Grammar parses for passage 1.12.3
Open translation for this passage
ἅτε δὲ ἄριστα ἐπιστάμενος ὡς οὐκ ἀξιόμαχος εἴη πρὸς Ῥωμαίους, παρεσκευάζετο ὡς τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ἐπαφήσων σφίσιν.
The syntax is centered on the main verb παρεσκευάζετο, with a circumstantial participle (ἐπιστάμενος) governing an indirect content clause (ὡς ... εἴη) and a purpose clause with future participle (ὡς ... ἐπαφήσων).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | _ | _ | 4 ἐπιστάμενος | mark | high | Causal/comparative particle with participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 12 παρεσκευάζετο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἄριστα | ἄριστα | ADV | _ | _ | 4 ἐπιστάμενος | advmod | high | Adverb modifying participle. |
| 4 | ἐπιστάμενος | ἐπίσταμαι | VERB | Ptcp | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 12 παρεσκευάζετο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle. |
| 5 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 8 εἴη | mark | high | Introduces indirect statement/content clause. |
| 6 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 7 ἀξιόμαχος | advmod | high | Negation. |
| 7 | ἀξιόμαχος | ἀξιόμαχος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 εἴη | xcomp | medium | Predicate adjective in content clause. |
| 8 | εἴη | εἰμί | AUX | Opt | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 4 ἐπιστάμενος | ccomp | high | Copular verb in optative in indirect discourse. |
| 9 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | _ | _ | 10 Ῥωμαίους | case | high | Preposition. |
| 10 | Ῥωμαίους | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 εἴη | obl | high | Object of πρός. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 παρεσκευάζετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 12 | παρεσκευάζετο | παρασκευάζω | VERB | Ipf | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 13 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 16 ἐπαφήσων | mark | high | Introduces purpose/result clause. |
| 14 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐλέφαντας | det | high | Definite article. |
| 15 | ἐλέφαντας | ἐλέφας | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἐπαφήσων | obj | high | Direct object of participle. |
| 16 | ἐπαφήσων | ἐπαφίημι | VERB | Ptcp | Aspect=Fut|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 παρεσκευάζετο | advcl | high | Future participle of purpose. |
| 17 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 16 ἐπαφήσων | iobj | high | Dative of disadvantage/recipient. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 παρεσκευάζετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ἐλέφαντας δὲ πρῶτος μὲν τῶν ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης Ἀλέξανδρος ἐκτήσατο Πῶρον καὶ τὴν δύναμιν καθελὼν τὴν Ἰνδῶν, ἀποθανόντος δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ ἄλλοι τῶν βασιλέων καὶ πλείστους ἔσχεν Ἀντίγονος, Πύρρῳ δὲ ἐκ τῆς μάχης ἐγεγόνει τῆς πρὸς Δημήτριον τὰ θηρία αἰχμάλωτα·
The clause after ἐγεγόνει is syntactically compressed; τῆς πρὸς Δημήτριον is best treated as a genitive phrase tied to μάχης, though attachment of Δημήτριον is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐλέφαντας | ἐλέφας | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἐκτήσατο | obj | high | Direct object of ἐκτήσατο. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 10 ἐκτήσατο | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | πρῶτος | πρῶτος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκτήσατο | advmod | medium | Used adverbially, 'first'. |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 3 πρῶτος | discourse | high | Correlative particle with πρῶτος. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 Ἀλέξανδρος | det | medium | Article with genitive source phrase. |
| 6 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | _ | 8 Εὐρώπης | case | high | Preposition governing Εὐρώπης. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 Εὐρώπης | det | high | Article with Εὐρώπης. |
| 8 | Εὐρώπης | Εὐρώπη | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 Ἀλέξανδρος | nmod | high | Modifier of Ἀλέξανδρος, indicating origin. |
| 9 | Ἀλέξανδρος | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκτήσατο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐκτήσατο. |
| 10 | ἐκτήσατο | κτάομαι | VERB | _ | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 11 | Πῶρον | Πῶρος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκτήσατο | obj | high | Second object of ἐκτήσατο. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 καθελὼν | cc | high | Links participial clause. |
| 13 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 δύναμιν | det | high | Article with δύναμιν. |
| 14 | δύναμιν | δύναμις | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 καθελὼν | obj | high | Object of participle καθελών. |
| 15 | καθελὼν | καθαιρέω | VERB | _ | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 ἐκτήσατο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying Ἀλέξανδρος. |
| 16 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 Ἰνδῶν | det | high | Article with Ἰνδῶν; accusative form in context likely attracts agreement by article. |
| 17 | Ἰνδῶν | Ἰνδός | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 δύναμιν | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of δύναμιν, 'of the Indians'. |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἐκτήσατο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 19 | ἀποθανόντος | ἀποθνῄσκω | VERB | _ | Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 28 ἔσχεν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with Ἀλεξάνδρου. |
| 20 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 28 ἔσχεν | discourse | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 21 | Ἀλεξάνδρου | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ἀποθανόντος | nsubj | high | Subject of genitive absolute. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 23 ἄλλοι | cc | medium | Likely coordinates with ἄλλοι. |
| 23 | ἄλλοι | ἄλλος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 ἔσχεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔσχεν, coordinated with Antigonus understood. |
| 24 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 βασιλέων | det | high | Article with βασιλέων. |
| 25 | βασιλέων | βασιλεύς | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἄλλοι | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἄλλοι, 'other of the kings'. |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 27 πλείστους | cc | high | Links with πλείστους. |
| 27 | πλείστους | πλεῖστος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 ἔσχεν | obj | medium | Likely object of ἔσχεν, though construction is somewhat compressed. |
| 28 | ἔσχεν | ἔχω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of second clause. |
| 29 | Ἀντίγονος | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 ἔσχεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔσχεν. |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 ἔσχεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 31 | Πύρρῳ | Πύρρος | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 36 ἐγεγόνει | iobj | high | Dative experiencer/possessor with pluperfect. |
| 32 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 36 ἐγεγόνει | discourse | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 33 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | _ | 35 μάχης | case | high | Preposition governing μάχης. |
| 34 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 35 μάχης | det | high | Article with μάχης. |
| 35 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 ἐγεγόνει | obl | high | Prepositional phrase modifying ἐγεγόνει. |
| 36 | ἐγεγόνει | γίγνομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Plup|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of third clause. |
| 37 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 35 μάχης | det | medium | Article introducing second genitive phrase; syntax somewhat compressed. |
| 38 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | _ | _ | 39 Δημήτριον | case | high | Preposition governing Δημήτριον. |
| 39 | Δημήτριον | Δημήτριος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 37 τῆς | nmod | medium | Part of genitive phrase likely depending on μάχης; attachment is not fully certain. |
| 40 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 41 θηρία | det | high | Article with θηρία. |
| 41 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 36 ἐγεγόνει | nsubj | high | Subject complementing ἐγεγόνει: 'the beasts had become prisoners'. |
| 42 | αἰχμάλωτα | αἰχμάλωτος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 41 θηρία | amod | high | Predicate adjective modifying θηρία. |
| 43 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 36 ἐγεγόνει | punct | high | Punctuation. |