Grammar parses for passage 1.21.6
Open translation for this passage
ἵππους πολλὰς ἕκαστος τρέφει, ὡς ἂν οὔτε ἐς ἰδιωτῶν κλήρους τῆς γῆς μεμερισμένης οὔτε τι φερούσης πλὴν ὕλης ἀγρίας ἅτε ὄντων νομάδων·
The infinitive-like circumstantial ὡς ἄν clause is coordinated with οὔτε...οὔτε and depends on τρέφει: the horses are raised as though the land were neither divided into private allotments nor producing anything except wild woodland, since they are nomads. The participles μεμερισμένης and φερούσης are genitive agreeing with γῆς; ὄντων νομάδων is a genitive absolute.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἵππους | ἵππος | NOUN | N-A-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 τρέφει | obj | high | |
| 2 | πολλὰς | πολύς | ADJ | A-A-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἵππους | amod | high | Form is feminine-looking orthographically, but agreement with masculine ἵππους requires masculine accusative plural πολλούς; likely textual/formal anomaly or supplied token typo. |
| 3 | ἕκαστος | ἕκαστος | DET | A-N-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 τρέφει | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | τρέφει | τρέφω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 τρέφει | punct | high | |
| 6 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C | _ | 14 μεμερισμένης | mark | medium | Introduces an ὡς ἄν circumstantial/comparative clause. |
| 7 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | X | _ | 14 μεμερισμένης | advmod | medium | Modal particle with the following elliptic/subjunctive-like construction; exact mood is not overt in supplied forms. |
| 8 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | C | _ | 14 μεμερισμένης | cc | high | |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 11 κλήρους | case | high | Dialectal/poetic form of εἰς; governs accusative κλήρους. |
| 10 | ἰδιωτῶν | ἰδιώτης | NOUN | N-G-P | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 κλήρους | nmod | high | |
| 11 | κλήρους | κλῆρος | NOUN | N-A-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 μεμερισμένης | obl | medium | Object/goal within the passive participial phrase: land divided into private allotments. |
| 12 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | D-G-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 γῆς | det | high | |
| 13 | γῆς | γῆ | NOUN | N-G-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 μεμερισμένης | nsubj | high | Genitive subject of μεμερισμένης and φερούσης. |
| 14 | μεμερισμένης | μερίζω | VERB | V-RMP-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 4 τρέφει | advcl | medium | Genitive participle agreeing with γῆς; understood as part of the ὡς ἄν clause. |
| 15 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | C | _ | 17 φερούσης | cc | high | |
| 16 | τι | τις | PRON | RI-A-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 φερούσης | obj | high | Indefinite/neuter object of φερούσης. |
| 17 | φερούσης | φέρω | VERB | V-PAP-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 14 μεμερισμένης | conj | medium | Genitive participle coordinated with μεμερισμένης and agreeing with γῆς. |
| 18 | πλὴν | πλήν | ADP | R | _ | 19 ὕλης | case | high | Exceptive preposition governing ὕλης. |
| 19 | ὕλης | ὕλη | NOUN | N-G-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 τι | nmod | high | Genitive complement of πλὴν; the phrase means 'except wild woodland'. |
| 20 | ἀγρίας | ἄγριος | ADJ | A-G-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 ὕλης | amod | high | |
| 21 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | C | _ | 22 ὄντων | mark | high | Introduces the causal/explanatory genitive absolute. |
| 22 | ὄντων | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 τρέφει | advcl | high | With νομάδων forms a genitive absolute. |
| 23 | νομάδων | νομάς | NOUN | N-G-P | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ὄντων | xcomp | high | Predicate noun in the genitive absolute, 'being nomads'. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 τρέφει | punct | high |
συλλεξάμενοι δὲ τὰς ὁπλὰς ἐκκαθήραντές τε καὶ διελόντες ποιοῦσιν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν ἐμφερῆ δρακόντων φολίσιν·
The coordinated aorist participles are circumstantial with ποιοῦσιν; τὰς ὁπλὰς is their shared object, and ἐμφερῆ agrees with φολίσιν as the predicative/resulting object complement. The final dative denotes resemblance; ἀπʼ αὐτῶν denotes material/source.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | συλλεξάμενοι | συλλέγω | VERB | VAAPMPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 9 ποιοῦσιν | advcl | high | Circumstantial aorist middle participle, coordinated with the following participles. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G | _ | 9 ποιοῦσιν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | DAFA | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 ὁπλὰς | det | high | |
| 4 | ὁπλὰς | ὁπλή | NOUN | N-FAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 1 συλλεξάμενοι | obj | high | Shared object of the participial actions. |
| 5 | ἐκκαθήραντές | ἐκκαθαίρω | VERB | VAAPMPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 1 συλλεξάμενοι | conj | high | Coordinated circumstantial aorist participle. |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | G | _ | 5 ἐκκαθήραντές | cc | high | First member of τε καί coordination. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 8 διελόντες | cc | high | Coordinates διελόντες with ἐκκαθήραντες. |
| 8 | διελόντες | διαιρέω | VERB | VAAPMPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 1 συλλεξάμενοι | conj | high | Coordinated circumstantial aorist participle. |
| 9 | ποιοῦσιν | ποιέω | VERB | VPAI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 10 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | P | _ | 11 αὐτῶν | case | high | Elided preposition governing the genitive. |
| 11 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | RP-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 9 ποιοῦσιν | obl | medium | Genitive feminine plural likely refers to the hoofs and marks source/material. |
| 12 | ἐμφερῆ | ἔμφερης | ADJ | A-FAI | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ποιοῦσιν | xcomp | medium | Accusative adjective functioning as resultative/predicative complement of the object. |
| 13 | δρακόντων | δράκων | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 φολίσιν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on φολίσιν, ‘scales of dragons’. |
| 14 | φολίσιν | φολίς | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 12 ἐμφερῆ | obl | high | Dative of resemblance/comparison governed semantically by ἐμφερῆ. |
| 15 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ποιοῦσιν | punct | high |
ὅστις δὲ οὐκ εἶδέ πω δράκοντα, πίτυός γε εἶδε καρπὸν χλωρὸν ἔτι·
Generalizing relative clause: ὅστις δὲ οὐκ εἶδέ πω δράκοντα; πίτυός γε εἶδε καρπὸν χλωρὸν ἔτι. The second εἶδε is coordinated by asyndesis/semantic contrast; πίτυός is a genitive of material or source modifying καρπόν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὅστις | ὅστις | PRON | r-pron | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 4 εἶδέ | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun, subject of εἶδε. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | c | _ | 4 εἶδέ | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | d | Polarity=Neg | 4 εἶδέ | advmod | high | Negative particle before vowel. |
| 4 | εἶδέ | ὁράω | VERB | v3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Aorist active indicative; accent-form may represent εἶδε. |
| 5 | πω | πω | ADV | d | _ | 4 εἶδέ | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, ‘yet/ever’. |
| 6 | δράκοντα | δράκων | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 εἶδέ | obj | high | Direct object of εἶδε. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | u | _ | 4 εἶδέ | punct | high | |
| 8 | πίτυός | πίτυς | NOUN | n-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 καρπὸν | nmod | medium | Genitive of material/source with καρπόν; alternative construal as dependent genitive. |
| 9 | γε | γε | PART | d | _ | 8 πίτυός | advmod | high | Restrictive/emphatic particle. |
| 10 | εἶδε | ὁράω | VERB | v3saia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 εἶδέ | conj | medium | Second coordinated predicate, with shared subject ὅστις. |
| 11 | καρπὸν | καρπός | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 εἶδε | obj | high | Direct object of the second εἶδε. |
| 12 | χλωρὸν | χλωρός | ADJ | a-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 καρπὸν | amod | high | Agrees with καρπόν. |
| 13 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | d | _ | 12 χλωρὸν | advmod | medium | Adverb modifying the predicative description; may scope over the second predicate (‘still green’). |
| 14 | · | · | PUNCT | u | _ | 4 εἶδέ | punct | high |
ταῖς οὖν ἐπὶ τῷ καρπῷ τῆς πίτυος φαινομέναις ἐντομαῖς εἰκάζων τὸ ἔργον τὸ ἐκ τῆς ὁπλῆς οὐκ ἂν ἁμαρτάνοι.
The dative participial phrase ταῖς ... ἐντομαῖς εἰκάζων is circumstantial/instrumental: comparing the work to the cuts visible on the pine cone, he would not be mistaken. The repeated article τὸ ... τὸ ... forms a noun phrase with a restrictive genitive-origin modifier.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DFP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ἐντομαῖς | det | high | |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 19 ἁμαρτάνοι | discourse | high | |
| 3 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 καρπῷ | case | high | |
| 4 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 καρπῷ | det | high | |
| 5 | καρπῷ | καρπός | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 φαινομέναις | obl | high | With ἐπί, locative notion: on the fruit/cone. |
| 6 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 πίτυος | det | high | |
| 7 | πίτυος | πίτυς | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 καρπῷ | nmod | high | |
| 8 | φαινομέναις | φαίνω | VERB | V-PMPDF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 9 ἐντομαῖς | acl | medium | Middle/passive participle agrees with ἐντομαῖς; understood as visible/appearing. |
| 9 | ἐντομαῖς | ἐντομή | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 εἰκάζων | obl | high | Dative object/complement of εἰκάζων. |
| 10 | εἰκάζων | εἰκάζω | VERB | V-PAPNSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 19 ἁμαρτάνοι | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, subject understood as the subject of ἁμαρτάνοι. |
| 11 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ἔργον | det | high | |
| 12 | ἔργον | ἔργον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 εἰκάζων | obj | high | |
| 13 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ὁπλῆς | det | high | Second article introduces the attributive/restrictive phrase. |
| 14 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 16 ὁπλῆς | case | high | |
| 15 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ὁπλῆς | det | high | |
| 16 | ὁπλῆς | ὁπλή | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἔργον | nmod | high | Genitive phrase with ἐκ, specifying the source/origin of the work. |
| 17 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 19 ἁμαρτάνοι | advmod | high | |
| 18 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | G-------- | _ | 19 ἁμαρτάνοι | aux | high | Modal particle with optative. |
| 19 | ἁμαρτάνοι | ἁμαρτάνω | VERB | V-POA3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἁμαρτάνοι | punct | high |
ταῦτα διατρήσαντες καὶ νεύροις ἵππων καὶ βοῶν συρράψαντες χρῶνται θώραξιν οὔτε εὐπρεπείᾳ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποδέουσιν οὔτε ἀσθενεστέροις·
Participles διατρήσαντες and συρράψαντες are coordinated circumstantial aorists with an implicit masculine plural subject; θώραξιν is instrumental/dative of the armor, while οὔτε...οὔτε coordinates εὐπρέπεια and ἀσθενέστεροις, the latter agreeing with an understood θώρακες/θώρακες-like plural subject or object comparison; attachment of ἀποδέουσιν is syntactically somewhat compressed.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | PD----NPA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 2 διατρήσαντες | obj | high | |
| 2 | διατρήσαντες | διατράω | VERB | VAAPMPN | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 9 χρῶνται | advcl | high | Aorist active participle; circumstantial. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 2 διατρήσαντες | cc | high | |
| 4 | νεύροις | νεῦρον | NOUN | N----DPN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 συρράψαντες | obl | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 5 | ἵππων | ἵππος | NOUN | N----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 νεύροις | nmod | high | |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 βοῶν | cc | high | |
| 7 | βοῶν | βοῦς | NOUN | N----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 νεύροις | conj | high | |
| 8 | συρράψαντες | συρράπτω | VERB | VAAPMPN | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 9 χρῶνται | advcl | high | Coordinated aorist active participle. |
| 9 | χρῶνται | χράομαι | VERB | V3PPI--- | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | θώραξιν | θώραξ | NOUN | N----DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 χρῶνται | obl | high | Dative governed by χράομαι. |
| 11 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 12 εὐπρεπείᾳ | cc | high | First member of οὔτε...οὔτε. |
| 12 | εὐπρεπείᾳ | εὐπρέπεια | NOUN | N----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἀποδέουσιν | obl | medium | Dative of respect after ἀποδέω. |
| 13 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Ἑλληνικῶν | det | high | |
| 14 | Ἑλληνικῶν | Ἑλληνικός | ADJ | A----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 εὐπρεπείᾳ | nmod | high | Substantivized/elliptical with an understood masculine plural noun. |
| 15 | ἀποδέουσιν | ἀποδέω | VERB | V3PPI--- | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 9 χρῶνται | conj | medium | Coordinated predicate under οὔτε...οὔτε; subject/object relations are compressed. |
| 16 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ἀσθενεστέροις | cc | high | Second member of οὔτε...οὔτε. |
| 17 | ἀσθενεστέροις | ἀσθενής | ADJ | A----DPM- | Case=Dat|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἀποδέουσιν | obl | medium | Comparative adjective in dative; elliptical or attracted agreement is possible. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 χρῶνται | punct | high |
καὶ γὰρ συστάδην τυπτόμενοι καὶ βληθέντες ἀνέχονται.
The coordinated participles τυπτόμενοι and βληθέντες are nominative masculine plural and predicate/attendant to the understood subject of ἀνέχονται; συστάδην is an adverb meaning ‘in close combat’.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 7 ἀνέχονται | cc | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | ADV | _ | _ | 7 ἀνέχονται | advmod | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | συστάδην | συστάδην | ADV | _ | _ | 4 τυπτόμενοι | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative-form adverb. |
| 4 | τυπτόμενοι | τύπτω | VERB | PMPMPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 7 ἀνέχονται | advcl | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 6 βληθέντες | cc | high | |
| 6 | βληθέντες | βάλλω | VERB | APPMPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 4 τυπτόμενοι | conj | high | |
| 7 | ἀνέχονται | ἀνέχω | VERB | VPMI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Middle voice: ‘hold out/endure’. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἀνέχονται | punct | high |