Grammar parses for passage 1.28.5
Open translation for this passage
καθὸ καὶ ὁ Ἄρειος πάγος.
Elliptical fragment: καθό functions adverbially (‘accordingly/insofar as’), and ὁ Ἄρειος πάγος is a nominative subject or appositional phrase with an omitted verb; the exact attachment is uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καθὸ | καθό | ADV | D- | _ | 5 πάγος | advmod | medium | Adverbial καθό; elliptical connective/relative adverb, with attachment to the nominal phrase. |
| 2 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 5 πάγος | cc | high | Coordinating/additive particle. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Ἄρειος | det | high | Nominative masculine singular article. |
| 4 | Ἄρειος | Ἄρειος | PROPN | A--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 πάγος | compound | high | Proper-name adjective, Άρειος, modifying πάγος. |
| 5 | πάγος | πάγος | NOUN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Nominative phrase head; sentence is elliptical, with omitted finite verb. |
| 6 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 πάγος | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ἔστι δὲ Ἄρειος πάγος καλούμενος, ὅτι πρῶτος Ἄρης ἐνταῦθα ἐκρίθη, καί μοι καὶ ταῦτα δεδήλωκεν ὁ λόγος ὡς Ἁλιρρόθιον ἀνέλοι καὶ ἐφʼ ὅτῳ κτείνειε.
The relative ὅτι-clause explains the name: Ἄρης is subject of ἐκρίθη. The final ὡς-clause is an indirect-content clause dependent on δεδήλωκεν, with Ἁλιρρόθιον as object of ἀνέλοι and a coordinated elliptical κτείνειε; ἐφʼ ὅτῳ introduces the circumstance/reason for the killing, though the precise mood and antecedent relation are somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔστι | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 πάγος | cop | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 πάγος | cc | high | |
| 3 | Ἄρειος | Ἄρειος | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 πάγος | amod | high | Adjectival name ‘Areiopagus’; may be treated as part of the proper-name expression. |
| 4 | πάγος | πάγος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | καλούμενος | καλέω | VERB | V-PPM-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 4 πάγος | acl | high | Predicate participle agreeing with πάγος. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNC | _ | 4 πάγος | punct | high | |
| 7 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 ἐκρίθη | mark | high | Explanatory conjunction introducing the clause. |
| 8 | πρῶτος | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐκρίθη | advmod | medium | Predicative/superlative adnominal modifier meaning ‘first’. |
| 9 | Ἄρης | Ἄρης | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐκρίθη | nsubj:pass | high | |
| 10 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | ADV | PronType=Dem | 11 ἐκρίθη | advmod | high | |
| 11 | ἐκρίθη | κρίνω | VERB | V-API-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 5 καλούμενος | advcl | high | Aorist passive ‘was judged’; clause explains καλούμενος. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNC | _ | 11 ἐκρίθη | punct | high | |
| 13 | καί | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 δεδήλωκεν | cc | high | |
| 14 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P-DS | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 17 δεδήλωκεν | iobj | high | Dative of the person to whom the account has made this clear. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ταῦτα | cc | high | Coordinates ταῦτα with an implied or prior item. |
| 16 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | P-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 17 δεδήλωκεν | obj | high | |
| 17 | δεδήλωκεν | δηλόω | VERB | V-RAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate of the second coordinated clause; coordination with the preceding copular assertion is implicit. |
| 18 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 λόγος | det | high | |
| 19 | λόγος | λόγος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 δεδήλωκεν | nsubj | high | |
| 20 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ἀνέλοι | mark | medium | Introduces reported content after δεδήλωκεν. |
| 21 | Ἁλιρρόθιον | Ἁλιρρόθιος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἀνέλοι | obj | high | Object of ἀνέλοι. |
| 22 | ἀνέλοι | ἀναιρέω | VERB | V-2AAI-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 17 δεδήλωκεν | ccomp | medium | Aorist optative in reported content; form can be ambiguous with other moods in some orthographies. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 26 κτείνειε | cc | medium | Coordinates the final verb with ἀνέλοι, with shared subject understood. |
| 24 | ἐφʼ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 25 ὅτῳ | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί before relative pronoun. |
| 25 | ὅτῳ | ὅστις | PRON | P-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 26 κτείνειε | obl | medium | Relative/interrogative form after ἐπί; syntactic relation is semantically ‘on account of/for which’. |
| 26 | κτείνειε | κτείνω | VERB | V-PAOI-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 22 ἀνέλοι | conj | low | Optative form is morphologically ambiguous; likely coordinated with ἀνέλοι, with an understood object or contextual interpretation. |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNC | _ | 17 δεδήλωκεν | punct | high |
καὶ βωμός ἐστιν Ἀθηνᾶς Ἀρείας, ὃν ἀνέθηκεν ἀποφυγὼν τὴν δίκην.
Relative ὃν is the object of ἀνέθηκεν; its antecedent is the altar (βωμός), while ἀποφυγών is a circumstantial aorist participle with implicit subject, likely the dedicator. The genitives Ἀθηνᾶς Ἀρείας specify the deity and epithet.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 2 βωμός | cc | high | |
| 2 | βωμός | βωμός | NOUN | Noun-Nom-Masc-Sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | |
| 3 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-Pres-Act-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 4 | Ἀθηνᾶς | Ἀθηνᾶ | PROPN | Propn-Gen-Fem-Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 2 βωμός | nmod | high | Possessive or identifying genitive. |
| 5 | Ἀρείας | Ἀρεία | PROPN | Propn-Gen-Fem-Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 Ἀθηνᾶς | flat:name | medium | Epithet of Athena, agreeing in genitive. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐστιν | punct | high | |
| 7 | ὃν | ὅς | PRON | Rel-Acc-Masc-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 8 ἀνέθηκεν | obj | high | Relative pronoun referring to βωμός. |
| 8 | ἀνέθηκεν | ἀνατίθημι | VERB | V-Aor-Act-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 3 ἐστιν | acl:relcl | high | |
| 9 | ἀποφυγὼν | ἀποφεύγω | VERB | V-Aor-Act-PTCP-Nom-Masc-Sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἀνέθηκεν | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle; subject is implicit and coreferential with the dedicator. |
| 10 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Fem-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 δίκην | det | high | |
| 11 | δίκην | δίκη | NOUN | Noun-Acc-Fem-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἀποφυγὼν | obj | high | |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐστιν | punct | high |
τοὺς δὲ ἀργοὺς λίθους, ἐφʼ ὧν ἑστᾶσιν ὅσοι δίκας ὑπέχουσι καὶ οἱ διώκοντες, τὸν μὲν Ὕβρεως τὸν δὲ Ἀναιδείας αὐτῶν ὀνομάζουσι.
The relative clause modifies λίθους: ἐφʼ ὧν is a locative relative phrase, and ὅσοι is the subject of ὑπέχουσι and διώκοντες. The coordinated accusatives τὸν μὲν ... τὸν δὲ ... are objects of ὀνομάζουσι, with the genitives Ὕβρεως and Ἀναιδείας naming the stones; αὐτῶν is possessive/genitive with the naming construction.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 λίθους | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 4 λίθους | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀργοὺς | ἀργός | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 λίθους | amod | high | |
| 4 | λίθους | λίθος | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ὀνομάζουσι | obj | high | |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 λίθους | punct | high | |
| 6 | ἐφʼ | ἐπί | ADP | R | _ | 7 ὧν | case | high | Elided before the relative pronoun. |
| 7 | ὧν | ὅς | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἑστᾶσιν | obl | high | Relative pronoun governed by ἐπί; antecedent is λίθους. |
| 8 | ἑστᾶσιν | ἵστημι | VERB | V-RPA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 4 λίθους | acl:relcl | medium | Perfect active, ‘stand’; some analyses may treat the clause as existential/location. |
| 9 | ὅσοι | ὅσος | PRON | P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ὑπέχουσι | nsubj | high | Correlative relative subject shared by ὑπέχουσι and διώκοντες. |
| 10 | δίκας | δίκη | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 ὑπέχουσι | obj | high | |
| 11 | ὑπέχουσι | ὑπέχω | VERB | V-PIA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 ἑστᾶσιν | conj | high | |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 14 διώκοντες | cc | high | |
| 13 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 διώκοντες | det | high | Article substantivizing the participle. |
| 14 | διώκοντες | διώκω | VERB | V-PPA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 11 ὑπέχουσι | conj | high | Substantival present participle, coordinated with ὅσοι. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ὀνομάζουσι | punct | high | |
| 16 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 Ὕβρεως | det | high | |
| 17 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G | _ | 18 Ὕβρεως | discourse | high | First member of μέν...δέ. |
| 18 | Ὕβρεως | ὕβρις | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ὀνομάζουσι | obl | medium | Genitive name/title in the naming construction; the understood stone is τὸν. |
| 19 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 Ἀναιδείας | det | high | |
| 20 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 21 Ἀναιδείας | cc | high | Second member of μέν...δέ. |
| 21 | Ἀναιδείας | ἀναίδεια | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ὀνομάζουσι | obl | medium | Genitive name/title parallel to Ὕβρεως; the understood stone is τὸν. |
| 22 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ὀνομάζουσι | nmod:poss | medium | Possessive genitive, likely referring to the persons represented by ὅσοι...οἱ διώκοντες. |
| 23 | ὀνομάζουσι | ὀνομάζω | VERB | V-PIA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ὀνομάζουσι | punct | high |