Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 1.12.1

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Passage 1.12.1

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3sentences parsed

122Greek tokens

2,945input tokens

8,466output tokens

Sentence 1

1.12.1 sentence 1

Tokens: 22
Input: 786
Output: 1,565
Total: 2,351

οὕτω Πύρρος ἐστὶν ὁ πρῶτος ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τῆς πέραν Ἰονίου διαβὰς ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίους· διέβη δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐπαγαγομένων Ταραντίνων.

Πύρρος is the subject of ἐστίν, with πρῶτος and διαβάς forming the predicate description; πέραν Ἰονίου is an adverbial modifier of Ἑλλάδος/διαβάς. In the second clause, ἐπαγαγομένων Ταραντίνων is a genitive absolute, understood as the Tarentines bringing him over.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	οὕτω	οὕτως	ADV	D--------	_	3 ἐστὶν	advmod	high
2	Πύρρος	Πύρρος	PROPN	Nbmsn	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	3 ἐστὶν	nsubj	high
3	ἐστὶν	εἰμί	VERB	V3spia---	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
4	ὁ	ὁ	DET	R-------NMS	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	5 πρῶτος	det	high
5	πρῶτος	πρῶτος	ADJ	A-S---NMS	Case=Nom\|Degree=Pos\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	3 ἐστὶν	xcomp	high	Substantivized superlative/ordinal predicate adjective.
6	ἐκ	ἐκ	ADP	R--------	_	8 Ἑλλάδος	case	high
7	τῆς	ὁ	DET	R-------GFS	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	8 Ἑλλάδος	det	high
8	Ἑλλάδος	Ἑλλάς	PROPN	Nbfgf	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	5 πρῶτος	obl	high
9	τῆς	ὁ	DET	R-------GFS	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	10 πέραν	det	high
10	πέραν	πέραν	ADV	D--------	_	8 Ἑλλάδος	advmod	medium	Adverbial πέραν with following genitive.
11	Ἰονίου	Ἰόνιος	PROPN	Nbmg---	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	10 πέραν	obl	medium	Genitive dependent on πέραν; refers to the Ionian Sea.
12	διαβὰς	διαβαίνω	VERB	V-AAP-NMS	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Past\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	3 ἐστὶν	acl	high	Aorist active participle agreeing with Πύρρος.
13	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	R--------	_	14 Ῥωμαίους	case	high
14	Ῥωμαίους	Ῥωμαῖος	PROPN	Nbmpa---	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	12 διαβὰς	obl	high	Accusative after ἐπί, directional/hostile target.
15	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	3 ἐστὶν	punct	high
16	διέβη	διαβαίνω	VERB	V3saaia---	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Past\|Voice=Act	3 ἐστὶν	parataxis	high
17	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	16 διέβη	cc	high
18	καὶ	καί	ADV	D--------	_	16 διέβη	advmod	high	Adverbial καί (‘also’).
19	οὗτος	οὗτος	PRON	Pdmsn	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	16 διέβη	nsubj	high
20	ἐπαγαγομένων	ἐπάγω	VERB	V-AMN-GMP	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Past\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Mid	16 διέβη	advcl	high	Genitive absolute participle.
21	Ταραντίνων	Ταραντῖνος	PROPN	Nbmpg---	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	20 ἐπαγαγομένων	nsubj	high
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	16 διέβη	punct	high

Sentence 2

1.12.1 sentence 2

Tokens: 70
Input: 1,284
Output: 4,694
Total: 5,978

τούτοις γὰρ πρότερον ἔτι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους συνειστήκει πόλεμος· ἀδύνατοι δὲ κατὰ σφᾶς ὄντες ἀντισχεῖν, προϋπαρχούσης μὲν ἐς αὐτὸν εὐεργεσίας, ὅτι οἱ πολεμοῦντι τὸν πρὸς Κόρκυραν πόλεμον ναυσὶ συνήραντο, μάλιστα δὲ οἱ πρέσβεις τῶν Ταραντίνων ἀνέπεισαν τὸν Πύρρον, τήν τε Ἰταλίαν διδάσκοντες ὡς εὐδαιμονίας ἕνεκα ἀντὶ πάσης εἴη τῆς Ἑλλάδος καὶ ὡς οὐχ ὅσιον αὐτῷ παραπέμψαι σφᾶς φίλους τε καὶ ἱκέτας ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἥκοντας.

The sentence has a first main clause with πόλεμος as subject, followed after the semicolon by a coordinated main clause; the participial and ὅτι/ὡς content clauses express the reasons and persuasion.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	τούτοις	οὗτος	PRON	D-Dat.pl.mf	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	7 συνειστήκει	obl	high
2	γὰρ	γάρ	PART	G-partic	_	7 συνειστήκει	discourse	high
3	πρότερον	πρότερον	ADV	D-adverb	_	7 συνειστήκει	advmod	high
4	ἔτι	ἔτι	ADV	D-adverb	_	3 πρότερον	advmod	high
5	πρὸς	πρός	ADP	R-	_	6 Ῥωμαίους	case	high
6	Ῥωμαίους	Ῥωμαῖος	PROPN	N-Ac.pl.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	7 συνειστήκει	obl	high
7	συνειστήκει	συνίστημι	VERB	V-plup-act-ind-3s	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pluperfect\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
8	πόλεμος	πόλεμος	NOUN	N-nom-sg.m	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	7 συνειστήκει	nsubj	high
9	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	7 συνειστήκει	punct	high
10	ἀδύνατοι	ἀδύνατος	ADJ	A-nom.pl.m	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	14 ὄντες	xcomp	high	Predicative adjective with understood subject.
11	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	G-particle	_	39 ἀνέπεισαν	cc	high
12	κατὰ	κατά	ADP	R-	_	13 σφᾶς	case	high
13	σφᾶς	σφεῖς	PRON	P-Ac.pl	Case=Acc\|Number=Plur\|Person=3	14 ὄντες	obl	medium	κατὰ σφᾶς means on their own.
14	ὄντες	εἰμί	AUX	V-pres-act-part-nom.pl.m	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	39 ἀνέπεισαν	advcl	high
15	ἀντισχεῖν	ἀντέχω	VERB	V-aor-act-inf	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	10 ἀδύνατοι	xcomp	high
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	14 ὄντες	punct	high
17	προϋπαρχούσης	προϋπάρχω	VERB	V-pres-act-part-gen.sg.f	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	21 εὐεργεσίας	advcl	medium	Genitive absolute-like concessive/background participle.
18	μὲν	μέν	PART	G-particle	_	17 προϋπαρχούσης	discourse	high
19	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R-	_	20 αὐτὸν	case	high
20	αὐτὸν	αὐτός	PRON	P-Ac.sg.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	21 εὐεργεσίας	obl	high	Refers to Pyrrhus.
21	εὐεργεσίας	εὐεργεσία	NOUN	N-gen.sg.f	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	39 ἀνέπεισαν	obl	medium	Genitive dependent on προϋπαρχούσης.
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	17 προϋπαρχούσης	punct	high
23	ὅτι	ὅτι	SCONJ	C-sconj	_	17 προϋπαρχούσης	mark	high
24	οἱ	ὁ	DET	T-nom.pl.m	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	31 συνήραντο	nsubj	high	Article substantivizes the participle.
25	πολεμοῦντι	πολεμέω	VERB	V-pres-act-part-dat.sg.m	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	31 συνήραντο	iobj	medium	Dative participle, substantivized with οἱ; refers to Pyrrhus.
26	τὸν	ὁ	DET	T-Ac.sg.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	29 πόλεμον	det	high
27	πρὸς	πρός	ADP	R-	_	28 Κόρκυραν	case	high
28	Κόρκυραν	Κόρκυρα	PROPN	N-Ac.sg.f	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	29 πόλεμον	nmod	high
29	πόλεμον	πόλεμος	NOUN	N-Ac.sg.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	31 συνήραντο	obj	high
30	ναυσὶ	ναῦς	NOUN	N-Dat.pl.f	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	31 συνήραντο	obl	high	Instrumental dative.
31	συνήραντο	συναίρω	VERB	V-aor-mid-ind-3p	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Mid	23 ὅτι	ccomp	medium	Aorist middle; subject is οἱ, with dative participle πολεμοῦντι.
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	31 συνήραντο	punct	high
33	μάλιστα	μάλιστα	ADV	D-superl	_	39 ἀνέπεισαν	advmod	high
34	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	G-particle	_	39 ἀνέπεισαν	cc	high
35	οἱ	ὁ	DET	T-nom.pl.m	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	36 πρέσβεις	det	high
36	πρέσβεις	πρέσβυς	NOUN	N-nom.pl.m	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	39 ἀνέπεισαν	nsubj	high
37	τῶν	ὁ	DET	T-gen.pl.m	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	38 Ταραντίνων	det	high
38	Ταραντίνων	Ταραντῖνος	PROPN	N-gen.pl.m	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	36 πρέσβεις	nmod	high
39	ἀνέπεισαν	ἀναπείθω	VERB	V-aor-act-ind-3p	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Paratactic main verb after the semicolon.
40	τὸν	ὁ	DET	T-Ac.sg.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	41 Πύρρον	det	high
41	Πύρρον	Πύρρος	PROPN	N-Ac.sg.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	39 ἀνέπεισαν	obj	high
42	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	39 ἀνέπεισαν	punct	high
43	τήν	ὁ	DET	T-Ac.sg.f	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	45 Ἰταλίαν	det	high
44	τε	τε	CCONJ	G-particle	_	45 Ἰταλίαν	cc	high
45	Ἰταλίαν	Ἰταλία	PROPN	N-Ac.sg.f	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	46 διδάσκοντες	obj	high
46	διδάσκοντες	διδάσκω	VERB	V-pres-act-part-nom.pl.m	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	39 ἀνέπεισαν	advcl	high	Participial complement coordinated with the following persuasive content.
47	ὡς	ὡς	SCONJ	C-sconj	_	52 εἴη	mark	high
48	εὐδαιμονίας	εὐδαιμονία	NOUN	N-gen.sg.f	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	49 ἕνεκα	nmod	high
49	ἕνεκα	ἕνεκα	ADP	R-postposition	_	48 εὐδαιμονίας	case	high	Postposition governing genitive.
50	ἀντὶ	ἀντί	ADP	R-	_	54 Ἑλλάδος	case	high
51	πάσης	πᾶς	ADJ	A-gen.sg.f	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	54 Ἑλλάδος	amod	high
52	εἴη	εἰμί	AUX	V-pres-act-opt-3s	Mood=Opt\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	46 διδάσκοντες	ccomp	high	Optative in indirect content.
53	τῆς	ὁ	DET	T-gen.sg.f	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	54 Ἑλλάδος	det	high
54	Ἑλλάδος	Ἑλλάς	PROPN	N-gen.sg.f	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	52 εἴη	obl	high	Dependent on ἀντί.
55	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	G-conj	_	56 ὡς	cc	high
56	ὡς	ὡς	SCONJ	C-sconj	_	58 ὅσιον	mark	high
57	οὐχ	οὐ	PART	G-adv	Polarity=Neg	58 ὅσιον	advmod	high
58	ὅσιον	ὅσιος	ADJ	A-nomacc.sg.n	Case=NomAcc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	46 διδάσκοντες	ccomp	high	Impersonal predicate adjective.
59	αὐτῷ	αὐτός	PRON	P-Dat.sg.m	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	60 παραπέμψαι	iobj	high	Dative of agent/interest with the impersonal construction.
60	παραπέμψαι	παραπέμπω	VERB	V-aor-act-inf	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	58 ὅσιον	csubj	high	Infinitival subject of ὅσιον.
61	σφᾶς	σφεῖς	PRON	P-Ac.pl	Case=Acc\|Number=Plur\|Person=3	60 παραπέμψαι	obj	high
62	φίλους	φίλος	ADJ	A-Ac.pl.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	61 σφᾶς	xcomp	high	Predicative complement of σφᾶς.
63	τε	τε	CCONJ	G-particle	_	62 φίλους	cc	high
64	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	G-conj	_	65 ἱκέτας	cc	high
65	ἱκέτας	ἱκέτης	NOUN	N-Ac.pl.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	61 σφᾶς	xcomp	high	Co-predicative complement of σφᾶς.
66	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	R-	_	67 τῷ	case	high
67	τῷ	ὁ	DET	T-Dat.sg.m	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	68 παρόντι	det	high
68	παρόντι	πάρειμι	VERB	V-pres-act-part-dat.sg.m	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	60 παραπέμψαι	obl	high	Substantivized participle: at the present time.
69	ἥκοντας	ἥκω	VERB	V-pres-act-part-ac.pl.m	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	61 σφᾶς	acl	high	Modifies σφᾶς: having come.
70	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	39 ἀνέπεισαν	punct	high

Sentence 3

1.12.1 sentence 3

Tokens: 30
Input: 875
Output: 2,207
Total: 3,082

ταῦτα λεγόντων τῶν πρέσβεων μνήμη τὸν Πύρρον τῆς ἁλώσεως ἐσῆλθε τῆς Ἰλίου, καί οἱ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἤλπιζε χωρήσειν πολεμοῦντι· στρατεύειν γὰρ ἐπὶ Τρώων ἀποίκους Ἀχιλλέως ὢν ἀπόγονος.

The first clause is a genitive absolute; μνήμη is the subject of ἐσῆλθε with a genitive object (τὸν Πύρρον) and dependent genitives. In the second clause οἱ is dative reference, χωρήσειν is an accusative-and-infinitive complement of ἤλπιζε, and πολεμοῦντι is a dative participial modifier of the understood Pyrrhus. The final infinitive is explanatory/content syntax after γάρ, with ὢν ἀπόγονος concessively or circumstantially modifying the understood subject.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ταῦτα	οὗτος	PRON	PDN-PA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	2 λεγόντων	obj	high
2	λεγόντων	λέγω	VERB	V-PPAP-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	10 ἐσῆλθε	advcl	high	Genitive absolute.
3	τῶν	ὁ	DET	RA-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	4 πρέσβεων	det	high
4	πρέσβεων	πρέσβυς	NOUN	N-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	2 λεγόντων	nsubj	high
5	μνήμη	μνήμη	NOUN	N-NFS	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	10 ἐσῆλθε	nsubj	high
6	τὸν	ὁ	DET	RA-AMS	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	7 Πύρρον	det	high
7	Πύρρον	Πύρρος	PROPN	N-AMS	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	10 ἐσῆλθε	obj	high
8	τῆς	ὁ	DET	RA-GFS	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	9 ἁλώσεως	det	high
9	ἁλώσεως	ἅλωσις	NOUN	N-GFS	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	7 Πύρρον	nmod	high	Genitive of the remembered event.
10	ἐσῆλθε	εἰσέρχομαι	VERB	V-IAI-3S	Aspect=Perf\|Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Past\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	medium	Aorist/ingressive form; parser tag simplified.
11	τῆς	ὁ	DET	RA-GFS	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	12 Ἰλίου	det	high
12	Ἰλίου	Ἴλιον	PROPN	N-GNS	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	9 ἁλώσεως	nmod	high
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	10 ἐσῆλθε	punct	high
14	καί	καί	CCONJ	C	_	18 ἤλπιζε	cc	high
15	οἱ	οἱ	PRON	RP-D3MS	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Person=3	18 ἤλπιζε	iobj	medium	Dative of reference; form may be confused with article.
16	κατὰ	κατά	ADP	P	_	17 ταὐτὰ	case	high
17	ταὐτὰ	αὐτός	PRON	P-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	18 ἤλπιζε	obl	high	Crasis of τὰ αὐτά.
18	ἤλπιζε	ἐλπίζω	VERB	V-IAI-3S	Aspect=Imp\|Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Past\|Voice=Act	10 ἐσῆλθε	conj	high
19	χωρήσειν	χωρέω	VERB	V-FAI	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Fut\|Voice=Act	18 ἤλπιζε	xcomp	high	Infinitive in reported expectation.
20	πολεμοῦντι	πολεμέω	VERB	V-PPAP-DMS	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	19 χωρήσειν	obl	medium	Dative participle, predicated of the understood Pyrrhus.
21	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	18 ἤλπιζε	punct	high
22	στρατεύειν	στρατεύω	VERB	V-PAN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	18 ἤλπιζε	ccomp	medium	Explanatory infinitive after γάρ; relation may be analyzed as paratactic.
23	γὰρ	γάρ	PART	X	_	22 στρατεύειν	discourse	high
24	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	P	_	25 Τρώων	case	high
25	Τρώων	Τρῶες	PROPN	N-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	22 στρατεύειν	obl	high	With ἐπί, against the Trojans.
26	ἀποίκους	ἄποικος	NOUN	A-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	22 στρατεύειν	obj	high	Accusative object of στρατεύειν.
27	Ἀχιλλέως	Ἀχιλλεύς	PROPN	N-GMS	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	26 ἀποίκους	nmod	high
28	ὢν	εἰμί	AUX	V-PPAP-NMS	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	29 ἀπόγονος	cop	high
29	ἀπόγονος	ἀπόγονος	NOUN	N-NMS	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	22 στρατεύειν	advcl	medium	Predicative participial clause; subject is understood Pyrrhus.
30	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	22 στρατεύειν	punct	high

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