Grammar parses for passage 1.20.4
Open translation for this passage
ἐποιήθη δὲ καὶ δεύτερον, τὸ γὰρ ἀρχαῖον στρατηγὸς Ῥωμαίων ἐνέπρησε Σύλλας Ἀθήνας ἑλών.
The syntax is somewhat compressed: δεύτερον looks adverbial, and the opening clause ἐποιήθη δὲ καὶ δεύτερον is coordinated with the explanatory clause introduced by γάρ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐποιήθη | ποιέω | VERB | V-API-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 1 ἐποιήθη | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 4 δεύτερον | cc | medium | Connective with δεύτερον. |
| 4 | δεύτερον | δεύτερος | ADV | _ | Degree=Pos | 1 ἐποιήθη | advmod | medium | Likely adverbial 'for a second time'. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐποιήθη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 6 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 ἐνέπρησε | det | low | Article likely introducing τὸ ἀρχαῖον as an accusative phrase, but syntax is irregular. |
| 7 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 11 ἐνέπρησε | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 8 | ἀρχαῖον | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 στρατηγὸς | amod | high | Attributive adjective with στρατηγός or possibly substantivized phrase. |
| 9 | στρατηγὸς | στρατηγός | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐνέπρησε | nsubj | medium | Subject of ἐνέπρησε. |
| 10 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 στρατηγὸς | nmod | high | Genitive modifier 'of the Romans'. |
| 11 | ἐνέπρησε | ἐμπίπρημι | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 1 ἐποιήθη | conj | medium | Coordinated finite verb with ἐποιήθη. |
| 12 | Σύλλας | Σύλλας | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐνέπρησε | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐνέπρησε. |
| 13 | Ἀθήνας | Ἀθῆναι | PROPN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 ἐνέπρησε | obj | high | Direct object. |
| 14 | ἑλών | αἱρέω | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 Σύλλας | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying Σύλλας. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐποιήθη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
αἰτία δὲ ἥδε τοῦ πολέμου.
Copular verb is omitted; the clause is an equative nominal sentence with αἰτία as predicate and ἥδε as the subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αἰτία | αἰτία | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copula omitted; predicate nominative functioning as clause root. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 1 αἰτία | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ἥδε | ὅδε | PRON | PD | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 αἰτία | nsubj | high | Demonstrative pronoun agreeing with αἰτία. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 πολέμου | det | high | Article modifying πολέμου. |
| 5 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 αἰτία | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of αἰτία. |
| 6 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 αἰτία | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
Μιθριδάτης ἐβασίλευε βαρβάρων τῶν περὶ τὸν Πόντον τὸν Εὔξεινον.
The phrase τῶν περὶ τὸν Πόντον τὸν Εὔξεινον is a genitive phrase with a prepositional modifier; βαρβάρων is likely governed by the verb in a partitive/genitive-of-rule sense.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Μιθριδάτης | Μιθριδάτης | PROPN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 2 ἐβασίλευε | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐβασίλευε. |
| 2 | ἐβασίλευε | βασιλεύω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 3 | βαρβάρων | βάρβαρος | NOUN | N--GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 2 ἐβασίλευε | obj | medium | Genitive dependent with βασιλεύω; likely partitive/genitive of rule. |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-PPPFG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 βαρβάρων | det | high | Article modifying βαρβάρων. |
| 5 | περὶ | περί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 Πόντον | case | high | Preposition governing Πόντον. |
| 6 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 Πόντον | det | high | Article modifying Πόντον. |
| 7 | Πόντον | Πόντος | NOUN | N--ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 περὶ | obl | high | Object of περί in a prepositional phrase modifying βαρβάρων. |
| 8 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 Εὔξεινον | det | high | Article modifying Εὔξεινον. |
| 9 | Εὔξεινον | Εὔξεινος | ADJ | A--ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Πόντον | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying Πόντον. |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 ἐβασίλευε | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
πρόφασις μὲν δὴ διʼ ἥντινα Ῥωμαίοις ἐπολέμησε καὶ ὃν τρόπον ἐς τὴν Ἀσίαν διέβη καὶ ὅσας ἢ πολέμῳ βιασάμενος πόλεις ἔσχεν ἢ φίλας ἐποιήσατο, τάδε μὲν τοῖς ἐπίστασθαι τὰ Μιθριδάτου θέλουσι μελέτω·
The sentence contains a long series of relative clauses dependent on πρόφασις and then a main clause with an impersonal imperative μελέτω; τοῖς ἐπίστασθαι τὰ Μιθριδάτου θέλουσι is best analyzed as a dative phrase with an articular infinitive clause modifying the understood set of people concerned.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πρόφασις | πρόφασις | NOUN | _ | Case=Nominative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 33 μελέτω | nsubj | high | Subject of μελέτω by sense: 'the pretext'. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 1 πρόφασις | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | _ | _ | 1 πρόφασις | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | διʼ | διά | ADP | _ | Case=Accusative | 5 ἥντινα | case | high | Taking the relative pronoun in accusative sense ('because of which'/'for which'). |
| 5 | ἥντινα | ὅστις | PRON | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular|PronType=Rel | 7 ἐπολέμησε | obl | medium | Relative pronoun governed by διά; form could reflect attraction/ancient orthography. |
| 6 | Ῥωμαίοις | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | _ | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 7 ἐπολέμησε | obj | medium | Dative with πολεμέω in hostile relation: 'waged war against the Romans'. |
| 7 | ἐπολέμησε | πολεμέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 1 πρόφασις | acl:relcl | high | Relative clause modifying πρόφασις. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 14 διέβη | cc | high | Coordinator in a series. |
| 9 | ὃν | ὅς | PRON | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular|PronType=Rel | 10 τρόπον | det | medium | Relative modifier of τρόπον. |
| 10 | τρόπον | τρόπος | NOUN | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 14 διέβη | obl | high | Manner adjunct with διέβη. |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | Case=Accusative | 13 Ἀσίαν | case | high | Preposition. |
| 12 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular|PronType=Art | 13 Ἀσίαν | det | high | Article. |
| 13 | Ἀσίαν | Ἀσία | PROPN | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 14 διέβη | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 14 | διέβη | διαβαίνω | VERB | _ | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 1 πρόφασις | acl:relcl | high | Parallel relative clause. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 24 ἐποιήσατο | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 16 | ὅσας | ὅσος | DET | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Plural|PronType=Rel | 20 πόλεις | det | high | Correlative relative determiner modifying πόλεις. |
| 17 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 21 ἔσχεν | cc | high | Disjunctive coordinating conjunction. |
| 18 | πολέμῳ | πόλεμος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 19 βιασάμενος | obl | high | Instrument/means with participle. |
| 19 | βιασάμενος | βιάζω | VERB | _ | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Mood=Participle|Number=Singular|Tense=Aorist|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 21 ἔσχεν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying ἔσχεν. |
| 20 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Plural | 21 ἔσχεν | obj | high | Object of ἔσχεν. |
| 21 | ἔσχεν | ἔχω | VERB | _ | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 1 πρόφασις | acl:relcl | high | Main verb of second relative clause. |
| 22 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 24 ἐποιήσατο | cc | high | Disjunctive coordination. |
| 23 | φίλας | φίλος | ADJ | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Plural | 24 ἐποιήσατο | obj | medium | Predicative/adjectival object with ἐποιήσατο; could be adjectival complement. |
| 24 | ἐποιήσατο | ποιέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Middle | 21 ἔσχεν | conj | high | Conjunct of ἔσχεν, continuing the relative series. |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 μελέτω | punct | high | Comma. |
| 26 | τάδε | ὅδε | PRON | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural|PronType=Dem | 33 μελέτω | obj | high | Accusative object/fronted topic with μελέτω. |
| 27 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 26 τάδε | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 28 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural|PronType=Art | 32 θέλουσι | det | high | Article. |
| 29 | ἐπίστασθαι | ἐπίσταμαι | VERB | _ | Tense=Present|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Middle | 32 θέλουσι | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement to θέλουσι. |
| 30 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural|PronType=Art | 31 Μιθριδάτου | det | high | Article. |
| 31 | Μιθριδάτου | Μιθριδάτης | PROPN | _ | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 29 ἐπίστασθαι | obj | medium | Genitive of object/content with ἐπίστασθαι. |
| 32 | θέλουσι | θέλω | VERB | _ | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 33 μελέτω | nsubj | high | Subject of μελέτω via infinitival relative clause; 'those who wish'. |
| 33 | μελέτω | μέλω | VERB | _ | Mood=Imperative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate: 'let it be a care'. |
| 34 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 μελέτω | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ἐγὼ δὲ ὅσον ἐς τὴν ἅλωσιν τὴν Ἀθηναίων ἔχει δηλώσω.
The sequence ὅσον ἐς τὴν ἅλωσιν τὴν Ἀθηναίων ἔχει is syntactically tricky; I treat ἔχει as a periphrastic/auxiliary-like element dependent on δηλώσω, with ὅσον as an adverbial accusative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐγὼ | ἐγώ | PRON | Pp1s--- | Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 10 δηλώσω | nsubj | high | Subject of δηλώσω. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 10 δηλώσω | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὅσον | ὅσος | ADJ | Df--sa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἔχει | obj | medium | Likely adverbial accusative in the sense 'as far as' modifying ἔχει. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 ἅλωσιν | case | high | Preposition governing ἅλωσιν. |
| 5 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 ἅλωσιν | det | high | Article modifying ἅλωσιν. |
| 6 | ἅλωσιν | ἅλωσις | NOUN | N-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἔχει | obl | high | Object of preposition ἐς. |
| 7 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Ἀθηναίων | det | high | Article modifying Ἀθηναίων. |
| 8 | Ἀθηναίων | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἅλωσιν | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of ἅλωσιν, likely 'of the Athenians'. |
| 9 | ἔχει | ἔχω | VERB | V3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 10 δηλώσω | aux | medium | Auxiliary-like periphrastic use with δηλώσω; could also be full verb governing ὅσον. |
| 10 | δηλώσω | δηλόω | VERB | V1saia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 δηλώσω | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |