Grammar parses for passage 1.10.3
Open translation for this passage
εἰώθασι δὲ ἀνθρώποις φύεσθαι διʼ ἔρωτα πολλαὶ συμφοραί.
Impersonal εἴωθα takes the articular/infinitival construction φύεσθαι, with ἀνθρώποις as dative experiencer/possessor and πολλαὶ συμφοραί as the nominative subject of φύεσθαι; διʼ ἔρωτα is causal.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | εἰώθασι | εἴωθα | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal/plural lexical verb ‘be accustomed’; governs the infinitive. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 1 εἰώθασι | cc | high | Postpositive coordinating particle. |
| 3 | ἀνθρώποις | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 φύεσθαι | iobj | medium | Dative associated with the infinitival clause, construed as experiencer/possessor. |
| 4 | φύεσθαι | φύω | VERB | V-PMN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 1 εἰώθασι | xcomp | high | Present middle infinitive dependent on εἰώθασι. |
| 5 | διʼ | διά | ADP | P | _ | 6 ἔρωτα | case | high | Causal preposition with accusative. |
| 6 | ἔρωτα | ἔρως | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 φύεσθαι | obl | high | Accusative object of διά in a causal adjunct. |
| 7 | πολλαὶ | πολύς | ADJ | A-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 συμφοραί | amod | high | Adjective modifying συμφοραί. |
| 8 | συμφοραί | συμφορά | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 φύεσθαι | nsubj | high | Nominative subject of φύεσθαι. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 εἰώθασι | punct | high |
Λυσίμαχος γὰρ ἡλικίᾳ τε ἤδη προήκων καὶ ἐς τοὺς παῖδας αὐτός τε νομιζόμενος εὐδαίμων καὶ Ἀγαθοκλεῖ παίδων ὄντων ἐκ Λυσάνδρας Ἀρσινόην ἔγημεν ἀδελφὴν Λυσάνδρας.
Λυσίμαχος is the subject of ἔγημεν; the participial phrases προήκων and νομιζόμενος are coordinated adjuncts. Ἀγαθοκλεῖ is a dative of possession/reference with παίδων ὄντων, whose genitive absolute supplies the circumstance for the marriage; Ἀρσινόην and ἀδελφὴν Λυσάνδρας form the object plus apposition.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Λυσίμαχος | Λυσίμαχος | PROPN | Ne-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἔγημεν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 22 ἔγημεν | discourse | high | |
| 3 | ἡλικίᾳ | ἡλικία | NOUN | Nb-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 προήκων | obl | medium | Dative of respect/extent with προήκων. |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 προήκων | cc | high | |
| 5 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-------- | _ | 6 προήκων | advmod | high | |
| 6 | προήκων | προήκω | VERB | V--sapamn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 22 ἔγημεν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with Λυσίμαχος. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 νομιζόμενος | cc | high | |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 παῖδας | case | high | |
| 9 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T--p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 παῖδας | det | high | |
| 10 | παῖδας | παῖς | NOUN | Nb-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 νομιζόμενος | obl | medium | ἐς τοὺς παῖδας means with regard to his children. |
| 11 | αὐτός | αὐτός | PRON | Pp3ms---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 13 νομιζόμενος | nsubj | high | Emphatic subject of νομιζόμενος. |
| 12 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 νομιζόμενος | cc | high | |
| 13 | νομιζόμενος | νομίζω | VERB | V-pppmmn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 22 ἔγημεν | advcl | high | Circumstantial/passive participle, coordinated with προήκων. |
| 14 | εὐδαίμων | εὐδαίμων | ADJ | A--s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 νομιζόμενος | xcomp | medium | Predicate adjective with νομιζόμενος. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 22 ἔγημεν | cc | medium | Coordinates the participial circumstances. |
| 16 | Ἀγαθοκλεῖ | Ἀγάθοκλης | PROPN | Ne-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ὄντων | obl | medium | Dative of possession/reference with the genitive absolute. |
| 17 | παίδων | παῖς | NOUN | Nb-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ὄντων | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 18 | ὄντων | εἰμί | AUX | V-sppamn- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 22 ἔγημεν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute: παίδων ὄντων ἐκ Λυσάνδρας. |
| 19 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 20 Λυσάνδρας | case | high | |
| 20 | Λυσάνδρας | Λυσάνδρα | PROPN | Ne-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 παίδων | nmod | high | Maternal/source relation with παίδων. |
| 21 | Ἀρσινόην | Ἀρσινόη | PROPN | Ne-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 ἔγημεν | obj | high | |
| 22 | ἔγημεν | γαμέω | VERB | V---saia- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 23 | ἀδελφὴν | ἀδελφή | NOUN | Nb-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 Ἀρσινόην | appos | high | Apposition to Ἀρσινόην. |
| 24 | Λυσάνδρας | Λυσάνδρα | PROPN | Ne-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἀδελφὴν | nmod | high | Possessive genitive: sister of Lysandra. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 22 ἔγημεν | punct | high |
ταύτην τὴν Ἀρσινόην φοβουμένην ἐπὶ τοῖς παισί, μὴ Λυσιμάχου τελευτήσαντος ἐπʼ Ἀγαθοκλεῖ γένωνται, τούτων ἕνεκα Ἀγαθοκλεῖ ἐπιβουλεῦσαι λέγεται.
Accusative ταύτην τὴν Ἀρσινόην is the subject of the complementary infinitive ἐπιβουλεῦσαι; φοβουμένην is a circumstantial participle agreeing with it. The μη-clause gives the feared outcome, with Λυσιμάχου τελευτήσαντος as a genitive absolute; γένωνται is understood as referring to the children becoming subject to Agathocles. The exact attachment of ἐπὶ τοῖς παισί is semantically somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταύτην | οὗτος | DET | A-DSF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 3 Ἀρσινόην | det | high | |
| 2 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Ἀρσινόην | det | high | |
| 3 | Ἀρσινόην | Ἀρσινόη | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 ἐπιβουλεῦσαι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 4 | φοβουμένην | φοβέομαι | VERB | V-PMP-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 19 ἐπιβουλεῦσαι | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with Ἀρσινόην. |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 7 παισί | case | high | |
| 6 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | RA-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 παισί | det | high | |
| 7 | παισί | παῖς | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 φοβουμένην | obl | medium | Dative complement of ἐπί; phrase may specify concern for the children. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 φοβουμένην | punct | high | |
| 9 | μὴ | μή | PART | PTCL | _ | 14 γένωνται | advmod | high | Negative marker in the feared subordinate clause. |
| 10 | Λυσιμάχου | Λυσίμαχος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 τελευτήσαντος | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 11 | τελευτήσαντος | τελευτάω | VERB | V-AAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 14 γένωνται | advcl | high | Genitive absolute; aorist participle. |
| 12 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 13 Ἀγαθοκλεῖ | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί. |
| 13 | Ἀγαθοκλεῖ | Ἀγαθοκλῆς | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 γένωνται | obl | medium | Dative complement with ἐπί; idiomatic sense is becoming subject to Agathocles. |
| 14 | γένωνται | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-2AMS-3P | Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 19 ἐπιβουλεῦσαι | ccomp | medium | Subject is implicit children, understood from τοῖς παισί. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἐπιβουλεῦσαι | punct | high | |
| 16 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | D-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 17 ἕνεκα | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἕνεκα. |
| 17 | ἕνεκα | ἕνεκα | ADP | P | _ | 19 ἐπιβουλεῦσαι | obl | high | Postposed causal postposition. |
| 18 | Ἀγαθοκλεῖ | Ἀγαθοκλῆς | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ἐπιβουλεῦσαι | iobj | high | Dative object/target of ἐπιβουλεῦσαι. |
| 19 | ἐπιβουλεῦσαι | ἐπιβουλεύω | VERB | V-AAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 20 λέγεται | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive governed by λέγεται. |
| 20 | λέγεται | λέγω | VERB | V-PMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Passive impersonal reporting predicate. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 λέγεται | punct | high |
ἤδη δὲ ἔγραψαν καὶ ὡς Ἀγαθοκλέους ἀφίκοιτο ἐς ἔρωτα ἡ Ἀρσινόη, ἀποτυγχάνουσα δὲ †ἐπὶ τῷ βουλεῦσαι λέγουσιν Ἀγαθοκλεῖ θάνατον.
The transmitted †ἐπὶ τῷ βουλεῦσαι is corrupt or uncertain; ἀποτυγχάνουσα is a circumstantial participle with ἡ Ἀρσινόη as subject, while λέγουσιν introduces the reported construction Ἀγαθοκλεῖ θάνατον.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D | _ | 3 ἔγραψαν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 3 ἔγραψαν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἔγραψαν | γράφω | VERB | VPAI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 3 ἔγραψαν | cc | high | |
| 5 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C | _ | 7 ἀφίκοιτο | mark | high | Introduces the content clause. |
| 6 | Ἀγαθοκλέους | Ἀγαθοκλῆς | PROPN | NE-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἀφίκοιτο | obl | medium | Genitive with ἀφίκοιτο ἐς ἔρωτα, likely object of desire/construction. |
| 7 | ἀφίκοιτο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | VPAO3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 3 ἔγραψαν | ccomp | high | Optative in reported content. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 9 ἔρωτα | case | high | |
| 9 | ἔρωτα | ἔρως | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἀφίκοιτο | obl | high | |
| 10 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | RA-NSF | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 Ἀρσινόη | det | high | |
| 11 | Ἀρσινόη | Ἀρσινόη | PROPN | NE-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἀφίκοιτο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀφίκοιτο. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἀφίκοιτο | punct | high | |
| 13 | ἀποτυγχάνουσα | ἀποτυγχάνω | VERB | VPAPNSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 19 λέγουσιν | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle; subject is Ἀρσινόη, with ellipsis/corruption in its complement. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 13 ἀποτυγχάνουσα | cc | high | |
| 15 | † | † | SYM | _ | _ | 16 ἐπὶ | dep | low | Critical marker, not a Greek lexical token. |
| 16 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 18 βουλεῦσαι | case | low | The transmitted phrase is syntactically uncertain. |
| 17 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | RD-DSM | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 βουλεῦσαι | det | high | |
| 18 | βουλεῦσαι | βουλεύω | VERB | VPAI | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 13 ἀποτυγχάνουσα | obl | low | Infinitive after the corrupted ἐπὶ τῷ phrase; exact construction uncertain. |
| 19 | λέγουσιν | λέγω | VERB | VPAI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 3 ἔγραψαν | conj | high | Coordinated predicate, subject implicit. |
| 20 | Ἀγαθοκλεῖ | Ἀγαθοκλῆς | PROPN | NE-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 θάνατον | iobj | high | |
| 21 | θάνατον | θάνατος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 λέγουσιν | obj | high | Reported object/content: 'death for Agathocles'. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἔγραψαν | punct | high |
λέγουσι δὲ καὶ ὡς Λυσίμαχος αἴσθοιτο ὕστερον τὰ τολμηθέντα ὑπὸ τῆς γυναικός, εἶναι δὲ οὐδὲν ἔτι οἱ πλέον ἠρημωμένῳ φίλων ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον.
The sentence coordinates λέγουσι with two reported propositions: ὡς plus optative αἴσθοιτο, followed by an infinitival clause εἶναι with a predicative dative participle; the exact scope of πλέον is mildly elliptical.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | λέγουσι | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 λέγουσι | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | ADV | ADV | _ | 6 αἴσθοιτο | advmod | high | Adverbial καί modifies the following reported-clause predicate. |
| 4 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 αἴσθοιτο | mark | high | Introduces the content clause. |
| 5 | Λυσίμαχος | Λυσίμαχος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 αἴσθοιτο | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | αἴσθοιτο | αἰσθάνομαι | VERB | V-2OAO-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 1 λέγουσι | ccomp | high | Optative in reported discourse. |
| 7 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | ADV | _ | 6 αἴσθοιτο | advmod | high | |
| 8 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 τολμηθέντα | det | high | |
| 9 | τολμηθέντα | τολμάω | VERB | V-APP-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 6 αἴσθοιτο | obj | high | Substantivized aorist passive participle, 'the things attempted'. |
| 10 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 12 γυναικός | case | high | |
| 11 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 γυναικός | det | high | |
| 12 | γυναικός | γυνή | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 τολμηθέντα | obl:agent | high | |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 αἴσθοιτο | punct | high | |
| 14 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 1 λέγουσι | ccomp | high | Second coordinated reported proposition; subject and complement are implicit from context. |
| 15 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 εἶναι | cc | high | |
| 16 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | P-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Neg | 19 πλέον | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative, 'in no respect/not at all'. |
| 17 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 19 πλέον | advmod | high | |
| 18 | οἱ | οἱ | PRON | P-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 | 20 ἠρημωμένῳ | obl | medium | Dative personal pronoun, likely referring to Lysimachus and associated with ἠρημωμένῳ. |
| 19 | πλέον | πλέον | ADV | ADV | _ | 14 εἶναι | advmod | medium | Adverbial comparative, 'more/any longer'; scope in the elliptic infinitival clause is somewhat uncertain. |
| 20 | ἠρημωμένῳ | ἐρημόω | VERB | V-RMP-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 14 εἶναι | xcomp | high | Predicative participle with dative subject οἱ. |
| 21 | φίλων | φίλος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἠρημωμένῳ | obl | high | Genitive of separation/deprivation. |
| 22 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 24 ἔσχατον | case | high | |
| 23 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 24 ἔσχατον | det | high | |
| 24 | ἔσχατον | ἔσχατος | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἠρημωμένῳ | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, 'to the utmost/end'. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 λέγουσι | punct | high |