Pausanias Analysis

Passage 1.12.4

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Passage 1.12.4: Greeks knew ivory but hadn't seen elephants before the Macedonian invasion of Asia.

Historical Skeptical

Greek Text

ἐλέφαντα γάρ, ὅσος μὲν ἐς ἔργα καὶ ἀνδρῶν χεῖρας, εἰσὶν ἐκ παλαιοῦ δῆλοι πάντες εἰδότες· αὐτὰ δὲ τὰ θηρία, πρὶν ἢ διαβῆναι Μακεδόνας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν, οὐδὲ ἑωράκεσαν ἀρχὴν πλὴν Ἰνδῶν τε αὐτῶν καὶ Λιβύων καὶ ὅσοι πλησιόχωροι τούτοις. δηλοῖ δὲ Ὅμηρος, ὃς βασιλεῦσι κλίνας μὲν καὶ οἰκίας τοῖς εὐδαιμονεστέροις αὐτῶν ἐλέφαντι ἐποίησε κεκοσμημένας, θηρίου δὲ ἐλέφαντος μνήμην οὐδεμίαν ἐποιήσατο· θεασάμενος δὲ ἢ πεπυσμένος ἐμνημόνευσεν ἂν πολύ γε πρότερον ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἢ Πυγμαίων τε ἀνδρῶν καὶ γεράνων μάχης.

English Translation

For ivory, at least so far as concerns its use in craftsmanship and human workmanship, has long been known clearly to everyone; yet as for the beasts themselves, no one, prior to the Macedonian invasion of Asia, had ever seen them at all, apart from the Indians themselves, the Libyans, and those neighboring them. Homer provides evidence for this, who made mention of kings having couches inlaid with ivory as well as houses adorned with it among the wealthiest men, but made no mention whatsoever of the beast itself—the elephant. Had he actually seen or even heard of it, it seems to me that he surely would have described it, and this long before the combat between the pygmy warriors and the cranes.

Proper Nouns

Libyans (Λίβυες) person
Macedonians (Μακεδόνες) person
Pygmies (Πυγμαῖοι) person
Indians (Ἰνδοί) person
Homer (Ὅμηρος) person
Asia (Ἀσία) place Q210718
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