Grammar parses for passage 1.21.5
Open translation for this passage
ἐνταῦθα ἄλλα τε καὶ Σαυροματικὸς ἀνάκειται θώραξ· ἐς τοῦτόν τις ἰδὼν οὐδὲν ἧσσον Ἑλλήνων τοὺς βαρβάρους φήσει σοφοὺς ἐς τὰς τέχνας εἶναι.
The first clause has a locative adverb and a coordinated/substantival nominal description of the cuirass; the second is a perception-based comparison with φήσει governing an infinitival predication.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | D | PronType=Dem | 6 ἀνάκειται | advmod | high | |
| 2 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A----NPA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 ἀνάκειται | nsubj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, coordinated with Σαυροματικός. |
| 3 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 2 ἄλλα | cc | high | |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 5 Σαυροματικὸς | cc | high | |
| 5 | Σαυροματικὸς | Σαυροματικός | ADJ | A----NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 θώραξ | amod | medium | Neuter adjective used substantivally with θώραξ understood/associated; text may reflect a named Sarmatian item. |
| 6 | ἀνάκειται | ἀνάκειμαι | VERB | V3SPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | θώραξ | θώραξ | NOUN | N---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἀνάκειται | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἀνάκειται | punct | high | |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R--------- | _ | 10 τοῦτόν | case | high | |
| 10 | τοῦτόν | οὗτος | PRON | Pd----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 12 ἰδὼν | obj | high | |
| 11 | τις | τις | PRON | P----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 18 φήσει | nsubj | high | |
| 12 | ἰδὼν | ὁράω | VERB | V-AAP-NNM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 φήσει | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle. |
| 13 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | P--NAAN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 14 ἧσσον | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative, modifying ἧσσον. |
| 14 | ἧσσον | ἧσσον | ADV | D--------- | Degree=Cmp | 18 φήσει | advmod | high | |
| 15 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | NOUN | N---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 βαρβάρους | nmod | high | Partitive/comparative genitive with βαρβάρους understood in comparison. |
| 16 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T----APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 βαρβάρους | det | high | |
| 17 | βαρβάρους | βάρβαρος | NOUN | N---APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 φήσει | obj | high | |
| 18 | φήσει | φημί | VERB | V3SFAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the second clause. |
| 19 | σοφοὺς | σοφός | ADJ | A----APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 βαρβάρους | xcomp | high | Object complement predicated of τοὺς βαρβάρους. |
| 20 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R--------- | _ | 22 τέχνας | case | high | |
| 21 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T----APF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 22 τέχνας | det | high | |
| 22 | τέχνας | τέχνη | NOUN | N---APF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 σοφοὺς | obl | high | Sphere/domain complement of σοφούς. |
| 23 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | V-PNA---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 18 φήσει | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of φήσει; βαρβάρους is its understood subject. |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 φήσει | punct | high |
πρὸς οὖν τὴν ἀπορίαν ταύτην ἐξεύρηταί σφισιν· ἐπὶ μὲν τοῖς δόρασιν αἰχμὰς ὀστεΐνας ἀντὶ σιδήρου φοροῦσι, τόξα τε κράνινα καὶ ὀιστοὺς καὶ ὀστεΐνας ἀκίδας ἐπὶ τοῖς ὀιστοῖς·
Two coordinated clauses follow the discourse particle οὖν: ἐξεύρηταί is a perfect medio-passive form with σφισιν as dative experiencer/possessor; φοροῦσι governs the coordinated weapon objects, with ἐπὶ + dative marking attachment/location and ἀντί + genitive substitution. The accentuation/form ἐξεύρηταί is somewhat textually irregular, but is analyzed as perfect 3sg middle/passive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 4 ἀπορίαν | case | high | |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | DPrt | _ | 6 ἐξεύρηταί | advmod | high | Inferential discourse particle. |
| 3 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | DAFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 ἀπορίαν | det | high | |
| 4 | ἀπορίαν | ἀπορία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐξεύρηταί | obl | high | Object of πρός in the sense 'in response to'. |
| 5 | ταύτην | οὗτος | DET | D-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 4 ἀπορίαν | det | high | |
| 6 | ἐξεύρηταί | ἐξευρίσκω | VERB | V-RPM-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Perfect middle/passive, likely impersonal/passive in sense 'a solution has been found'; accentuation is unusual. |
| 7 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | RP-DP | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 6 ἐξεύρηταί | iobj | medium | Dative of interest/possessor; form may be treated as an archaic 3pl personal pronoun. |
| 8 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐξεύρηταί | punct | high | |
| 9 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 12 δόρασιν | case | high | With dative, marking position/attachment. |
| 10 | μὲν | μέν | ADV | DPrt | _ | 17 φοροῦσι | advmod | high | Correlative particle; δέ is omitted or supplied by the following coordination. |
| 11 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | DDPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 δόρασιν | det | high | |
| 12 | δόρασιν | δόρυ | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 φοροῦσι | obl | high | Dative complement of ἐπί. |
| 13 | αἰχμὰς | αἰχμή | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 φοροῦσι | obj | high | |
| 14 | ὀστεΐνας | ὀστέϊνος | ADJ | A-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 αἰχμὰς | amod | high | |
| 15 | ἀντὶ | ἀντί | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 16 σιδήρου | case | high | |
| 16 | σιδήρου | σίδηρος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 αἰχμὰς | nmod | high | Genitive complement of ἀντί. |
| 17 | φοροῦσι | φορέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 6 ἐξεύρηταί | conj | high | Coordinated predicate after the first clause. |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 φοροῦσι | punct | high | |
| 19 | τόξα | τόξον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 φοροῦσι | obj | high | First of further coordinated objects of φοροῦσι. |
| 20 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C | _ | 19 τόξα | cc | high | |
| 21 | κράνινα | κράνινος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 τόξα | amod | high | |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 23 ὀιστοὺς | cc | high | |
| 23 | ὀιστοὺς | ὀιστός | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 φοροῦσι | obj | high | Coordinated object; masculine plural 'arrows'. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 26 ἀκίδας | cc | high | |
| 25 | ὀστεΐνας | ὀστέϊνος | ADJ | A-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 26 ἀκίδας | amod | high | |
| 26 | ἀκίδας | ἀκίς | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 φοροῦσι | obj | high | Further coordinated object, 'points/barbs'. |
| 27 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 29 ὀιστοῖς | case | high | With dative, marking position on the arrows. |
| 28 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | DDPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 29 ὀιστοῖς | det | high | |
| 29 | ὀιστοῖς | ὀιστός | NOUN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 ἀκίδας | nmod | high | Dative complement of ἐπί; attached to the arrow-points phrase. |
| 30 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 φοροῦσι | punct | high |
καὶ σειραῖς περιβαλόντες τῶν πολεμίων ὁπόσους καὶ τύχοιεν, τοὺς ἵππους ἀποστρέψαντες ἀνατρέπουσι τοὺς ἐνσχεθέντας ταῖς σειραῖς.
The first participial clause describes encircling as many of the enemy as they happened upon; after turning the horses, the implicit subject overturns those caught in the ropes.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 12 ἀποστρέψαντες | cc | high | |
| 2 | σειραῖς | σειρά | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 περιβαλόντες | obl | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 3 | περιβαλόντες | περιβάλλω | VERB | V-APA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 13 ἀνατρέπουσι | advcl | high | |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 πολεμίων | det | high | |
| 5 | πολεμίων | πολέμιος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ὁπόσους | nmod | high | Substantivized adjective. |
| 6 | ὁπόσους | ὁπόσος | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 τύχοιεν | obj | medium | Indefinite relative pronoun, object of τύχοιεν. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 τύχοιεν | advmod | medium | Scalar/additive καί. |
| 8 | τύχοιεν | τυγχάνω | VERB | V-2AAO-3P | Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 5 πολεμίων | acl:relcl | medium | Optative in an indefinite relative clause; subject is implicit opponents. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἀνατρέπουσι | punct | high | |
| 10 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἵππους | det | high | |
| 11 | ἵππους | ἵππος | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἀποστρέψαντες | obj | high | |
| 12 | ἀποστρέψαντες | ἀποστρέφω | VERB | V-AAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 13 ἀνατρέπουσι | advcl | high | |
| 13 | ἀνατρέπουσι | ἀνατρέπω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 14 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐνσχεθέντας | det | high | |
| 15 | ἐνσχεθέντας | ἐνέχω | VERB | V-APP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 13 ἀνατρέπουσι | obj | high | Substantivized participle. |
| 16 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPF | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 σειραῖς | det | high | |
| 17 | σειραῖς | σειρά | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 ἐνσχεθέντας | obl | high | Dative with ἐνσχεθέντας, indicating what they were caught in. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἀνατρέπουσι | punct | high |