Grammar parses for passage 1.12.4
Open translation for this passage
ἐλέφαντα γάρ, ὅσος μὲν ἐς ἔργα καὶ ἀνδρῶν χεῖρας, εἰσὶν ἐκ παλαιοῦ δῆλοι πάντες εἰδότες· αὐτὰ δὲ τὰ θηρία, πρὶν ἢ διαβῆναι Μακεδόνας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν, οὐδὲ ἑωράκεσαν ἀρχὴν πλὴν Ἰνδῶν τε αὐτῶν καὶ Λιβύων καὶ ὅσοι πλησιόχωροι τούτοις.
The sentence has an elliptical and somewhat difficult first clause: ἐλέφαντα is resumed by αὐτὰ τὰ θηρία, while ὅσος ... εἰσὶν ... δῆλοι εἰδότες is treated as a relative parenthesis referring to elephants known through representations and human workmanship. The final ὅσοι πλησιόχωροι is coordinated with the named peoples and governs the dative τούτοις.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐλέφαντα | ἐλέφας | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | obj | medium | Accusative topical object/resumptive antecedent for αὐτὰ τὰ θηρία. |
| 2 | γάρ | γάρ | PART | q | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | discourse | high | |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | u | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | punct | high | |
| 4 | ὅσος | ὅσος | PRON | r-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 εἰσὶν | nsubj | medium | Relative quantifier; agrees with an understood plural/collective referent, though form is singular. |
| 5 | μὲν | μέν | PART | q | _ | 4 ὅσος | discourse | high | |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | r | _ | 7 ἔργα | case | high | |
| 7 | ἔργα | ἔργον | NOUN | n-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 ὅσος | obl | medium | Object of ἐς in the relative phrase. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c | _ | 7 ἔργα | cc | high | |
| 9 | ἀνδρῶν | ἀνήρ | NOUN | n-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 χεῖρας | nmod | high | |
| 10 | χεῖρας | χείρ | NOUN | n-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ἔργα | conj | medium | Coordinated accusative complement under ἐς. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | u | _ | 12 εἰσὶν | punct | high | |
| 12 | εἰσὶν | εἰμί | AUX | v3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 δῆλοι | cop | medium | Plural agreement is syntactically irregular with ὅσος; construed with δῆλοι. |
| 13 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | r | _ | 14 παλαιοῦ | case | high | |
| 14 | παλαιοῦ | παλαιός | ADJ | a-s---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 εἰσὶν | obl | medium | Substantival neuter genitive, ‘from ancient times’; may be understood with omitted χρόνου. |
| 15 | δῆλοι | δῆλος | ADJ | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | parataxis | medium | Predicate adjective of εἰσίν, forming the parenthetical first clause. |
| 16 | πάντες | πᾶς | ADJ | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 εἰδότες | nsubj | medium | Subject of εἰδότες; alternatively could modify an understood plural referent. |
| 17 | εἰδότες | οἶδα | VERB | v--rapmn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 δῆλοι | advcl | medium | Perfect active participle, ‘knowing’; syntactically supplementary to δῆλοι. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | u | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | punct | high | |
| 19 | αὐτὰ | αὐτός | PRON | p-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 θηρία | det | high | Emphatic/identifying modifier of τὰ θηρία. |
| 20 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | c | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | cc | high | |
| 21 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | l-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 θηρία | det | high | |
| 22 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | n-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | obj | high | Object of ἑωράκεσαν. |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | u | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | punct | high | |
| 24 | πρὶν | πρίν | SCONJ | c | _ | 26 διαβῆναι | mark | high | |
| 25 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | c | _ | 26 διαβῆναι | cc | high | Part of πρὶν ἢ construction. |
| 26 | διαβῆναι | διαβαίνω | VERB | v--ana--- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | advcl | high | Infinitival temporal clause. |
| 27 | Μακεδόνας | Μακεδών | PROPN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 διαβῆναι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 28 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | r | _ | 30 Ἀσίαν | case | high | |
| 29 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 Ἀσίαν | det | high | |
| 30 | Ἀσίαν | Ἀσία | PROPN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 διαβῆναι | obl | high | Goal/direction complement of διαβῆναι. |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | u | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | punct | high | |
| 32 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | c | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | advmod | high | Negative additive particle modifying the predicate. |
| 33 | ἑωράκεσαν | ὁράω | VERB | v3paia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 34 | ἀρχὴν | ἀρχή | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | obj | medium | Accusative of extent/time or idiomatic adverbial accusative, ‘at all/in the beginning’; syntactically difficult. |
| 35 | πλὴν | πλήν | ADP | r | _ | 36 Ἰνδῶν | case | high | Exceptive preposition governing the genitive list. |
| 36 | Ἰνδῶν | Ἰνδός | PROPN | n-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | obl | high | First member of the exceptive genitive coordination. |
| 37 | τε | τε | CCONJ | c | _ | 36 Ἰνδῶν | cc | high | |
| 38 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | p-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 36 Ἰνδῶν | nmod | high | Intensifying genitive modifier: ‘the Indians themselves’. |
| 39 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c | _ | 36 Ἰνδῶν | cc | high | |
| 40 | Λιβύων | Λίβυς | PROPN | n-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 36 Ἰνδῶν | conj | high | Coordinated genitive after πλήν. |
| 41 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c | _ | 42 ὅσοι | cc | high | |
| 42 | ὅσοι | ὅσος | PRON | r-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 43 πλησιόχωροι | det | medium | Quantificational relative pronoun introducing a substantival group; genitive relation is implicit/attracted. |
| 43 | πλησιόχωροι | πλησιόχωρος | ADJ | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | conj | medium | Substantival adjective, coordinated with the named peoples; expected semantic relation to τούτοις. |
| 44 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | p-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 43 πλησιόχωροι | obl | high | Dative complement of πλησιόχωροι, ‘near to these’. |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | u | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | punct | high |
δηλοῖ δὲ Ὅμηρος, ὃς βασιλεῦσι κλίνας μὲν καὶ οἰκίας τοῖς εὐδαιμονεστέροις αὐτῶν ἐλέφαντι ἐποίησε κεκοσμημένας, θηρίου δὲ ἐλέφαντος μνήμην οὐδεμίαν ἐποιήσατο· θεασάμενος δὲ ἢ πεπυσμένος ἐμνημόνευσεν ἂν πολύ γε πρότερον ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἢ Πυγμαίων τε ἀνδρῶν καὶ γεράνων μάχης.
Ὅμηρος is the matrix subject; ὃς introduces a relative clause with coordinated accusative objects κλίνας/οἰκίας and participial predicate κεκοσμημένας. The final ἢ-phrase compares the anticipated recollection, with δοκεῖν as an infinitival parenthetic expression; attachment of some particles is necessarily interpretive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | δηλοῖ | δηλόω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 δηλοῖ | cc | high | |
| 3 | Ὅμηρος | Ὅμηρος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 δηλοῖ | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 δηλοῖ | punct | high | |
| 5 | ὃς | ὅς | PRON | P-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 15 ἐποίησε | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | βασιλεῦσι | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐποίησε | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/association. |
| 7 | κλίνας | κλίνη | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 ἐποίησε | obj | high | |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PRT | _ | 7 κλίνας | advmod | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 οἰκίας | cc | high | |
| 10 | οἰκίας | οἰκία | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 κλίνας | conj | high | |
| 11 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 εὐδαιμονεστέροις | det | high | |
| 12 | εὐδαιμονεστέροις | εὐδαίμων | ADJ | A-DPM-C | Case=Dat|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐποίησε | obl | high | Substantivized comparative. |
| 13 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 12 εὐδαιμονεστέροις | nmod | high | |
| 14 | ἐλέφαντι | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 κεκοσμημένας | obl | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 15 | ἐποίησε | ποιέω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 5 ὃς | acl:relcl | high | |
| 16 | κεκοσμημένας | κοσμέω | VERB | V-RMP-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 15 ἐποίησε | xcomp | high | Predicative perfect participle agreeing with κλίνας and οἰκίας. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐποίησε | punct | high | |
| 18 | θηρίου | θηρίον | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 μνήμην | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on μνήμην. |
| 19 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 μνήμην | cc | high | |
| 20 | ἐλέφαντος | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 θηρίου | nmod | high | Specifies θηρίου. |
| 21 | μνήμην | μνήμη | NOUN | N-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐποιήσατο | obj | high | |
| 22 | οὐδεμίαν | οὐδείς | DET | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Neg | 21 μνήμην | det | high | |
| 23 | ἐποιήσατο | ποιέω | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Mid | 15 ἐποίησε | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐποίησε. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐποίησε | punct | high | |
| 25 | θεασάμενος | θεάομαι | VERB | V-AMP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 29 ἐμνημόνευσεν | advcl | high | Aorist participle with Homer as understood subject. |
| 26 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 29 ἐμνημόνευσεν | cc | high | |
| 27 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 28 πεπυσμένος | cc | high | Coordinates participles. |
| 28 | πεπυσμένος | πυνθάνομαι | VERB | V-RMP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 25 θεασάμενος | conj | high | Perfect middle participle. |
| 29 | ἐμνημόνευσεν | μνημονεύω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 1 δηλοῖ | parataxis | high | Second finite clause after the semicolon. |
| 30 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | PRT | _ | 29 ἐμνημόνευσεν | advmod | high | Potential modal particle. |
| 31 | πολύ | πολύς | ADV | ADV | Degree=Pos | 33 πρότερον | advmod | high | Adverbial extent modifying πρότερον. |
| 32 | γε | γε | PART | PRT | _ | 31 πολύ | advmod | medium | Emphatic particle. |
| 33 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | ADV-C | Degree=Cmp | 29 ἐμνημόνευσεν | advmod | high | |
| 34 | ἐμοὶ | ἐγώ | PRON | P-DSM | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 35 δοκεῖν | obl | high | Dative with δοκεῖν. |
| 35 | δοκεῖν | δοκέω | VERB | V-PAN | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 29 ἐμνημόνευσεν | parataxis | medium | Parenthetic infinitive, ‘as it seems to me’; attachment is interpretive. |
| 36 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 29 ἐμνημόνευσεν | cc | high | Introduces the comparative complement. |
| 37 | Πυγμαίων | Πυγμαῖος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 39 ἀνδρῶν | nmod | high | |
| 38 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 37 Πυγμαίων | cc | high | |
| 39 | ἀνδρῶν | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 42 μάχης | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on μάχης. |
| 40 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 41 γεράνων | cc | high | |
| 41 | γεράνων | γέρανος | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 42 μάχης | nmod | high | Coordinated genitive dependent on μάχης. |
| 42 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | N-GFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 ἢ | obl | high | Genitive comparative complement after ἤ. |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 ἐμνημόνευσεν | punct | high |