Grammar parses for passage 1.32.5
Open translation for this passage
συνέβη δὲ ὡς λέγουσιν ἄνδρα ἐν τῇ μάχῃ παρεῖναι τὸ εἶδος καὶ τὴν σκευὴν ἄγροικον·
The core is συνέβη ... ἄνδρα ... παρεῖναι, with λέγουσιν as a parenthetical reporting verb; ἄγροικον is predicative of ἄνδρα and governs two accusatives of respect.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | συνέβη | συμβαίνω | VERB | V-3IAI-S- | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal/main verb: 'it happened'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 συνέβη | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 λέγουσιν | mark | medium | Introduces the reported-content clause with λέγουσιν. |
| 4 | λέγουσιν | λέγω | VERB | V-PEAI-3P- | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Active | 1 συνέβη | parataxis | medium | Parenthetical/reporting verb, syntactically interrupting the ὡς-clause. |
| 5 | ἄνδρα | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-ASM- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Singular | 9 παρεῖναι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive παρεῖναι. |
| 6 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 8 μάχῃ | case | high | Preposition governing τῇ μάχῃ. |
| 7 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF- | Case=Dative|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 8 μάχῃ | det | high | Article modifying μάχῃ. |
| 8 | μάχῃ | μάχη | NOUN | N-DSF- | Case=Dative|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 9 παρεῖναι | obl | high | Locative circumstance with ἐν. |
| 9 | παρεῖναι | πάρειμι | VERB | V-PNA- | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Pres|Voice=Active | 1 συνέβη | ccomp | high | Infinitival complement expressing the reported event. |
| 10 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neut|Number=Singular | 11 εἶδος | det | high | Article with εἶδος. |
| 11 | εἶδος | εἶδος | NOUN | N-ASN- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neut|Number=Singular | 15 ἄγροικον | obl | medium | Accusative of respect with ἄγροικον: rustic in appearance. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 σκευὴν | cc | high | Coordinates the two accusative-of-respect phrases. |
| 13 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 14 σκευὴν | det | high | Article with σκευήν. |
| 14 | σκευὴν | σκευή | NOUN | N-ASF- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 15 ἄγροικον | obl | medium | Accusative of respect with ἄγροικον: rustic in equipment. |
| 15 | ἄγροικον | ἄγροικος | ADJ | A-ASM- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Singular | 5 ἄνδρα | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective agreeing with ἄνδρα; its accusative complements are εἶδος and σκευήν. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 συνέβη | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
οὗτος τῶν βαρβάρων πολλοὺς καταφονεύσας ἀρότρῳ μετὰ τὸ ἔργον ἦν ἀφανής·
Main clause: οὗτος ... ἦν ἀφανής, with καταφονεύσας as an anterior circumstantial participle; πολλούς is its object, τῶν βαρβάρων a partitive genitive, ἀρότρῳ an instrumental dative, and μετὰ τὸ ἔργον an adverbial temporal phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 10 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T--GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 βαρβάρων | det | high | |
| 3 | βαρβάρων | βάρβαρος | ADJ | A--GPM | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 καταφονεύσας | nmod | high | Substantivized adjective: ‘of the barbarians’. |
| 4 | πολλοὺς | πολύς | ADJ | A--APM | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 καταφονεύσας | obj | high | Object of καταφονεύσας. |
| 5 | καταφονεύσας | καταφονεύω | VERB | V-AAP-NMS | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 ἦν | advcl | high | Anterior circumstantial participle. |
| 6 | ἀρότρῳ | ἄροτρον | NOUN | N--DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 καταφονεύσας | obl:instr | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 7 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | P | _ | 9 ἔργον | case | high | |
| 8 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T--ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 ἔργον | det | high | |
| 9 | ἔργον | ἔργον | NOUN | N--ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἦν | obl:tmod | high | Temporal expression with μετά. |
| 10 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | ἀφανής | ἀφανής | ADJ | A--NMS | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἦν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἦν | punct | high |
ἐρομένοις δὲ Ἀθηναίοις ἄλλο μὲν ὁ θεὸς ἐς αὐτὸν ἔχρησεν οὐδέν, τιμᾶν δὲ Ἐχετλαῖον ἐκέλευσεν ἥρωα.
The dative participial phrase ἐρομένοις δὲ Ἀθηναίοις is temporal/circumstantial (‘when the Athenians asked’); ἔχρησεν governs the dative Ἀθηναίοις and the accusative oracle content ἄλλο ... οὐδέν, while τιμᾶν ... ἥρωα is an infinitival command complement of ἐκέλευσεν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐρομένοις | ἔρομαι | VERB | V--AMP-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 3 Ἀθηναίοις | advcl | high | Aorist middle participle, agreeing with Ἀθηναίοις; circumstantial/temporal. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 1 ἐρομένοις | cc | high | |
| 3 | Ἀθηναίοις | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A--DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἔχρησεν | iobj | high | Dative experiencer/addressee of ἔχρησεν. |
| 4 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | A--NAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἔχρησεν | obj | high | Substantivized neuter accusative, ‘anything else’; modified by μὲν and qualified by οὐδέν. |
| 5 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 4 ἄλλο | discourse | high | Correlative particle, balanced with δὲ at token 14. |
| 6 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 θεὸς | det | high | |
| 7 | θεὸς | θεός | NOUN | N--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἔχρησεν | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 9 αὐτὸν | case | high | |
| 9 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | P-S---MA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 10 ἔχρησεν | obl | high | Object of ἐς; refers to Echetlaios/‘him’. |
| 10 | ἔχρησεν | χράω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb, ‘gave an oracle/instructed’. |
| 11 | οὐδέν | οὐδείς | PRON | P---NAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 4 ἄλλο | advmod | high | Negative quantifier modifying/subsuming ἄλλο: ‘nothing else’. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἔχρησεν | punct | high | |
| 13 | τιμᾶν | τιμάω | VERB | V-PNA | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 16 ἐκέλευσεν | xcomp | high | Present active infinitive, complement of ἐκέλευσεν. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 ἐκέλευσεν | cc | high | Second member of μέν...δέ. |
| 15 | Ἐχετλαῖον | Ἐχετλαῖος | PROPN | A--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 τιμᾶν | obj | high | Accusative object of τιμᾶν; proper name used substantivally. |
| 16 | ἐκέλευσεν | κελεύω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 10 ἔχρησεν | parataxis | high | Coordinated main predicate after the oracle statement. |
| 17 | ἥρωα | ἥρως | NOUN | N--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἐκέλευσεν | obj | high | Predicative/object-oriented accusative with Ἐχετλαῖον: ‘as a hero’. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἔχρησεν | punct | high |
πεποίηται δὲ καὶ τρόπαιον λίθου λευκοῦ.
The perfect middle/passive πεποίηται is construed impersonally/passively with τρόπαιον as its nominative subject: ‘a trophy has also been made of white stone.’
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πεποίηται | ποιέω | VERB | V-RIM-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect middle/passive indicative, third singular; impersonal/passive sense ‘has been made’. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 πεποίηται | cc | high | Postpositive coordinating connective. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 τρόπαιον | cc | high | Coordinating/additive particle introducing the object. |
| 4 | τρόπαιον | τρόπαιον | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 πεποίηται | nsubj:pass | medium | Neuter singular nominative; subject of πεποίηται in the passive reading. |
| 5 | λίθου | λίθος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 τρόπαιον | nmod | high | Genitive of material. |
| 6 | λευκοῦ | λευκός | ADJ | A-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 λίθου | amod | high | Agrees with λίθου. |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 πεποίηται | punct | high |
τοὺς δὲ Μήδους Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν θάψαι λέγουσιν ὡς πάντως ὅσιον ἀνθρώπου νεκρὸν γῇ κρύψαι, τάφον δὲ οὐδένα εὑρεῖν ἐδυνάμην·
The sentence contrasts Athenians' report (λέγουσιν with infinitival complements) with the narrator's inability to find any tomb; the ὡς-clause is analyzed as explaining the burial claim via impersonal ὅσιον κρύψαι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | article-acc-m-pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 Μήδους | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | conj | _ | 7 λέγουσιν | cc | high | Postpositive adversative connective. |
| 3 | Μήδους | Μῆδος | NOUN | noun-acc-m-pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 θάψαι | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive θάψαι. |
| 4 | Ἀθηναῖοι | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | adj-nom-m-pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 λέγουσιν | nsubj | high | Substantivized ethnonym, subject of λέγουσιν. |
| 5 | μὲν | μέν | PART | part | _ | 4 Ἀθηναῖοι | discourse | high | Correlative μέν; contrasting δέ later. |
| 6 | θάψαι | θάπτω | VERB | verb-aor-act-inf | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 7 λέγουσιν | xcomp | high | Infinitive governed by λέγουσιν. |
| 7 | λέγουσιν | λέγω | VERB | verb-pres-act-ind-3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | subordinator | _ | 14 κρύψαι | mark | medium | Introduces the explanatory/content clause with πάντως ὅσιον. |
| 9 | πάντως | πάντως | ADV | adv | _ | 10 ὅσιον | advmod | high | |
| 10 | ὅσιον | ὅσιος | ADJ | adj-nomacc-sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 κρύψαι | xcomp | medium | Impersonal predicate adjective with understood infinitival subject. |
| 11 | ἀνθρώπου | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | noun-gen-m-sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 νεκρὸν | nmod | high | Possessive/descriptive genitive with νεκρόν. |
| 12 | νεκρὸν | νεκρός | NOUN | noun-acc-m-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 κρύψαι | obj | high | Accusative object of κρύψαι. |
| 13 | γῇ | γῆ | NOUN | noun-dat-f-sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 κρύψαι | obl | high | Dative of place/means with κρύψαι. |
| 14 | κρύψαι | κρύπτω | VERB | verb-aor-act-inf | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 10 ὅσιον | csubj | medium | Infinitive functioning as the understood subject of impersonal ὅσιον. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 κρύψαι | punct | high | |
| 16 | τάφον | τάφος | NOUN | noun-acc-m-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ἐδυνάμην | obj | high | Object of εὑρεῖν. |
| 17 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | conj | _ | 20 ἐδυνάμην | cc | high | Connective introducing the narrator's contrasting assertion. |
| 18 | οὐδένα | οὐδείς | DET | adj-acc-m-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 τάφον | det | high | Adjectival determiner modifying τάφον. |
| 19 | εὑρεῖν | εὑρίσκω | VERB | verb-aor-act-inf | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 20 ἐδυνάμην | xcomp | high | Infinitive governed by ἐδυνάμην. |
| 20 | ἐδυνάμην | δύναμαι | VERB | verb-impf-mid-ind-1sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 7 λέγουσιν | parataxis | high | First-person narrator's contrasting finite clause; μή is absent because οὐδένα supplies negation. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἐδυνάμην | punct | high |
οὔτε γὰρ χῶμα οὔτε ἄλλο σημεῖον ἦν ἰδεῖν, ἐς ὄρυγμα δὲ φέροντες σφᾶς ὡς τύχοιεν ἐσέβαλον.
The first clause has an existential ἦν with coordinated subjects χῶμα and σημεῖον and infinitival complement ἰδεῖν; the second clause describes them throwing the people into a trench wherever they happened to find one. The antecedent of σφᾶς is understood from context and its exact syntactic role is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 3 χῶμα | cc | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 7 ἦν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | χῶμα | χῶμα | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 6 σημεῖον | cc | high | |
| 5 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 σημεῖον | amod | high | |
| 6 | σημεῖον | σημεῖον | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | conj | high | Coordinated with χῶμα. |
| 7 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Existential verb; ἰδεῖν is its infinitival complement. |
| 8 | ἰδεῖν | ὁράω | VERB | V-2AAN | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 7 ἦν | xcomp | high | Infinitive of purpose/content with existential ἦν. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 11 ὄρυγμα | case | high | |
| 11 | ὄρυγμα | ὄρυγμα | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ἐσέβαλον | obl | high | Goal/destination of ἐσέβαλον. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 17 ἐσέβαλον | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 13 | φέροντες | φέρω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 17 ἐσέβαλον | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, subject understood with the main verb. |
| 14 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | P-AAP | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 17 ἐσέβαλον | obj | medium | Reflexive/third-person plural pronoun; antecedent supplied by context. |
| 15 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 16 τύχοιεν | mark | high | Introduces indefinite temporal/relative subordinate clause. |
| 16 | τύχοιεν | τυγχάνω | VERB | V-2AAO-3P | Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 13 φέροντες | advcl | medium | Aorist optative in the ὡς-clause; exact nuance is context-dependent. |
| 17 | ἐσέβαλον | ἐσβάλλω | VERB | V-2AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second coordinated finite clause; coordination with the preceding clause is implicit across the punctuation. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἐσέβαλον | punct | high |