Grammar parses for passage 1.12.5
Open translation for this passage
Καρχηδόνιοι γὰρ διαβάντες τὰς Ἑλληνίidas τῶν πόλεων ἐποίουν ἀναστάτους, ἣ δὲ ἦν λοιπή, Συρακούσαις πολιορκοῦντες προσεκάθηντο.
The clause structure is somewhat loose: ἐποίουν is the main verb, with a relative clause introduced by ἣ δὲ ἦν λοιπή, and a final participial phrase with προσεκάθηντο; tokenization of Ἑλληνίδας is corrupted into several fragments.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Καρχηδόνιοι | Καρχηδόνιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐποίουν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐποίουν. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 12 ἐποίουν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | διαβάντες | διαβαίνω | VERB | PAP-A-NPM | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 ἐποίουν | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle; exact aspect coding uncertain. |
| 4 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 πόλεων | det | high | Article modifying πόλεων. |
| 5 | Ἑλληνί | Ἑλληνίς | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 πόλεων | amod | low | Tokenization splits the expected adjective Ἑλληνίδας; analyzed as part of modifier of πόλεων. |
| 6 | i | i | X | _ | _ | 11 πόλεων | flat | low | Likely fragment of Ἑλληνίδας due to tokenization. |
| 7 | d | d | X | _ | _ | 11 πόλεων | flat | low | Likely fragment of Ἑλληνίδας due to tokenization. |
| 8 | a | a | X | _ | _ | 11 πόλεων | flat | low | Likely fragment of Ἑλληνίδας due to tokenization. |
| 9 | s | s | X | _ | _ | 11 πόλεων | flat | low | Likely fragment of Ἑλληνίδας due to tokenization. |
| 10 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 πόλεων | det | high | Article modifying πόλεων. |
| 11 | πόλεων | πόλις | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 τὰς | nmod | high | Genitive complement of τὰς ... Ἑλληνίδας. |
| 12 | ἐποίουν | ποιέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate. |
| 13 | ἀναστάτους | ἀνάστατος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐποίουν | obj | high | Predicative/object complement of ἐποίουν. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐποίουν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 15 | ἣ | ὅς | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 17 ἦν | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun referring to a feminine antecedent. |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 17 ἦν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 17 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 12 ἐποίουν | parataxis | high | Introduces relative clause. |
| 18 | λοιπή | λοιπός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἦν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with ἦν. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἦν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 20 | Συρακούσαις | Συρακούσαι | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 22 προσεκάθηντο | obl | high | Dative complement with πολιορκοῦντες. |
| 21 | πολιορκοῦντες | πολιορκέω | VERB | PAP-P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 22 προσεκάθηντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying προσεκάθηντο. |
| 22 | προσεκάθηντο | προσεκάζομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 17 ἦν | parataxis | low | Likely intended προσεκάθηντο from προσκαθέζομαι/προσκαθέζω; form and lemma uncertain. |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐποίουν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ἃ τῶν πρέσβεων Πύρρος ἀκούων Τάραντα μὲν εἴα καὶ τοὺς τὴν ἀκτὴν ἔχοντας Ἰταλιωτῶν, ἐς δὲ τὴν Σικελίαν διαβὰς Καρχηδονίους ἠνάγκασεν ἀπαναστῆναι Συρακουσῶν.
The sentence has two coordinated main clauses with participial modifiers; ἔχοντας is syntactically somewhat uncertain and treated as a participial modifier of the second object phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἃ | ὅς | PRON | PREL | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 εἴα | obj | high | Relative pronoun, object of ἀκούων. |
| 2 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | X | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 πρέσβεων | det | high | Article modifying πρέσβεων. |
| 3 | πρέσβεων | πρέσβις | NOUN | N- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἃ | nmod | high | Partitive genitive with ἃ. |
| 4 | Πύρρος | Πύρρος | PROPN | N- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 εἴα | nsubj | high | Subject of εἴα. |
| 5 | ἀκούων | ἀκούω | VERB | V- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 εἴα | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle. |
| 6 | Τάραντα | Τάρας | PROPN | N- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 εἴα | obj | high | Direct object of εἴα. |
| 7 | μὲν | μέν | PART | T- | _ | 6 Τάραντα | discourse | medium | Correlative particle. |
| 8 | εἴα | ἐάω | VERB | V- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 8 εἴα | cc | high | Coordinates the second object phrase with the first. |
| 10 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | X | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἔχοντας | det | high | Article modifying ἔχοντας. |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | X | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἀκτὴν | det | high | Article modifying ἀκτὴν. |
| 12 | ἀκτὴν | ἀκτή | NOUN | N- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἔχοντας | obj | high | Object of ἔχοντας. |
| 13 | ἔχοντας | ἔχω | VERB | V- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 6 Τάραντα | appos | medium | Attributive participle modifying Ἰταλιωτῶν; relation approximated as appos/amod-like. |
| 14 | Ἰταλιωτῶν | Ἰταλιώτης | NOUN | N- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἔχοντας | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἔχοντας, likely possessive/partitive. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 εἴα | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R- | _ | 19 Σικελίαν | case | high | Preposition governing Σικελίαν. |
| 17 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G- | _ | 22 ἠνάγκασεν | discourse | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 18 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | X | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 Σικελίαν | det | high | Article modifying Σικελίαν. |
| 19 | Σικελίαν | Σικελία | PROPN | N- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 διαβὰς | obl | high | Object of the preposition ἐς. |
| 20 | διαβὰς | διαβαίνω | VERB | V- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 22 ἠνάγκασεν | advcl | high | Aorist participle, prior action. |
| 21 | Καρχηδονίους | Καρχηδόνιος | PROPN | N- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ἠνάγκασεν | obj | high | Direct object of ἠνάγκασεν. |
| 22 | ἠνάγκασεν | ἀναγκάζω | VERB | V- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of second clause. |
| 23 | ἀπαναστῆναι | ἀπαναστῆναι | VERB | V- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 22 ἠνάγκασεν | xcomp | high | Complement infinitive of ἠνάγκασεν. |
| 24 | Συρακουσῶν | Συρακοῦσαι | PROPN | N- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 23 ἀπαναστῆναι | obl | high | Genitive with ἀπαναστῆναι, likely source/goal depending construction. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 22 ἠνάγκασεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
φρονήσας δὲ ἐφʼ αὑτῷ Καρχηδονίων, οἳ θαλάσσης τῶν τότε βαρβάρων μάλιστα εἶχον ἐμπείρως Τύριοι Φοίνικες τὸ ἀρχαῖον ὄντες, τούτων ἐναντία ἐπήρθη ναυμαχῆσαι τοῖς Ἠπειρώταις χρώμενος, οἳ μηδὲ ἁλούσης Ἰλίου θάλασσαν οἱ πολλοὶ μηδὲ ἁλσὶν ἠπίσταντό πω χρῆσθαι.
Main participial frame modifies the implied subject of ἐπήρθη; relative clauses explain Καρχηδόνιοι and later οἳ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φρονήσας | φρονέω | VERB | AOR_ACT_PTCP_NOM_SG_MASC | Aspect=Perf?|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 ἐπήρθη | advcl | medium | Aorist active participle, nominative masculine singular; adverbial participle to ἐπήρθη. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 23 ἐπήρθη | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐφʼ | ἐπί | ADP | _ | _ | 4 αὑτῷ | case | high | Elided preposition. |
| 4 | αὑτῷ | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | PRON_PERS_REFLEX_DAT_SG_MASC | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 1 φρονήσας | obl | medium | Reflexive pronoun; governed by ἐπί. |
| 5 | Καρχηδονίων | Καρχηδόνιος | PROPN | NOUN_PROPN_Gen_Pl_Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 εἶχον | nsubj | medium | Genitive subject-like dependent in the relative clause; syntax somewhat compressed. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἐπήρθη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 7 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | PRON_REL_NOM_PL_MASC | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 13 εἶχον | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun. |
| 8 | θαλάσσης | θάλασσα | NOUN | NOUN_Gen_Sg_Fem | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 εἶχον | obl | high | Genitive dependent with εἶχον. |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | DET_ART_Gen_Pl_MascNeut | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 βαρβάρων | det | high | Article modifying βαρβάρων. |
| 10 | τότε | τότε | ADV | _ | _ | 11 βαρβάρων | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 11 | βαρβάρων | βάρβαρος | NOUN | NOUN_Gen_Pl_Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 θαλάσσης | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of θαλάσσης. |
| 12 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | _ | _ | 13 εἶχον | advmod | high | Degree adverb. |
| 13 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | IMPF_ACT_IND_3PL | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 7 οἳ | acl:relcl | high | Finite verb of the relative clause. |
| 14 | ἐμπείρως | ἐμπείρως | ADV | _ | _ | 13 εἶχον | advmod | high | Adverb modifying εἶχον. |
| 15 | Τύριοι | Τύριος | ADJ | ADJ_Nom_Pl_Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 Φοίνικες | amod | high | Attributive adjective in apposition-like ethnic compound. |
| 16 | Φοίνικες | Φοῖνιξ | NOUN | NOUN_Nom_Pl_Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 εἶχον | nsubj | high | Predicative/appositional subject within the relative clause. |
| 17 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | DET_ART_Acc_Sg_Neut | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἀρχαῖον | det | high | Article. |
| 18 | ἀρχαῖον | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | ADJ_Acc_Sg_Neut | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 ὄντες | obj | medium | Accusative neuter as internal complement/accusative of respect with ὄντες. |
| 19 | ὄντες | εἰμί | AUX | AUX_PTCP_PRES_ACT_NOM_PL_MASC | Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 16 Φοίνικες | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἐπήρθη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 21 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | PRON_DEM_Gen_Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 24 ναυμαχῆσαι | obj | medium | Likely dependent on ἐναντία as substantive 'against these'; syntax compressed. |
| 22 | ἐναντία | ἐναντίος | ADJ | ADJ_Acc_Pl_Neut | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 ναυμαχῆσαι | obj | medium | Neuter plural used adverbially/substantively 'against'. |
| 23 | ἐπήρθη | ἐπαίρω | VERB | AOR_PASS_IND_3SG | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 24 | ναυμαχῆσαι | ναυμαχέω | VERB | AOR_ACT_INFN | Aspect=Perf?|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 23 ἐπήρθη | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive. |
| 25 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | DET_ART_Dat_Pl_MascNeut | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 Ἠπειρώταις | det | high | Article. |
| 26 | Ἠπειρώταις | Ἠπειρώτης | NOUN | NOUN_Dat_Pl_Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 χρώμενος | obl | high | Dative complement of χρώμενος. |
| 27 | χρώμενος | χράομαι | VERB | PRES_MID_PTCP_NOM_SG_MASC | Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 23 ἐπήρθη | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle. |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἐπήρθη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 29 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | PRON_REL_NOM_PL_MASC | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 38 ἠπίσταντό | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun. |
| 30 | μηδὲ | μηδέ | PART | _ | _ | 38 ἠπίσταντό | advmod | medium | Negative connective/particle. |
| 31 | ἁλούσης | ἁλίσκομαι | VERB | AOR_ACT_PTCP_GEN_SG_FEM | Aspect=Perf?|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 33 θάλασσαν | advcl | medium | Likely participle with Ἰλίου; form is awkward for expected intransitive sense. |
| 32 | Ἰλίου | Ἴλιον | PROPN | NOUN_Acc_Sg_Neut | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 ἁλούσης | nsubj | high | Genitive in participial clause; classical genitive absolute sense. |
| 33 | θάλασσαν | θάλασσα | NOUN | NOUN_Acc_Sg_Fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 38 ἠπίσταντό | obj | high | Object of χρῆσθαι. |
| 34 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | DET_ART_Nom_Pl_Masc | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 35 πολλοὶ | det | high | Article. |
| 35 | πολλοὶ | πολύς | ADJ | ADJ_Nom_Pl_Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 38 ἠπίσταντό | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective. |
| 36 | μηδὲ | μηδέ | PART | _ | _ | 38 ἠπίσταντό | advmod | medium | Negative connective/particle. |
| 37 | ἁλσὶν | ἅλς | NOUN | NOUN_Dat_Pl_Fem | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 40 χρῆσθαι | obl | high | Dative complement with χρῆσθαι. |
| 38 | ἠπίσταντό | ἐπίσταμαι | VERB | IMPF_MID_IND_3PL | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 29 οἳ | acl:relcl | high | Finite verb of the relative clause. |
| 39 | πω | πω | PART | _ | _ | 38 ἠπίσταντό | advmod | high | Enclitic modal particle/adverb. |
| 40 | χρῆσθαι | χράομαι | VERB | PRES_MID_INF | Aspect=Imp|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 38 ἠπίσταντό | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive. |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἐπήρθη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
μαρτυρεῖ δέ μοι καὶ Ὁμήρου ἔπος ἐν Ὀδυσσείᾳ·
Simple clause with a subject noun phrase headed by ἔπος; καὶ likely coordinates Ὁμήρου with an implicit prior genitive relation or serves as emphatic particle-like coordination.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μαρτυρεῖ | μαρτυρέω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P-P---DS- | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | iobj | high | Dative of indirect object/recipient. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 5 Ὁμήρου | cc | high | Connects Ὁμήρου with implied prior genitive element or adds emphatic coordination. |
| 5 | Ὁμήρου | Ὅμηρος | PROPN | N-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἔπος | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of ἔπος. |
| 6 | ἔπος | ἔπος | NOUN | N-S---NN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | nsubj | high | Subject of μαρτυρεῖ. |
| 7 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 8 Ὀδυσσείᾳ | case | high | Introduces prepositional phrase. |
| 8 | Ὀδυσσείᾳ | Ὀδύσσεια | PROPN | N-S---FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | obl | high | Locative/dative object of ἐν. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |