Grammar parses for passage 1.12.4
Open translation for this passage
ἐλέφαντα γάρ, ὅσος μὲν ἐς ἔργα καὶ ἀνδρῶν χεῖρας, εἰσὶν ἐκ παλαιοῦ δῆλοι πάντες εἰδότες· αὐτὰ δὲ τὰ θηρία, πρὶν ἢ διαβῆναι Μακεδόνας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν, οὐδὲ ἑωράκεσαν ἀρχὴν πλὴν Ἰνδῶν τε αὐτῶν καὶ Λιβύων καὶ ὅσοι πλησιόχωροι τούτοις.
The sentence has two main finite clauses (εἰσὶν ... and ἑωράκεσαν ...), with several elliptical/partitive constructions; the final relative phrase ὅσοι πλησιόχωροι τούτοις likely depends on an implied copula.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐλέφαντα | ἐλέφας | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 εἰσὶν | obj | medium | Likely object of implied/understood verbal sense with ὅσος clause; syntactic attachment is somewhat uncertain. |
| 2 | γάρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 12 εἰσὶν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 εἰσὶν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 4 | ὅσος | ὅσος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 εἰσὶν | nsubj | medium | Correlative adjective introducing the first clause; number/gender agreement with implied subject sense is uncertain. |
| 5 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 4 ὅσος | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 7 ἔργα | case | high | Preposition. |
| 7 | ἔργα | ἔργον | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 εἰσὶν | obl | high | Prepositional complement. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 9 ἀνδρῶν | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 9 | ἀνδρῶν | ἀνήρ | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 χεῖρας | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of χεῖρας. |
| 10 | χεῖρας | χείρ | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ἔργα | conj | medium | Coordinated with ἔργα in the prepositional phrase. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 εἰσὶν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 12 | εἰσὶν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular/root verb for the first clause. |
| 13 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | _ | 14 παλαιοῦ | case | high | Preposition. |
| 14 | παλαιοῦ | παλαιός | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 εἰσὶν | obl | medium | Adverbial genitive with ἐκ, 'from of old'. |
| 15 | δῆλοι | δῆλος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 εἰσὶν | xcomp | high | Predicative complement with εἰσίν. |
| 16 | πάντες | πᾶς | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 εἰδότες | nsubj | high | Subject of εἰδότες. |
| 17 | εἰδότες | οἶδα | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 εἰσὶν | advcl | high | Participial clause modifying the main predication. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 εἰσὶν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 19 | αὐτὰ | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 θηρία | det | medium | Likely intensive/determiner-like with τὰ θηρία. |
| 20 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 22 θηρία | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 21 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 θηρία | det | high | Article. |
| 22 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἑωράκεσαν. |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 24 | πρὶν | πρίν | SCONJ | _ | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | mark | high | Subordinating marker introducing temporal clause. |
| 25 | ἢ | ἤ | SCONJ | _ | _ | 26 διαβῆναι | mark | high | Paired with πρίν. |
| 26 | διαβῆναι | διαβαίνω | VERB | _ | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | advcl | high | Infinitival temporal clause. |
| 27 | Μακεδόνας | Μακεδών | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 διαβῆναι | obj | high | Object of διαβῆναι. |
| 28 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | _ | _ | 29 τὴν | case | high | Preposition. |
| 29 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 Ἀσίαν | det | high | Article. |
| 30 | Ἀσίαν | Ἀσία | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 διαβῆναι | obl | high | Prepositional complement. |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 32 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | PART | _ | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | advmod | high | Negative coordinating particle. |
| 33 | ἑωράκεσαν | ὁράω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Root of second main clause. |
| 34 | ἀρχὴν | ἀρχή | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | obl | medium | Adverbial accusative, 'at all / from the beginning'. |
| 35 | πλὴν | πλήν | ADP | _ | _ | 36 Ἰνδῶν | case | high | Exceptive marker. |
| 36 | Ἰνδῶν | Ἰνδός | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | obl | high | Exceptive genitive complement. |
| 37 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 36 Ἰνδῶν | cc | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 38 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 36 Ἰνδῶν | det | medium | Intensive pronoun modifying Ἰνδῶν. |
| 39 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 40 Λιβύων | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 40 | Λιβύων | Λιβύη | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 36 Ἰνδῶν | conj | high | Coordinated with Ἰνδῶν in the exceptive phrase. |
| 41 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 42 ὅσοι | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 42 | ὅσοι | ὅσος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 43 πλησιόχωροι | nsubj | high | Head of final relative clause. |
| 43 | πλησιόχωροι | πλησιόχωρος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | advcl | medium | Predicative/adjectival clause with implicit εἰσί(ν) or ellipsis. |
| 44 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 43 πλησιόχωροι | obl | high | Dative complement of πλησιόχωροι. |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 ἑωράκεσαν | punct | high | Punctuation. |