Pausanias Analysis

Passage 1.4.1

← 1.3.5 1.4.2 →

Passage 1.4.1: The Galatai (Keltoi) invade Greece, reaching Thermopylae.

Historical Non-skeptical

Greek Text

οἱ δὲ Γαλάται οὗτοι νέμονται τῆς Εὐρώπης τὰ ἔσχατα ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ πολλῇ καὶ ἐς τὰ πέρατα οὐ πλωίμῳ, παρέχεται δὲ ἄμπωτιν καὶ ῥαχίαν καὶ θηρία οὐδὲν ἐοικότα τοῖς ἐν θαλάσσῃ τῇ λοιπῇ· καί σφισι διὰ τῆς χώρας ῥεῖ ποταμὸς Ἠριδανός, ἐφʼ ᾧ τὰς θυγατέρας τὰς Ἡλίου ὀδύρεσθαι νομίζουσι τὸ περὶ τὸν Φαέθοντα τὸν ἀδελφὸν πάθος. ὀψὲ δέ ποτε αὐτοὺς καλεῖσθαι Γαλάτας ἐξενίκησεν· Κελτοὶ γὰρ κατά τε σφᾶς τὸ ἀρχαῖον καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὠνομάζοντο. συλλεγεῖσα δέ σφισι στρατιὰ τρέπεται τὴν ἐπὶ Ἰονίου, καὶ τό τε Ἰλλυριῶν ἔθνος καὶ πᾶν ὅσον ἄχρι Μακεδόνων ᾤκει καὶ Μακεδόνας αὐτοὺς ἀναστάτους ἐποίησε Θεσσαλίαν τε ἐπέδραμε. καὶ ὡς ἐγγὺς Θερμοπυλῶν ἐγίνοντο, ἐνταῦθα οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐς τὴν ἔφοδον ἡσύχαζον τῶν βαρβάρων, ἅτε ὑπὸ Ἀλεξάνδρου μεγάλως καὶ Φιλίππου κακωθέντες πρότερον· καθεῖλε δὲ καὶ Ἀντίπατρος καὶ Κάσσανδρος ὕστερον τὸ Ἑλληνικόν, ὥστε ἕκαστοι διʼ ἀσθένειαν οὐδὲν αἰσχρὸν ἐνόμιζον ἀπεῖναι τὸ κατὰ σφᾶς τῆς βοηθείας.

English Translation

These Galatai dwell at the furthest reaches of Europe, near a vast sea whose extremities cannot be navigated. This sea produces tides of ebbing and flowing, and contains beasts unlike any found in other seas. Through their country flows the river Eridanos, on the banks of which they say the daughters of Helios lament the fate of their brother Phaethon. Only at a much later time did the name Galatai prevail for these people; formerly they were called Keltoi, both by themselves and among other peoples. Having assembled an army, they turned towards the Ionian Sea, ravaged the Illyrians and everything inhabited as far as the Macedonians, caused devastation among the Macedonians themselves, and invaded Thessaly. When they approached Thermopylae, most Greeks were indifferent to the barbarians' incursion, because previously they had suffered greatly under Alexander and Philip, and afterwards Antipater and Cassander had further suppressed Greece, with the result that, through weakness, each city considered it no dishonor to neglect sending aid for the common defense.

Proper Nouns

Helios (Ἥλιος) deity
Hellenic (Ἑλληνικόν) other
Galatians (Γαλάται) person
Cassander (Κάσσανδρος) person
Celts (Κελτοί) person
Macedonians (Μακεδόνες) person
Philip (Φίλιππος) person
Phaethon (Φαέθων) person
Also in: 1.3.1 2.3.2
Alexander (Ἀλέξανδρος) person
Antipater (Ἀντίπατρος) person
Hellenes (Ἕλληνες) person
Illyrians (Ἰλλυριοί) person
Europe (Εὐρώπη) place Q46 Pleiades
Thermopylae (Θερμοπύλαι) place Q194450 Pleiades
Thessaly (Θεσσαλία) place Q1247568
Eridanus (Ἠριδανός) place Q643
Ionian (Sea) (Ἰόνιον) place Q37495 Pleiades
← 1.3.5 1.4.2 →