Grammar parses for passage 1.27.6
Open translation for this passage
ἀρχαῖα· καί σφισιν ἀπετάκη μὲν οὐδέν, μελάντερα δὲ καὶ πληγὴν ἐνεγκεῖν ἐστιν ἀσθενέστερα·
The opening ἀρχαῖα is a verbless predicate/topic, while μελάντερα καὶ πληγὴν ἐνεγκεῖν ἐστιν ἀσθενέστερα is coordinated: ‘they are less able to bear darker [marks] and blows’; μελάντερα is substantivized/neuter plural and πληγήν is an object of ἐνεγκεῖν. The exact antecedent and construction of σφισιν are somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀρχαῖα | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A--NP---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Verbless predicate/topic; substantival or elliptical neuter plural. |
| 2 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀρχαῖα | punct | high | |
| 3 | καί | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 ἀπετάκη | cc | high | Coordinates the following clause with the preceding verbless statement. |
| 4 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-------- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 5 ἀπετάκη | iobj | medium | Dative pronoun; likely the affected/possessive group, syntactically associated with ἀπετάκη. |
| 5 | ἀπετάκη | ἀποτήκω | VERB | V--API-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | low | Form is textually or morphologically uncertain; parsed provisionally as a third-singular aorist passive indicative. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 5 ἀπετάκη | discourse | high | Correlative μέν, answered by δέ. |
| 7 | οὐδέν | οὐδείς | PRON | P---NAI-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 5 ἀπετάκη | nsubj | medium | Neuter singular ‘nothing/not at all’; exact syntactic role depends on the uncertain verb form. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἀπετάκη | punct | high | |
| 9 | μελάντερα | μέλας | ADJ | A--NP---- | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 ἀσθενέστερα | nsubj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural comparative, coordinated with πληγήν in the infinitival construction. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 ἀσθενέστερα | cc | high | Correlative contrast to μέν. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἐνεγκεῖν | cc | high | Coordinates μελάντερα and πληγήν as objects of ἐνεγκεῖν. |
| 12 | πληγὴν | πληγή | NOUN | N--ASF---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἐνεγκεῖν | obj | high | Accusative object of ἐνεγκεῖν. |
| 13 | ἐνεγκεῖν | φέρω | VERB | V---AAN-- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 ἀσθενέστερα | xcomp | high | Aorist active infinitive, complement of ἐστιν. |
| 14 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V--P there is no token object for each numbered token? x | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ἀσθενέστερα | cop | high | Copula with predicate adjective ἀσθενέστερα. |
| 15 | ἀσθενέστερα | ἀσθενής | ADJ | A--NP---- | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Predicate comparative adjective; agrees with the substantivized neuter plural subject μελάντερα. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἀσθενέστερα | punct | high |
ἐπέλαβε γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα ἡ φλόξ, ὅτε ἐσβεβηκότων ἐς τὰς ναῦς Ἀθηναίων βασιλεὺς εἷλεν ἔρημον τῶν ἐν ἡλικίᾳ τὴν πόλιν.
The temporal clause has a genitive absolute (ἐσβεβηκότων Ἀθηναίων ἐς τὰς ναῦς) and a main verb εἷλεν with predicative ἔρημον modifying the object τὴν πόλιν; τῶν ἐν ἡλικίᾳ is a substantivized genitive phrase meaning those of military age.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπέλαβε | ἐπιλαμβάνω | VERB | V-2AAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 6 φλόξ | root | high | Aorist active indicative; subject is φλόξ. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G- | _ | 1 ἐπέλαβε | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 4 ταῦτα | cc | high | Coordinates ταῦτα with an understood or preceding object. |
| 4 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | D-PNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plural | 1 ἐπέλαβε | obj | high | Demonstrative pronoun functioning as object of ἐπέλαβε. |
| 5 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | RA-NFS | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 6 φλόξ | det | high | Article modifying φλόξ. |
| 6 | φλόξ | φλόξ | NOUN | N-NFS | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 1 ἐπέλαβε | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐπέλαβε. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐπέλαβε | punct | high | |
| 8 | ὅτε | ὅτε | SCONJ | C- | _ | 15 εἷλεν | mark | high | Temporal subordinator introducing the subordinate clause. |
| 9 | ἐσβεβηκότων | εἰσβαίνω | VERB | V-2RAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plural|Tense=Pluperfect|Voice=Active | 14 βασιλεὺς | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute participle; form is traditionally analyzed as perfect active genitive plural, with pluperfect sense supplied contextually. |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P- | _ | 12 ναῦς | case | high | Preposition governing ναῦς. |
| 11 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | RA-AFP | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plural | 12 ναῦς | det | high | Article modifying ναῦς. |
| 12 | ναῦς | ναῦς | NOUN | N-AFP | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plural | 9 ἐσβεβηκότων | obl | high | Destination complement of ἐσβεβηκότων. |
| 13 | Ἀθηναίων | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 9 ἐσβεβηκότων | nsubj | high | Genitive-absolute subject, genitive plural. |
| 14 | βασιλεὺς | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Singular | 15 εἷλεν | nsubj | high | Subject of εἷλεν. |
| 15 | εἷλεν | αἱρέω | VERB | V-2AAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 1 ἐπέλαβε | advcl | high | Finite verb of the ὅτε temporal clause. |
| 16 | ἔρημον | ἔρημος | ADJ | A-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 21 πόλιν | xcomp | high | Predicative accusative agreeing with τὴν πόλιν after εἷλεν. |
| 17 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RO-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 19 ἡλικίᾳ | det | high | Article substantivizing the participial or nominal phrase ἐν ἡλικίᾳ. |
| 18 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P- | _ | 19 ἡλικίᾳ | case | high | Preposition governing ἡλικίᾳ. |
| 19 | ἡλικίᾳ | ἡλικία | NOUN | N-GFS | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 16 ἔρημον | obl | medium | Phrase τῶν ἐν ἡλικίᾳ means those of military age; case linkage is semantically dependent on the predicative ἔρημον. |
| 20 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 21 πόλιν | det | high | Article modifying πόλιν. |
| 21 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | N-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 15 εἷλεν | obj | high | Object of εἷλεν. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐπέλαβε | punct | high |
ἔστι δὲ συός τε θήρα, περὶ οὗ σαφὲς οὐδὲν οἶδα εἰ τοῦ Καλυδωνίου,
The sentence has an existential/copular clause: θήρα is the subject of ἔστι, with συός τε coordinated as a genitive descriptive phrase; περὶ οὗ introduces a relative clause, and εἰ τοῦ Καλυδωνίου is an elliptical indirect-question fragment dependent on οἶδα. The attachment of τε and the final genitive phrase is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔστι | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 5 θήρα | cop | high | Existential/copular verb with θήρα. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἔστι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | συός | σῦς | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 θήρα | nmod | medium | Genitive descriptive/complement phrase; form may also be parsed under an alternative declension analysis. |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 συός | cc | medium | Coordinates the genitive phrase with θήρα or marks an enclitic connective; attachment is uncertain. |
| 5 | θήρα | θήρα | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἔστι | nsubj | high | Subject of existential ἔστι. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 1 ἔστι | punct | high | |
| 7 | περὶ | περί | ADP | PREP | _ | 11 οἶδα | case | high | Preposition governing relative pronoun οὗ. |
| 8 | οὗ | ὅς | PRON | P-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 οἶδα | obl | high | Relative pronoun, object of περί; antecedent is likely the hunt or boar-hunt expression. |
| 9 | σαφὲς | σαφής | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 οἶδα | xcomp | medium | Neuter predicate adjective in the impersonal expression σαφὲς οὐδέν. |
| 10 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | P-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 οἶδα | obj | high | Accusative object or substantive complement with οἶδα: 'I know nothing clear'. |
| 11 | οἶδα | οἶδα | VERB | V-RAI-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Root verb; perfect form with present meaning 'I know'. |
| 12 | εἰ | εἰ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 οἶδα | mark | high | Introduces an indirect question or elliptical conditional-like complement. |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 Καλυδωνίου | det | high | Article agreeing with the substantivized or elliptical Καλυδωνίου phrase. |
| 14 | Καλυδωνίου | Καλυδώνιος | ADJ | A-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 οἶδα | obl | low | Likely genitive adjective, substantivized or dependent on an omitted noun; exact syntax is elliptical. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 11 οἶδα | punct | high |
καὶ Κύκνος Ἡρακλεῖ μαχόμενος·
Nominal/elliptical clause: “and Cycnus, fighting Heracles”; the finite verb is omitted or supplied from context.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 2 Κύκνος | cc | high | |
| 2 | Κύκνος | Κύκνος | PROPN | N--MSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Elliptical participial clause. |
| 3 | Ἡρακλεῖ | Ἡρακλῆς | PROPN | N--MSD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 μαχόμενος | obl | high | |
| 4 | μαχόμενος | μάχομαι | VERB | V-PMPMSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 2 Κύκνος | acl | high | Present middle participle, with Κύκνος as subject. |
| 5 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 Κύκνος | punct | high |
τοῦτον τὸν Κύκνον φασὶν ἄλλους τε φονεῦσαι καὶ Λύκον Θρᾷκα προτεθέντων σφίσι μονομαχίας ἄθλων, περὶ δὲ τὸν ποταμὸν τὸν Πηνειὸν ἀπέθανεν ὑφʼ Ἡρακλέους.
φασίν governs the coordinated infinitives φονεῦσαι and (implicitly) φονεῦσαι with Λύκον as object; προτεθέντων is a genitive absolute, with σφίσι as dative participant and μονομαχίας ἄθλων as its objects. The final ἀπέθανεν clause has Κύκνον as understood subject and ὑπό-phrase as agent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῦτον | οὗτος | PRON | PD-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 3 Κύκνον | det | high | |
| 2 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Κύκνον | det | high | |
| 3 | Κύκνον | Κύκνος | PROPN | NE-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 φασὶν | obj | high | Object of φασίν; also understood as subject of ἀπέθανεν. |
| 4 | φασὶν | φημί | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | PRON | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind | 7 φονεῦσαι | obj | high | Object of φονεῦσαι. |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 φονεῦσαι | cc | high | Coordinates the two infinitival objects. |
| 7 | φονεῦσαι | φονεύω | VERB | V- אAO-AN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 φασὶν | xcomp | high | First infinitive governed by φασίν. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 Λύκον | cc | high | Coordinates Λύκον with ἄλλους as objects of the infinitive. |
| 9 | Λύκον | Λύκος | PROPN | NE-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 φονεῦσαι | obj | high | Second coordinated object of φονεῦσαι. |
| 10 | Θρᾷκα | Θρᾷξ | PROPN | NE-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 Λύκον | appos | high | Ethnic apposition to Λύκον. |
| 11 | προτεθέντων | προτίθημι | VERB | V-APP-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 7 φονεῦσαι | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute; supplies the circumstances of the killing. |
| 12 | σφίσι | σφεῖς | PRON | RP-DPN | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 11 προτεθέντων | iobj | high | Dative participant in the genitive absolute. |
| 13 | μονομαχίας | μονομαχία | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 ἄθλων | nmod | high | Dependent genitive specifying the contests. |
| 14 | ἄθλων | ἆθλον | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 προτεθέντων | obj | high | Object/theme of προτεθέντων. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 προτεθέντων | punct | high | |
| 16 | περὶ | περί | ADP | P | _ | 22 ἀπέθανεν | case | high | Introduces the place phrase. |
| 17 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ἀπέθανεν | cc | high | Connective particle. |
| 18 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 ποταμὸν | det | high | |
| 19 | ποταμὸν | ποταμός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἀπέθανεν | obl | high | Object of περί in the place expression. |
| 20 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 21 Πηνειὸν | det | high | |
| 21 | Πηνειὸν | Πηνειός | PROPN | NE-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ποταμὸν | appos | high | Apposition to ποταμόν. |
| 22 | ἀπέθανεν | ἀποθνῄσκω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 φασὶν | ccomp | high | Second reported proposition; subject Κύκνον is understood. |
| 23 | ὑφʼ | ὑπό | ADP | P | _ | 24 Ἡρακλέους | case | high | Agent marker with the passive/understood-agent construction. |
| 24 | Ἡρακλέους | Ἡρακλῆς | PROPN | NE-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἀπέθανεν | obl:agent | high | Agent of the killing/death. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 φασὶν | punct | high |