Grammar parses for passage 1.23.3
Open translation for this passage
πλησίον δέ ἐστι Διιτρέφους χαλκοῦς ἀνδριὰς ὀιστοῖς βεβλημένος.
The sentence has a locative predicate: πλησίον is predicative adverbial, with the genitive Διιτρέφους dependent on it; χαλκοῦς ἀνδριάς is the subject, and βεβλημένος agrees with ἀνδριάς. ὀιστοῖς is an instrumental dative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πλησίον | πλησίον | ADV | ADV | _ | 3 ἐστι | advmod | high | Locative adverb functioning as predicate complement. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἐστι | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐστι | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 4 | Διιτρέφους | Διιτρέφης | PROPN | N-G-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 πλησίον | nmod | medium | Proper name in the genitive, dependent on πλησίον; spelling and lemma normalization are somewhat uncertain. |
| 5 | χαλκοῦς | χαλκοῦς | ADJ | A-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἀνδριὰς | amod | high | |
| 6 | ἀνδριὰς | ἀνδριάς | NOUN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἐστι | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | ὀιστοῖς | ὀιστός | NOUN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 βεβλημένος | obl | medium | Instrumental dative: ‘with/by arrows’. |
| 8 | βεβλημένος | βάλλω | VERB | V-RMP-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 6 ἀνδριὰς | acl | high | Perfect passive participle agreeing with ἀνδριάς. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐστι | punct | high |
οὗτος ὁ Διιτρέφης ἄλλα τε ἔπραξεν ὁπόσα λέγουσιν Ἀθηναῖοι καὶ Θρᾷκας μισθωτοὺς ἀφικομένους ὕστερον ἢ Δημοσθένης ἐς Συρακούσας ἐξέπλευσε,
Main predicate ἔπραξεν governs the relative clause ὁπόσα λέγουσιν Ἀθηναῖοι; the coordinated accusative subject of ἐξέπλευσε is Θρᾷκας μισθωτούς ἀφικομένους, with ὕστερον ἢ Δημοσθένης expressing a temporal comparison.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | PDNSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 3 Διιτρέφης | det | high | |
| 2 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Διιτρέφης | det | high | |
| 3 | Διιτρέφης | Διιτρέφης | PROPN | NNP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἔπραξεν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind | 6 ἔπραξεν | obj | high | Substantivized neuter plural. |
| 5 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἄλλα | cc | high | |
| 6 | ἔπραξεν | πράσσω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active. |
| 7 | ὁπόσα | ὁπόσος | PRON | P-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 8 λέγουσιν | obj | high | Free relative, coordinated semantically with ἄλλα. |
| 8 | λέγουσιν | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 ἔπραξεν | advcl | medium | Relative clause modifying the extent/content of ἄλλα. |
| 9 | Ἀθηναῖοι | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 λέγουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 19 ἐξέπλευσε | cc | high | Coordinates the second predicate with ἔπραξεν. |
| 11 | Θρᾷκας | Θρᾷξ | PROPN | NNP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἀφικομένους | nsubj | medium | Accusative subject of infinitival-style participial construction; construed with ἀφικομένους and the following ἐξέπλευσε. |
| 12 | μισθωτοὺς | μισθωτός | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 Θρᾷκας | amod | high | Substantival adjective, agreeing with Θρᾷκας. |
| 13 | ἀφικομένους | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-AMP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 19 ἐξέπλευσε | advcl | high | Aorist middle participle, agreeing with Θρᾷκας. |
| 14 | ὕστερον | ὕστερος | ADV | A-NSN | Degree=Cmp | 13 ἀφικομένους | advmod | high | Adverbial comparative. |
| 15 | ἢ | ἤ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 ὕστερον | mark | high | Introduces comparative standard. |
| 16 | Δημοσθένης | Δημοσθένης | PROPN | NNP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ἐξέπλευσε | nsubj | medium | Elliptical comparative clause; nominative subject with predicate understood. |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 18 Συρακούσας | case | high | |
| 18 | Συρακούσας | Συράκουσαι | PROPN | NNP-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 ἐξέπλευσε | obl | high | |
| 19 | ἐξέπλευσε | ἐκπλέω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 6 ἔπραξεν | conj | medium | Coordinated predicate; singular agreement reflects the understood/main subject construction rather than plural Θρᾷκας. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἔπραξεν | punct | high |
τούτους ὡς ὑστέρησαν ὁ Διιτρέφης ἀπῆγεν ὀπίσω. καὶ δὴ κατὰ τὸν Χαλκιδικὸν ἔσχεν Εὔριπον, ἔνθα Βοιωτῶν ἐν μεσογαίᾳ πόλις Μυκαλησσὸς ἦν·
Two coordinated clauses: τούτους is the object of ἀπῆγεν, with ὡς ὑστέρησαν as a temporal clause; κατὰ τὸν Χαλκιδικὸν modifies the understood route/area of ἔσχεν, while ἔνθα introduces a locative clause with πόλις as subject and Μυκαλησσὸς as predicate nominative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | RD-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 6 ἀπῆγεν | obj | high | |
| 2 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CS | _ | 3 ὑστέρησαν | mark | high | Temporal/subordinating use. |
| 3 | ὑστέρησαν | ὑστερέω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 6 ἀπῆγεν | advcl | high | |
| 4 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 Διιτρέφης | det | high | |
| 5 | Διιτρέφης | Διιτρέφης | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἀπῆγεν | nsubj | high | Proper name. |
| 6 | ἀπῆγεν | ἀπάγω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | ὀπίσω | ὀπίσω | ADV | D | _ | 6 ἀπῆγεν | advmod | high | |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἀπῆγεν | punct | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 14 ἔσχεν | cc | high | Coordinates the following clause. |
| 10 | δὴ | δή | PART | X | _ | 14 ἔσχεν | discourse | medium | Emphatic particle. |
| 11 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | P | _ | 13 Χαλκιδικὸν | case | high | |
| 12 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 Χαλκιδικὸν | det | high | |
| 13 | Χαλκιδικὸν | Χαλκιδικός | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἔσχεν | obl | medium | Substantivized adjective, likely referring to the Euripus/route; syntactic attachment is somewhat elliptical. |
| 14 | ἔσχεν | ἔχω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 6 ἀπῆγεν | conj | high | Coordinated with ἀπῆγεν. |
| 15 | Εὔριπον | Εὔριπος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἔσχεν | obj | high | Proper name. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἔσχεν | punct | high | |
| 17 | ἔνθα | ἔνθα | ADV | D | _ | 23 ἦν | advmod | high | Locative relative adverb introducing the following clause. |
| 18 | Βοιωτῶν | Βοιωτός | PROPN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 πόλις | nmod | high | Partitive/possessive genitive: city of the Boeotians. |
| 19 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 20 μεσογαίᾳ | case | high | |
| 20 | μεσογαίᾳ | μεσόγαιος | ADJ | A-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 πόλις | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, 'in the inland region'. |
| 21 | πόλις | πόλις | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 22 | Μυκαλησσὸς | Μυκαλησσός | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 πόλις | appos | medium | Proper-name identification/apposition to πόλις; could alternatively be analyzed as a predicate nominative. |
| 23 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 14 ἔσχεν | advcl | high | Locative clause dependent on ἔσχεν. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἔσχεν | punct | high |
μαρτυρεῖ δέ μοι· Βοιωτῶν γὰρ ὅσους ἀνέστησαν Θηβαῖοι, ᾠκοῦντο αἱ πόλεις ἐπʼ ἐμοῦ, διαφυγόντων ὑπὸ τὴν ἅλωσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων·
The main predicate is ᾠκοῦντο with αἱ πόλεις as subject; ὅσους ἀνέστησαν Θηβαῖοι is a relative/quantified subordinate clause, and διαφυγόντων ... τῶν ἀνθρώπων is a genitive absolute.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μαρτυρεῖ | μαρτυρέω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | cc | high | |
| 3 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P-D-S | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1 | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | iobj | high | |
| 4 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | punct | high | |
| 5 | Βοιωτῶν | Βοιωτός | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ὅσους | nmod | medium | Partitive genitive with ὅσους. |
| 6 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | CONJ | _ | 11 ᾠκοῦντο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 7 | ὅσους | ὅσος | PRON | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἀνέστησαν | obj | high | |
| 8 | ἀνέστησαν | ἀνίστημι | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 11 ᾠκοῦντο | advcl | medium | Aorist active; subject is Θηβαῖοι, object ὅσους. |
| 9 | Θηβαῖοι | Θηβαῖος | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἀνέστησαν | nsubj | high | |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀνέστησαν | punct | high | |
| 11 | ᾠκοῦντο | οἰκέω | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | ccomp | high | Imperfect middle/passive form, here middle/deponent intransitive: the cities were inhabited. |
| 12 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 πόλεις | det | high | |
| 13 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 ᾠκοῦντο | nsubj | high | |
| 14 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 15 ἐμοῦ | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί. |
| 15 | ἐμοῦ | ἐγώ | PRON | P-G-S | Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1 | 11 ᾠκοῦντο | obl | high | Temporal ἐπί + genitive, ‘in my time’. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ᾠκοῦντο | punct | high | |
| 17 | διαφυγόντων | διαφεύγω | VERB | V-AAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 11 ᾠκοῦντο | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute; subject is τῶν ἀνθρώπων. |
| 18 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 20 ἅλωσιν | case | high | ὑπό + accusative denotes circumstance/time of the capture. |
| 19 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἅλωσιν | det | high | |
| 20 | ἅλωσιν | ἅλωσις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 διαφυγόντων | obl | high | |
| 21 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ἀνθρώπων | det | high | |
| 22 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 διαφυγόντων | nsubj | high | Genitive-absolute subject. |
| 23 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 μαρτυρεῖ | punct | high |