Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 1.13.1

← 1.12.5 1.13.2 →

Passage 1.13.1

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2sentences parsed

113Greek tokens

2,260input tokens

7,571output tokens

Sentence 2

1.13.1 sentence 2

Tokens: 69
Input: 1,233
Output: 4,416
Total: 5,649

ὡς ἐπανήκων ἐκ Σικελίας ἡττήθη, πρῶτον διέπεμπε γράμματα ἔς τε τὴν Ἀσίαν καὶ πρὸς Ἀντίγονον, τοὺς μὲν στρατιὰν τῶν βασιλέων, τοὺς δὲ χρήματα, Ἀντίγονον δὲ καὶ ἀμφότερα αἰτῶν· ἀφικομένων δὲ τῶν ἀγγέλων, ὥς οἱ γράμματα ἀπεδόθη, συναγαγὼν τοὺς ἐν τέλει τῶν τε ἐξ Ἠπείρου καὶ τῶν Ταραντίνων, ὧν μὲν εἶχε τὰ βιβλία ἀνεγίνωσκεν οὐδέν, ὁ δὲ ἥξειν συμμαχίαν ἔλεγε.

Multiple participial and relative/genitive-absolute constructions attach to the main narrative verbs; some particle relations and the ὁ δὲ phrase are mildly uncertain.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ὡς	ὡς	SCONJ	_	_	5 ἡττήθη	mark	high	introduces temporal/circumstantial clause
2	ἐπανήκων	ἐπανήκω	VERB	PAPMSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	5 ἡττήθη	advcl	high	participle modifying the subject of ἡττήθη
3	ἐκ	ἐκ	ADP	_	_	4 Σικελίας	case	high
4	Σικελίας	Σικελία	PROPN	NNFSG	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	2 ἐπανήκων	obl	high	complement of ἐπανήκων
5	ἡττήθη	ἡττάω	VERB	API3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Pass	0 ROOT	root	high	main verb of first clause
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	5 ἡττήθη	punct	high
7	πρῶτον	πρῶτον	ADV	_	_	8 διέπεμπε	advmod	high
8	διέπεμπε	διαπέμπω	VERB	IAI3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	5 ἡττήθη	conj	high	second main verb in narrative sequence
9	γράμματα	γράμμα	NOUN	N-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	8 διέπεμπε	obj	high
10	ἔς	εἰς	ADP	_	_	13 Ἀσίαν	case	high	orthographic variant of εἰς
11	τε	τε	PART	_	_	10 ἔς	advmod	low	correlative particle with καί; relation approximate
12	τὴν	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	13 Ἀσίαν	det	high
13	Ἀσίαν	Ἀσία	PROPN	NNFSA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	8 διέπεμπε	obl	high
14	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	15 πρὸς	cc	high
15	πρὸς	πρός	ADP	_	_	16 Ἀντίγονον	case	high
16	Ἀντίγονον	Ἀντίγονος	PROPN	NNMSA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	8 διέπεμπε	obl	high
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	8 διέπεμπε	punct	high
18	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	20 στρατιὰν	det	high
19	μὲν	μέν	PART	_	_	18 τοὺς	discourse	medium	paired with δὲ later
20	στρατιὰν	στρατιά	NOUN	NNFSA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	8 διέπεμπε	obj	high	first coordinated object of αἰτῶν
21	τῶν	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	22 βασιλέων	det	high
22	βασιλέων	βασιλεύς	NOUN	NNMGP	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	20 στρατιὰν	nmod	high
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	20 στρατιὰν	punct	high
24	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	26 χρήματα	det	high
25	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	24 τοὺς	discourse	medium	paired with μὲν
26	χρήματα	χρήματα	NOUN	NNAPN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	8 διέπεμπε	obj	high	second coordinated object of αἰτῶν
27	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	20 στρατιὰν	punct	high
28	Ἀντίγονον	Ἀντίγονος	PROPN	NNMSA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	32 αἰτῶν	obj	high	object of αἰτῶν
29	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	28 Ἀντίγονον	discourse	medium
30	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	31 ἀμφότερα	cc	high
31	ἀμφότερα	ἀμφότερος	ADJ	A-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	28 Ἀντίγονον	conj	high	coordinated with Ἀντίγονον in sense 'both' / 'both kinds'
32	αἰτῶν	αἰτέω	VERB	PAPMSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	8 διέπεμπε	advcl	high	participial clause dependent on διέπεμπε
33	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	8 διέπεμπε	punct	high
34	ἀφικομένων	ἀφικνέομαι	VERB	PMPMGN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Mid	42 ἀπεδόθη	advcl	high	genitive absolute
35	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	34 ἀφικομένων	discourse	medium
36	τῶν	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	37 ἀγγέλων	det	high
37	ἀγγέλων	ἄγγελος	NOUN	NNMGP	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	34 ἀφικομένων	nsubj	high	subject of genitive absolute
38	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	42 ἀπεδόθη	punct	high
39	ὥς	ὡς	SCONJ	_	_	42 ἀπεδόθη	mark	high	introduces reported clause
40	οἱ	ὁ	PRON	_	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	42 ἀπεδόθη	iobj	medium	dative indirect object of ἀπεδόθη
41	γράμματα	γράμμα	NOUN	N-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	42 ἀπεδόθη	nsubj:pass	high
42	ἀπεδόθη	ἀποδίδωμι	VERB	API3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Pass	44 συναγαγὼν	advcl	high	clause dependent on συναγαγών
43	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	42 ἀπεδόθη	punct	high
44	συναγαγὼν	συνάγω	VERB	AAPMSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	68 ἔλεγε	advcl	high	participial clause modifying ἔλεγε
45	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	47 τέλει	det	high
46	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	_	_	47 τέλει	case	high
47	τέλει	τέλος	NOUN	N-DSN	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	45 τοὺς	nmod	high	part of phrase ἐν τέλει = 'in office' / 'among the leaders'
48	τῶν	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	54 Ταραντίνων	det	high
49	τε	τε	PART	_	_	50 ἐξ	advmod	low	paired with καί
50	ἐξ	ἐκ	ADP	_	_	51 Ἠπείρου	case	high
51	Ἠπείρου	Ἤπειρος	PROPN	NNFSG	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	47 τέλει	nmod	high
52	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	53 τῶν	cc	high
53	τῶν	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	54 Ταραντίνων	det	high
54	Ταραντίνων	Ταραντῖνος	PROPN	NNMGP	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	47 τέλει	nmod	high	coordinated genitive modifier
55	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	44 συναγαγὼν	punct	high
56	ὧν	ὅς	PRON	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	58 εἶχε	obj	medium	relative pronoun; exact syntactic role somewhat uncertain
57	μὲν	μέν	PART	_	_	56 ὧν	discourse	medium
58	εἶχε	ἔχω	VERB	IAI3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	61 ἀνεγίνωσκεν	advcl	high	protasis-like relative clause
59	τὰ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	60 βιβλία	det	high
60	βιβλία	βιβλίον	NOUN	NNAPN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	58 εἶχε	obj	high
61	ἀνεγίνωσκεν	ἀναγινώσκω	VERB	IAI3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	68 ἔλεγε	ccomp	high	complement clause after ἔλεγε
62	οὐδέν	οὐδείς	PRON	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	61 ἀνεγίνωσκεν	obj	high
63	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	61 ἀνεγίνωσκεν	punct	high
64	ὁ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	68 ἔλεγε	nsubj	high	article used substantively with implied noun? likely subject marker for δὲ phrase
65	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	64 ὁ	discourse	medium
66	ἥξειν	ἥκω	VERB	VFAAN	Tense=Fut\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	68 ἔλεγε	xcomp	high	infinitival complement of ἔλεγε
67	συμμαχίαν	συμμαχία	NOUN	NNFSA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	66 ἥξειν	obj	high
68	ἔλεγε	λέγω	VERB	IAI3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	main verb of final clause
69	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	68 ἔλεγε	punct	high

Sentence 3

1.13.1 sentence 3

Tokens: 44
Input: 1,027
Output: 3,155
Total: 4,182

ταχὺ δὲ καὶ ἐς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἦλθε φήμη Μακεδόνας καὶ ἄλλα ἔθνη περαιοῦσθαι τῶν Ἀσιανῶν ἐς τὴν Πύρρου βοήθειαν· Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν δὴ ταῦτα ἀκούοντες ἡσύχαζον, Πύρρος δὲ ὑπὸ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν περαιοῦται νύκτα πρὸς τὰ ἄκρα τῶν ὀρῶν, ἃ Κεραύνια ὀνομάζουσι.

The syntax is straightforward overall, but ὑπὸ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν περαιοῦται νύκτα is somewhat elliptical/idiomatic, with the temporal phrase expressed in an unusual form.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ταχὺ	ταχύς	ADV	ADV	_	7 ἦλθε	advmod	high	Adverbial modifier of the motion verb.
2	δὲ	δέ	PART	PTCL	_	7 ἦλθε	discourse	high	Postpositive connective particle.
3	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	4 ἐς	cc	high	Connects the prepositional phrase with previous discourse.
4	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	PREP	_	7 ἦλθε	obl	high	Preposition governing τοὺς Ῥωμαίους.
5	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	ART	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	6 Ῥωμαίους	det	high	Article with Ῥωμαίους.
6	Ῥωμαίους	Ῥωμαῖος	PROPN	NOUN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	4 ἐς	nmod	high	Object of ἐς.
7	ἦλθε	ἔρχομαι	VERB	VAI3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Main clause verb, with φήμη as subject.
8	φήμη	φήμη	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	7 ἦλθε	nsubj	high	Subject of ἦλθε.
9	Μακεδόνας	Μακεδών	PROPN	NOUN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	13 περαιοῦσθαι	nsubj	medium	Likely subject of the infinitive περαιοῦσθαι.
10	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	11 ἄλλα	cc	high	Coordinates with Μακεδόνας.
11	ἄλλα	ἄλλος	ADJ	ADJ	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	12 ἔθνη	amod	high	Modifies ἔθνη.
12	ἔθνη	ἔθνος	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	13 περαιοῦσθαι	nsubj	medium	Second coordinated subject of the infinitive.
13	περαιοῦσθαι	περαιόω	VERB	VPPN	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Mid	8 φήμη	ccomp	high	Infinitival content of the reported φήμη.
14	τῶν	ὁ	DET	ART	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	15 Ἀσιανῶν	det	high	Article with Ἀσιανῶν.
15	Ἀσιανῶν	Ἀσιανός	ADJ	ADJ	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	13 περαιοῦσθαι	nmod	high	Genitive dependent with περαιοῦσθαι, likely source/land from which they cross.
16	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	PREP	_	19 βοήθειαν	case	high	Preposition governing βοήθειαν.
17	τὴν	ὁ	DET	ART	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	19 βοήθειαν	det	high	Article with βοήθειαν.
18	Πύρρου	Πύρρος	PROPN	NOUN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	19 βοήθειαν	nmod	high	Genitive modifier of βοήθειαν.
19	βοήθειαν	βοήθεια	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	13 περαιοῦσθαι	obl	high	Prepositional phrase complement of the infinitive.
20	·	·	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	7 ἦλθε	punct	high	Sentence boundary punctuation.
21	Ῥωμαῖοι	Ῥωμαῖος	PROPN	NOUN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	26 ἡσύχαζον	nsubj	high	Subject of ἡσύχαζον.
22	μὲν	μέν	PART	PTCL	_	21 Ῥωμαῖοι	discourse	high	Correlative particle.
23	δὴ	δή	PART	PTCL	_	21 Ῥωμαῖοι	discourse	high	Emphatic particle.
24	ταῦτα	οὗτος	PRON	PDEM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	25 ἀκούοντες	obj	high	Object of ἀκούοντες.
25	ἀκούοντες	ἀκούω	VERB	VPPA	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	26 ἡσύχαζον	advcl	high	Participial clause modifying ἡσύχαζον.
26	ἡσύχαζον	ἡσυχάζω	VERB	VAI3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Root of the second clause.
27	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	26 ἡσύχαζον	punct	high	Punctuation.
28	Πύρρος	Πύρρος	PROPN	NOUN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	33 περαιοῦται	nsubj	high	Subject of περαιοῦται.
29	δὲ	δέ	PART	PTCL	_	33 περαιοῦται	discourse	high	Postpositive connective particle.
30	ὑπὸ	ὑπό	ADP	PREP	_	33 περαιοῦται	obl	medium	Adverbial preposition introducing temporal phrase; case government appears atypical here.
31	τὴν	ὁ	DET	ART	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	34 νύκτα	det	high	Article with νύκτα, not with ἐπιοῦσαν.
32	ἐπιοῦσαν	ἔπειμι	VERB	VPPA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	34 νύκτα	amod	high	Participial modifier of νύκτα.
33	περαιοῦται	περαιόω	VERB	VPI3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high	Main verb of the final clause.
34	νύκτα	νύξ	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	30 ὑπὸ	obl	high	Temporal complement of ὑπό.
35	πρὸς	πρός	ADP	PREP	_	33 περαιοῦται	obl	high	Preposition governing τὰ ἄκρα.
36	τὰ	ὁ	DET	ART	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	37 ἄκρα	det	high	Article with ἄκρα.
37	ἄκρα	ἄκρος	ADJ	ADJ	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	35 πρὸς	nmod	high	Substantivized adjective governed by πρὸς.
38	τῶν	ὁ	DET	ART	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	39 ὀρῶν	det	high	Article with ὀρῶν.
39	ὀρῶν	ὄρος	NOUN	NOUN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	37 ἄκρα	nmod	high	Genitive modifier of ἄκρα.
40	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	33 περαιοῦται	punct	high	Punctuation.
41	ἃ	ὅς	PRON	PRED	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	43 ὀνομάζουσι	obj	high	Relative pronoun object of ὀνομάζουσι.
42	Κεραύνια	Κεραύνιοι	PROPN	NOUN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	43 ὀνομάζουσι	xcomp	medium	Predicative name of the relative pronoun: 'they call [them] Keraunia'.
43	ὀνομάζουσι	ὀνομάζω	VERB	VPA3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	33 περαιοῦται	acl:relcl	high	Relative clause modifying ἄκρα.
44	.	.	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	33 περαιοῦται	punct	high	Sentence-final punctuation.

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