city of Akraiphion and the oldest among the envoys, noticed a swarm of bees. The bees lead to the discovery of the oracle at Lebadeia, a sacred/mythic episode tied to divine revelation.
9.40.2 2 other high καὶ παρέστη οἱ, ὅποι ποτʼ ἂν ἀποτράπωνται, καὶ αὐτὸς ἕπεσθαι. It occurred to him that he ought to follow them wherever they went. A travel/route decision with no mythic or historical event; it's just a descriptive action.
9.40.2 3 mythic high αὐτίκα δὴ τὰς μελίσσας ἐς τοῦτο ἐσπετομένας ὁρᾷ τῆς γῆς, καὶ συνεσῆλθέ σφισιν ἐς τὸ μαντεῖον. Immediately he saw the bees fly into that particular spot of the ground, and he entered along with them into the oracle. Bees leading a person to an oracle is a mythic/divinely guided motif.
9.40.2 4 mythic high τοῦτον τὸν Σάωνα καὶ τὴν ἱερουργίαν τὴν καθεστηκυῖαν, καὶ ὁπόσα περὶ τὸ χρηστήριον δρῶσιν ἄλλα, διδαχθῆναι παρὰ τοῦ Τροφωνίου φασίν. They say that this Saon learned from Trophonios himself both the established rites and all the other ceremonies performed at the sanctuary. The sentence attributes sanctuary rites and ceremonies to instruction from Trophonios, a mythic figure.
9.40.3 1 mythic high Δαιδάλου δὲ τῶν ἔργων δύο μὲν ταῦτά ἐστιν ἐν Βοιωτοῖς, Ἡρακλῆς τε ἐν Θήβαις καὶ παρὰ Λεβαδεῦσιν ὁ Τροφώνιος, Of the works of Daedalus, two are in the territory of the Boeotians: a Heracles at Thebes, and a Trophonius by the Lebadeans. Daedalus, Heracles, and Trophonius are mythic figures; the sentence concerns mythic cult images/works and their locations.
9.40.3 2 other high τοσαῦτα δὲ ἕτερα ξόανα ἐν Κρήτῃ, Βριτόμαρτις ἐν Ὀλοῦντι καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ παρὰ Κνωσσίοις· Several other wooden images are found in Crete—a Britomartis at Olous, and an Athena among the Cnossians. Descriptive notice of cult images and their locations in Crete, not an event.
9.40.3 3 mythic high παρὰ τούτοις δὲ καὶ ὁ τῆς Ἀριάδνης χορός, οὗ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐν Ἰλιάδι μνήμην ἐποιήσατο, ἐπειργασμένος ἐστὶν ἐπὶ λευκοῦ λίθου. Besides these, there is also the chorus of Ariadne, which Homer mentions in the Iliad, carved upon white stone. Ariadne and the chorus belong to mythic tradition; the sentence describes a mythic scene carved in stone.
9.40.3 4 other high καὶ Δηλίοις Ἀφροδίτης ἐστὶν οὐ μέγα ξόανον, λελυμασμένον τὴν δεξιὰν χεῖρα ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου· κάτεισι δὲ ἀντὶ ποδῶν ἐς τετράγωνον σχῆμα. At Delos, too, there is a small wooden image of Aphrodite, whose right hand has been damaged by time; instead of feet, the lower part descends into a square base. Purely descriptive notice of a cult image's appearance and damage by time.
9.40.4 1 mythic high πείθομαι τοῦτο Ἀριάδνην λαβεῖν παρὰ Δαιδάλου, καὶ ἡνίκα ἠκολούθησε τῷ Θησεῖ, τὸ ἄγαλμα ἐπεκομίζετο οἴκοθεν· I am persuaded that Ariadne received this image from Daedalus, and when she accompanied Theseus, she brought the statue from home. Ariadne, Daedalus, and Theseus are mythic figures; the sentence concerns a mythic object's origin and transport.
9.40.4 2 mythic high ἀφαιρεθέντα δὲ αὐτῆς τὸν Θησέα οὕτω φασὶν οἱ Δήλιοι τὸ ξόανον τῆς θεοῦ ἀναθεῖναι τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι τῷ Δηλίῳ, ἵνα μὴ οἴκαδε ἐπαγόμενος ἐς ἀνάμνησίν τε Ἀριάδνης ἐφέλκηται καὶ ἀεὶ νέας ἐπὶ τῷ ἔρωτι εὑρίσκηται τὰς συμφοράς. According to the Delians, when she was taken away from Theseus, he dedicated this wooden figure of the goddess to Delian Apollo, so that he would not carry it home and thus, reminded constantly of Ariadne's memory, continue to find renewed suffering due to his love. Explains a mythic episode involving Theseus, Ariadne, and a cult object dedicated to Apollo because of that myth.
9.40.4 3 mythic high πέρα δὲ οὐκ οἶδα ὑπόλοιπα ὄντα τῶν Δαιδάλου· τοῖς γὰρ ἀνατεθεῖσιν ὑπὸ Ἀργείων ἐς τὸ Ἡραῖον καὶ ἐς Γέλαν τὴν ἐν Σικελίᾳ κομισθεῖσιν ἐξ Ὀμφάκης, ἀφανισθῆναί σφισιν ὁ χρόνος καθέστηκεν αἴτιος. Beyond this, I do not know of any other surviving works by Daedalus, for those dedicated by the Argives in the Heraion and those brought to Gela in Sicily from Omphake have perished, destroyed by time. Daedalus is a mythic figure, and the sentence concerns his works and their fate.
9.40.5 1 other high Λεβαδέων δὲ ἔχονται Χαιρωνεῖς. Next to the Lebadeians are the Chaeroneans. Purely geographical: it states the neighboring settlement without mythic or historical event.
9.40.5 2 other high ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ ἡ πόλις καὶ τούτοις Ἄρνη τὸ ἀρχαῖον· Their city was formerly called Arne. A simple antiquarian note about the city's former name, not a mythic event or post-500 BC historical event.
9.40.5 3 mythic high θυγατέρα δὲ εἶναι λέγουσιν Αἰόλου τὴν Ἄρνην, ἀπὸ δὲ ταύτης κληθῆναι καὶ ἑτέραν ἐν Θεσσαλίᾳ πόλιν· They say that this Arne was a daughter of Aeolus, and that another city in Thessaly was also named after her. Explains a city’s name as deriving from Aeolus’s daughter Arne, a mythic genealogical etiology affecting the landscape.
9.40.5 4 mythic high τὸ δὲ νῦν τοῖς Χαιρωνεῦσιν ὄνομα γεγονέναι ἀπὸ Χαίρωνος, ὃν Ἀπόλλωνός φασιν εἶναι, μητέρα δὲ αὐτοῦ Θηρὼ τὴν Φύλαντος εἶναι. The present name of the Chaeroneans, however, derives from Chaeron, who is said to be a son of Apollo and whose mother was Thero, daughter of Phylas. Derives a place-name from Chaeron, a figure said to be son of Apollo, so it concerns mythic ancestry.
9.40.5 5 other high μαρτυρεῖ δὲ καὶ ὁ τὰ ἔπη τὰς μεγάλας Ἠοίας ποιήσας· The poet who composed the epic poem, the Great Eoeae, also bears witness to this. A literary citation identifying a poet as a witness; not a mythic event or historical event.
9.40.6 1 mythic high Φύλας δʼ ὤπυιεν κούρην κλειτοῦ Ἰολάου † λειπεφιληνη ν εἶδος Ὀλυμπιάδεσσιν ὅμοιον, Phylas married the daughter of famed Iolaus, fairest of form among the daughters of Olympus. Refers to Iolaus and a marriage in heroic genealogy, which is mythic material.
9.40.6 2 mythic high Ἱππότην δέ οἱ υἱὸν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἔτικτεν Θηρώ τʼ εὐειδῆ, ἰκέλην φαέεσσι σελήνης. In his halls she bore him a son, Hippotes, and handsome Thero, radiant as moonlight. Genealogical birth notice involving a named son and daughter in a mythic context.
9.40.6 3 mythic high Θηρὼ δʼ Ἀπόλλωνος ἐς ἀγκοίνῃσι πεσοῦσα γείνατο Χαίρωνος κρατερὸν μένος ἱπποδάμοιο. Thero, embraced by Apollo, bore the mighty Chaeron, tamer of horses. Describes a divine union with Apollo and the birth of a heroic figure, a mythic genealogy.
9.40.6 4 other high Ὅμηρος δὲ ἐπιστάμενος ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν Χαιρώνειάν τε ἤδη καὶ Λεβάδειαν καλουμένας, ὅμως τοῖς ἀρχαίοις ἐχρήσατο ὀνόμασιν ἐς αὐτάς, καθότι καὶ Αἴγυπτον τὸν ποταμὸν εἶπεν, οὐ Νεῖλον. Homer, it seems to me, knew already the places called now Chaeroneia and Lebadeia, yet still employed their ancient names, just as he called the Egyptian river Aegyptus, not Nile. Antiquarian note about Homer’s use of old place-names, not a mythic event or historical event.
9.40.7 1 historical high Χαιρωνεῦσι δὲ δύο ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τρόπαια, ἃ Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ Σύλλας ἔστησαν Ταξίλον καὶ στρατιὰν τὴν Μιθριδάτου κρατήσαντες. In the territory of Chaeroneia there are two trophies erected by the Romans and Sulla to commemorate their victory over Taxiles and the army of Mithridates. Refers to Sulla and the Roman victory over Mithridates' forces, a post-500 BC historical event commemorated by trophies.
9.40.7 2 historical high Φίλιππος δὲ οὐκ ἀνέθηκεν ὁ Ἀμύντου τρόπαιον οὔτε ἐνταῦθα οὔτε ὁπόσας μάχας ἄλλας βαρβάρους ἢ καὶ Ἕλληνας ἐνίκησεν· οὐ γάρ τι Μακεδόσιν ἱστάναι τρόπαια ἦν νενομισμένον. Philip, the son of Amyntas, however, set up no trophy there, nor indeed in any other place after all his victories over barbarians or Greeks; for it was not customary among the Macedonians to erect trophies. Refers to Philip II’s victories and Macedonian trophy practice, a post-500 BC historical matter.
9.40.8 1 historical medium λέγεται δὲ ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων Καρανὸν βασιλεύοντα ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ κρατῆσαι μάχῃ Κισσέως, ὃς ἐδυνάστευεν ἐν χώρᾳ τῇ ὁμόρῳ· It is said by the Macedonians that Caranus, when reigning in Macedonia, defeated in battle Cisseus, who ruled in an adjoining territory. A Macedonian dynastic battle involving Caranus is a post-mythic historical tradition rather than a landscape myth or mere description.
9.40.8 2 historical medium καὶ ὁ μὲν τρόπαιον ὁ Καρανὸς κατὰ νόμους τοὺς Ἀργείων ἔστησεν ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ· Caranus, according to the laws of the Argives, set up a trophy celebrating his victory. Refers to Caranus founding a victory trophy under Argive laws; this is a post-mythic commemorative act tied to historical-style military practice.
9.40.8 3 mythic high ἐπελθόντα δέ φασιν ἐκ τοῦ Ὀλύμπου λέοντα ἀνατρέψαι τε τὸ τρόπαιον καὶ ἀφανισθῆναι, συνεῖναι τε γνώμῃ But they say that a lion came down from Olympus, overturned the trophy, and then disappeared, and Caranus understood the meaning of the omen. A lion descending from Olympus and overturning the trophy is a prodigy tied to mythic/legendary explanation of the landscape.
9.40.9 1 historical medium Καρανὸν δὲ οὐκ εὖ βουλεύσασθαι βαρβάροις τοῖς περιοικοῦσιν ἐς ἔχθραν ἐλθόντα ἀδιάλλακτον, Caranus did not, they say, wisely deliberate in entering into irreconcilable hostility with the neighboring barbarians. Refers to Caranus and conflict with neighboring barbarians, a post-mythic historical/legendary-royal tradition rather than geography.
9.40.9 2 historical medium καταστῆναί τε χρῆναι γὰρ μήτε ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ Καρανοῦ μήτε ὑπὸ τῶν ὕστερον βασιλευσόντων Μακεδονίας τρόπαια ἵστασθαι, εἰ ἐς εὔνοιάν ποτε τοὺς προσχώρους ὑπάξονται. For he should have established the custom neither for himself nor for those who later ruled Macedonia, of erecting trophies, if ever they were to win over their neighbors' goodwill. Refers to Karanos and later Macedonian kings, a post-mythic dynastic/historical context.
9.40.9 3 historical high μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τῷ λόγῳ καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος, οὐκ ἀναστήσας οὔτε ἐπὶ Δαρείῳ τρόπαια οὔτε ἐπὶ ταῖς Ἰνδικαῖς νίκαις. Alexander also supports this claim by his example, for he erected no trophies either over Darius or in honor of his victories in India. Refers to Alexander and his victories over Darius and in India, both post-500 BC historical events.
9.40.10 1 historical high προσιόντων δὲ τῇ πόλει πολυάνδριον Θηβαίων ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ πρὸς Φίλιππον ἀγῶνι ἀποθανόντων. As one draws near the city, there is a common tomb of the Thebans who fell in the battle against Philip. Refers to the battle against Philip and the tomb of those who died there, an event in the historical period.
9.40.10 2 historical low ἐπιγέγραπται μὲν δὴ ἐπίγραμμα οὐδέν, ἐπίθημα δʼ ἔπεστιν αὐτῷ λέων· φέροι δʼ ἂν ἐς τῶν ἀνδρῶν μάλιστα τὸν θυμόν· No epitaph has been inscribed upon it, but it has the figure of a lion set upon it, most fitting indeed to the courage of the men. Describes a commemorative monument for men, with no mythic element; treated as post-mythic memorial/inscriptional material.
9.40.10 3 other medium ἐπίγραμμα δὲ ἄπεστιν ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐοικότα τῇ τόλμῃ σφίσι τὰ ἐκ τοῦ δαίμονος ἠκολούθησε. The absence of an epitaph, in my view, is due to the fact that the fortune granted them by the divine was altogether unsuited to their bravery. Antiquarian comment on lack of epitaph and divine fortune, not a mythic event or post-500 BC historical event.
9.40.11 1 mythic high θεῶν δὲ μάλιστα Χαιρωνεῖς τιμῶσι τὸ σκῆπτρον ὃ ποιῆσαι Διί φησιν Ὅμηρος Ἥφαιστον, παρὰ δὲ Διὸς λαβόντα Ἑρμῆν δοῦναι Πέλοπι, Among the gods, the people of Chaeronea most highly revere the scepter that Homer says Hephaestus made for Zeus, which Hermes received from Zeus and gave to Pelops. Refers to the mythic making and transmission of Zeus’s scepter by Hephaestus, Hermes, and Pelops.
9.40.11 2 mythic high Πέλοπα δὲ Ἀτρεῖ καταλιπεῖν, τὸν δὲ Ἀτρέα Θυέστῃ, παρὰ Θυέστου δὲ ἔχειν Ἀγαμέμνονα· Pelops left it to Atreus, Atreus to Thyestes, and from Thyestes it passed to Agamemnon. Refers to the Pelops-Atreus-Thyestes-Agamemnon lineage, a mythic succession rather than historical fact.
9.40.11 3 mythic medium τοῦτο οὖν τὸ σκῆπτρον σέβουσι, Δόρυ ὀνομάζοντες. This scepter they honor and call the "Spear." A revered scepter identified as the Spear refers to a heroic/mythic cult object rather than ordinary description or post-500 BC history.
9.40.11 4 mythic medium καὶ εἶναι μέν τι θειότερον οὐχ ἥκιστα δηλοῖ τὸ ἐς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐπιφανὲς ἐξ αὐτοῦ· That something divine indeed inhabits it is most clearly demonstrated by its evident manifestations among men. Refers to a divine presence and manifestations among men, a mythic/religious claim rather than historical narrative.
9.40.12 1 mythic high φασὶ δʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὅροις αὐτῶν καὶ Πανοπέων τῶν ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι εὑρεθῆναι, σὺν δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ χρυσὸν εὕρασθαι τοὺς Φωκεῖς, σφίσι δὲ ἀσμένοις ἀντὶ χρυσοῦ γενέσθαι τὸ σκῆπτρον. They say it was found on the borders between their land and Panopeus in Phocis, and that the Phokians discovered gold along with it, but they gladly accepted the scepter itself instead of the gold. A legendary object is said to have been found, with a mythic aetiology for the landscape and treasure.
9.40.12 2 mythic medium κομισθῆναι δὲ αὐτὸ ἐς τὴν Φωκίδα ὑπὸ Ἠλέκτρας τῆς Ἀγαμέμνονος πείθομαι. I am inclined to believe that it was brought to Phocis by Elektra, the daughter of Agamemnon. Refers to Elektra, daughter of Agamemnon, a mythic figure, and describes a mythic object's transfer to Phocis.
9.40.12 3 other high ναὸς δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῷ δημοσίᾳ πεποιημένος, ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἔτος ἕκαστον ὁ ἱερώμενος ἐν οἰκήματι ἔχει τὸ σκῆπτρον· No public temple has been built for it, but annually the appointed priest keeps the scepter in his dwelling. Describes cult practice and temple arrangement, not a mythic or post-500 BC historical event.
9.40.12 4 other high καί οἱ θυσίαι ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν θύονται, καὶ τράπεζα παράκειται παντοδαπῶν κρεῶν καὶ πεμμάτων πλήρης. There are daily sacrifices offered to it, and beside it stands a table filled with all sorts of meats and sweetmeats. Describes ritual practice and cult furnishings, not a mythic event or a post-500 BC historical event.