Grammar parses for passage 1.20.5
Open translation for this passage
ἦν Ἀριστίων Ἀθηναῖος, ᾧ Μιθριδάτης πρεσβεύειν ἐς τὰς πόλεις τὰς Ἑλληνίδας ἐχρῆτο·
The relative clause is headed by ἐχρῆτο; ᾧ is a dative relative referring to Ἀριστίων, while πρεσβεύειν is its complementary infinitive and Μιθριδάτης its subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | Ἀριστίων | Ἀριστίων | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 3 | Ἀθηναῖος | Ἀθηναῖος | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 2 Ἀριστίων | appos | high | Ethnic adjective used substantivally/appositionally. |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 5 | ᾧ | ὅς | PRON | P-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐχρῆτο | obl | medium | Relative dative, likely referring to Ἀριστίων and functioning as the person associated with ἐχρῆτο. |
| 6 | Μιθριδάτης | Μιθριδάτης | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐχρῆτο | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | πρεσβεύειν | πρεσβεύω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 ἐχρῆτο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive with ἐχρῆτο. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 10 πόλεις | case | high | |
| 9 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | D-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 πόλεις | det | high | |
| 10 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 πρεσβεύειν | obl | high | |
| 11 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | D-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 12 Ἑλληνίδας | det | high | |
| 12 | Ἑλληνίδας | Ἑλληνίς | ADJ | A-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 πόλεις | amod | high | Substantivally agreeing with πόλεις; second article is attributive/restrictive. |
| 13 | ἐχρῆτο | χράομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Mid | 1 ἦν | acl:relcl | high | Impersonal/idiomatic χράομαι with dative ᾧ and infinitive πρεσβεύειν. |
| 14 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἦν | punct | high |
οὗτος ἀνέπεισεν Ἀθηναίους Μιθριδάτην θέσθαι Ῥωμαίων ἐπίπροσθεν.
The infinitive θέσθαι is an object complement of ἀνέπεισεν; Μιθριδάτην is its accusative subject, with ἐπίπροσθεν and a genitive of comparison.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | PDMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 2 ἀνέπεισεν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | ἀνέπεισεν | ἀναπείθω | VERB | V3SAAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 3 | Ἀθηναίους | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A3PMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 2 ἀνέπεισεν | obj | high | |
| 4 | Μιθριδάτην | Μιθριδάτης | PROPN | A3SMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 θέσθαι | obj | high | |
| 5 | θέσθαι | τίθημι | VERB | VAMN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 2 ἀνέπεισεν | xcomp | high | Accusative-and-infinitive-like construction; Μιθριδάτην is the infinitive's accusative subject/object. |
| 6 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | A3PGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἐπίπροσθεν | obl | high | Genitive of comparison with ἐπίπροσθεν. |
| 7 | ἐπίπροσθεν | ἐπίπροσθεν | ADV | D | _ | 5 θέσθαι | advmod | medium | Adverb meaning 'in front of/ahead of'; governs or takes the genitive Ῥωμαίων. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 ἀνέπεισεν | punct | high |
ἀνέπεισε δὲ οὐ πάντας, ἀλλʼ ὅσον δῆμος ἦν καὶ δήμου τὸ ταραχῶδες· Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ ὧν τις λόγος, παρὰ τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἐκπίπτουσιν ἐθελονταί.
The passage contains an elliptical and difficult phrase, ὅσον δῆμος ἦν καὶ δήμου τὸ ταραχῶδες, and especially ὧν τις λόγος; attachments there are necessarily tentative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀνέπεισε | ἀναπείθω | VERB | V-3SIA | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 1 ἀνέπεισε | cc | high | |
| 3 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | Part | Polarity=Neg | 1 ἀνέπεισε | advmod | high | |
| 4 | πάντας | πᾶς | ADJ | A-PMAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἀνέπεισε | obj | high | Substantivized adjective. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀνέπεισε | punct | high | |
| 6 | ἀλλʼ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 1 ἀνέπεισε | cc | high | Elided form. |
| 7 | ὅσον | ὅσος | ADJ | A-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 δῆμος | advmod | medium | Correlative/quantitative accusative, introducing the following noun phrase. |
| 8 | δῆμος | δῆμος | NOUN | N-SMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 9 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-3SIIA | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 1 ἀνέπεισε | conj | medium | Elliptical/copular clause coordinated under ἀλλʼ; semantic relation is ‘as much as was the populace’. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 9 ἦν | cc | high | |
| 11 | δήμου | δῆμος | NOUN | N-SG | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ταραχῶδες | nmod:poss | high | |
| 12 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-SNA | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ταραχῶδες | det | high | |
| 13 | ταραχῶδες | ταραχώδης | ADJ | A-SNNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἦν | attr | medium | Substantivized adjective, ‘the turbulent element’; coordinated with δῆμος. |
| 14 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀνέπεισε | punct | high | |
| 15 | Ἀθηναῖοι | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | N-PMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἐκπίπτουσιν | nsubj | medium | Subject of ἐκπίπτουσιν; ethnonym used substantivally. |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 24 ἐκπίπτουσιν | cc | high | |
| 17 | ὧν | ὅς | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 λόγος | nmod | low | Relative/genitive form in a difficult parenthetical or elliptical phrase. |
| 18 | τις | τις | PRON | P-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 λόγος | nsubj | medium | Indefinite pronoun in the elliptical expression ὧν τις λόγος. |
| 19 | λόγος | λόγος | NOUN | N-SMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 ἐκπίπτουσιν | parataxis | low | Likely elliptical parenthetical expression; exact attachment and interpretation are uncertain. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἐκπίπτουσιν | punct | high | |
| 21 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | P | _ | 23 Ῥωμαίους | case | high | |
| 22 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-PMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 Ῥωμαίους | det | high | |
| 23 | Ῥωμαίους | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N-PMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἐκπίπτουσιν | obl | high | παρά with accusative: movement away/past the Romans. |
| 24 | ἐκπίπτουσιν | ἐκπίπτω | VERB | V-3PIPA | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 ἀνέπεισε | conj | high | |
| 25 | ἐθελονταί | ἐθελοντής | NOUN | N-PMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἐκπίπτουσιν | advcl | medium | Predicative/depictive participial-like noun/adjectival complement, ‘voluntarily’; syntactically difficult. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀνέπεισε | punct | high |
γενομένης δὲ μάχης πολλῷ περιῆσαν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι,
The opening genitive absolute means “when a battle had occurred”; πολλῷ is a dative of degree with περιῆσαν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γενομένης | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PA-P-3S | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 3 μάχης | acl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 περιῆσαν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 γενομένης | nsubj | high | Genitive subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 4 | πολλῷ | πολύς | ADJ | A-DSM | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 περιῆσαν | obl | medium | Dative of degree or measure modifying περιῆσαν. |
| 5 | περιῆσαν | πάρειμι | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect of περιέχω/πάρειμι in context: were superior. |
| 6 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 Ῥωμαῖοι | det | high | |
| 7 | Ῥωμαῖοι | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 περιῆσαν | nsubj | high | Substantivized ethnic noun, subject of περιῆσαν. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 περιῆσαν | punct | high |
καὶ φεύγοντας Ἀριστίωνα μὲν καὶ Ἀθηναίους ἐς τὸ ἄστυ καταδιώκουσιν, Ἀρχέλαον δὲ καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐς τὸν Πειραιᾶ·
The finite verb καταδιώκουσιν governs coordinated objects and destinations; φεύγοντας is an accusative plural present participle agreeing with the pursued groups, with the first object pair coordinated by μέν and the second by δέ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 10 καταδιώκουσιν | cc | high | |
| 2 | φεύγοντας | φεύγω | VERB | PAPtcpAccPl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 10 καταδιώκουσιν | advcl | medium | Predicative/circumstantial participle; its understood subject is the pursued groups. |
| 3 | Ἀριστίωνα | Ἀριστίων | PROPN | NameAccSg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 καταδιώκουσιν | obj | high | |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Part | _ | 3 Ἀριστίωνα | discourse | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 6 Ἀθηναίους | cc | high | |
| 6 | Ἀθηναίους | Ἀθηναῖος | NOUN | AdjAccPlMasc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 Ἀριστίωνα | conj | high | Coordinated with Ἀριστίωνα as object. |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | Prep | _ | 9 ἄστυ | case | high | |
| 8 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | ArtAccSgNeut | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἄστυ | det | high | |
| 9 | ἄστυ | ἄστυ | NOUN | NAccSgNeut | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 καταδιώκουσιν | obl | high | Directional accusative governed by ἐς. |
| 10 | καταδιώκουσιν | καταδιώκω | VERB | PAI3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 καταδιώκουσιν | punct | high | |
| 12 | Ἀρχέλαον | Ἀρχέλαος | PROPN | NameAccSg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 καταδιώκουσιν | obj | high | |
| 13 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 12 Ἀρχέλαον | cc | high | Correlative contrast with μὲν. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 16 βαρβάρους | cc | high | |
| 15 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | ArtAccPlMasc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 βαρβάρους | det | high | |
| 16 | βαρβάρους | βάρβαρος | NOUN | AdjAccPlMasc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Ἀρχέλαον | conj | high | Coordinated with Ἀρχέλαον as object. |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | Prep | _ | 19 Πειραιᾶ | case | high | |
| 18 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | ArtAccSgMasc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 Πειραιᾶ | det | high | |
| 19 | Πειραιᾶ | Πειραιεύς | PROPN | NameAccSg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 καταδιώκουσιν | obl | high | Directional accusative governed by ἐς; proper-place name. |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 καταδιώκουσιν | punct | high |
Μιθριδάτου δὲ στρατηγὸς καὶ οὗτος ἦν, ὃν πρότερον τούτων Μάγνητες οἱ τὸν Σίπυλον οἰκοῦντες σφᾶς ἐπεκδραμόντα αὐτόν τε τιτρώσκουσι καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων φονεύουσι τοὺς πολλούς.
The relative clause modifies Μιθριδάτου's στρατηγός/οὗτος and has Μάγνητες as plural subject; ὃν is the shared personal object, with the coordinated verbs τιτρώσκουσι and φονεύουσι. The participle ἐπεκδραμόντα is interpreted as agreeing with ὃν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Μιθριδάτου | Μιθριδάτης | PROPN | N-gen;sg;masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 στρατηγὸς | nmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 ἦν | cc | high | |
| 3 | στρατηγὸς | στρατηγός | NOUN | N-nom;sg;masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἦν | predicative | high | Predicate noun with εἰμί. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 οὗτος | cc | high | |
| 5 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | PD-nom;sg;masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 6 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-impf;ind;act;3sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 8 | ὃν | ὅς | PRON | RR-acc;sg;masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 20 τιτρώσκουσι | obj | high | Relative pronoun is object of τιτρώσκουσι; coordinated φονεύουσι also shares it. |
| 9 | πρότερον | πρότερον | ADV | ADV | _ | 17 ἐπεκδραμόντα | advmod | medium | Adverbial temporal modifier. |
| 10 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | PD-gen;pl;masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 9 πρότερον | obl | medium | Partitive/comparative genitive with πρότερον. |
| 11 | Μάγνητες | Μάγνης | PROPN | N-nom;pl;masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 τιτρώσκουσι | nsubj | high | Subject of the plural relative-clause verbs. |
| 12 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-nom;pl;masc | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 οἰκοῦντες | det | high | |
| 13 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA-acc;sg;masc | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 Σίπυλον | det | high | |
| 14 | Σίπυλον | Σίπυλος | PROPN | N-acc;sg;masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 οἰκοῦντες | obj | high | |
| 15 | οἰκοῦντες | οἰκέω | VERB | V-pres;ptcp;act;nom;pl;masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 11 Μάγνητες | acl | high | Substantival attributive participle: those inhabiting Sipylus. |
| 16 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | RP-acc;pl | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 17 ἐπεκδραμόντα | obj | high | Reflexive pronoun referring to Μάγνητες. |
| 17 | ἐπεκδραμόντα | ἐπεκτρέχω | VERB | V-aor;ptcp;act;acc;sg;masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 20 τιτρώσκουσι | advcl | medium | Accusative participle agrees with ὃν and describes his having sallied against them; spelling/lexical segmentation is somewhat uncertain. |
| 18 | αὐτόν | αὐτός | PRON | P-ref;acc;sg;masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 20 τιτρώσκουσι | obj | high | Intensive object, coordinated with τῶν βαρβάρων τοὺς πολλούς. |
| 19 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 αὐτόν | cc | high | |
| 20 | τιτρώσκουσι | τιτρώσκω | VERB | V-pres;ind;act;3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate of the relative clause; φονεύουσι is coordinated. |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 φονεύουσι | cc | high | |
| 22 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-gen;pl;masc | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 βαρβάρων | det | high | |
| 23 | βαρβάρων | βάρβαρος | ADJ | A-gen;pl;masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 πολλούς | nmod | high | Substantivized adjective, genitive partitive. |
| 24 | φονεύουσι | φονεύω | VERB | V-pres;ind;act;3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 20 τιτρώσκουσι | conj | high | |
| 25 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | RA-acc;pl;masc | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 πολλούς | det | high | |
| 26 | πολλούς | πολύς | ADJ | A-acc;pl;masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 φονεύουσι | obj | high | Substantivized adjective: the majority/many. |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 τιτρώσκουσι | punct | high |