Grammar parses for passage 1.33.4
Open translation for this passage
Ὠκεανῷ γὰρ οὐ ποταμῷ, θαλάσσῃ δὲ ἐσχάτῃ τῆς ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων πλεομένης προσοικοῦσιν Ἴβηρες καὶ Κελτοί, καὶ νῆσον Ὠκεανὸς ἔχει τὴν Βρεττανῶν·
Two coordinated main clauses: first with προσοικοῦσιν and a contrasted dative phrase, second with ἔχει; the participial genitive phrase modifies τῆς θαλάσσης.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ὠκεανῷ | Ὠκεανός | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 προσοικοῦσιν | obl | high | Dative of reference/source with προσοικοῦσιν. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 13 προσοικοῦσιν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 4 ποταμῷ | advmod | high | Negates ποταμῷ in contrast with Ὠκεανῷ. |
| 4 | ποταμῷ | ποταμός | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 προσοικοῦσιν | obl | high | Second term in the contrasted dative phrase. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 προσοικοῦσιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 6 | θαλάσσῃ | θάλασσα | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 προσοικοῦσιν | obl | high | Dative with ἐσχάτῃ; compares the sea as opposed to river. |
| 7 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 13 προσοικοῦσιν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 8 | ἐσχάτῃ | ἔσχατος | ADJ | A-DSF | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 θαλάσσῃ | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying θαλάσσῃ. |
| 9 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | B-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 πλεομένης | det | high | Article introducing the genitive relative participial phrase. |
| 10 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R | _ | 11 ἀνθρώπων | case | high | Introduces passive agent phrase. |
| 11 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 πλεομένης | obl | high | Agent in ὑπό phrase. |
| 12 | πλεομένης | πλέω | VERB | V-PPP-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 6 θαλάσσῃ | acl | high | Genitive participle modifying τῆς. |
| 13 | προσοικοῦσιν | προσοικέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the first clause. |
| 14 | Ἴβηρες | Ἴβηρ | PROPN | N-PNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 προσοικοῦσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of προσοικοῦσιν. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 16 Κελτοί | cc | high | Coordinates the subject nouns. |
| 16 | Κελτοί | Κελτός | PROPN | N-PNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 Ἴβηρες | conj | high | Conjunct to Ἴβηρες. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 προσοικοῦσιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 21 ἔχει | cc | high | Coordinates the next clause. |
| 19 | νῆσον | νῆσος | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 ἔχει | obj | high | Direct object of ἔχει. |
| 20 | Ὠκεανὸς | Ὠκεανός | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 ἔχει | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔχει. |
| 21 | ἔχει | ἔχω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second main verb, coordinated with the first clause. |
| 22 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | B-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 23 Βρεττανῶν | det | high | Article modifying the genitive ethnicon/name used substantively. |
| 23 | Βρεττανῶν | Βρεττανός | PROPN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 νῆσον | nmod | medium | Likely genitive modifier of νῆσον, ‘the island of the Britons/Britanniae’; morphology is somewhat uncertain. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 ἔχει | punct | high | Punctuation. |
Αἰθιόπων δὲ τῶν ὑπὲρ Συήνης ἐπὶ θάλασσαν ἔσχατοι τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν κατοικοῦσιν Ἰχθυοφάγοι, καὶ ὁ κόλπος ὃν περιοικοῦσιν Ἰχθυοφάγων ὀνομάζεται.
The first clause is loosely built with ἔσχατοι functioning predicatively in apposition to the subject Ἰχθυοφάγοι; the second clause is a straightforward relative clause headed by ὀνομάζεται.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Αἰθιόπων | Αἰθίοψ | PROPN | N-PL-GM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἔσχατοι | nmod | high | Partitive/genitive phrase depending on ἔσχατοι. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | PCL | _ | 8 ἔσχατοι | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-PL-GM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 Αἰθιόπων | det | high | Article modifying Αἰθιόπων. |
| 4 | ὑπὲρ | ὑπέρ | ADP | PREP | _ | 8 ἔσχατοι | case | high | Introduces genitive complement. |
| 5 | Συήνης | Συήνη | PROPN | N-SF-G | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ὑπὲρ | nmod | high | Object of ὑπέρ. |
| 6 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 8 ἔσχατοι | case | high | Preposition modifying θάλασσαν. |
| 7 | θάλασσαν | θάλασσα | NOUN | N-SF-A | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἔσχατοι | obl | high | Oblique complement in prepositional phrase. |
| 8 | ἔσχατοι | ἔσχατος | ADJ | A-PL-NM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 κατοικοῦσιν | advcl | medium | Likely predicate adjective with implied subject referring to the Ichthyophagi; relation to κατοικοῦσιν is somewhat indirect. |
| 9 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L-SF-A | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 Ἐρυθρὰν | det | high | Article modifying Ἐρυθράν. |
| 10 | Ἐρυθρὰν | ἐρυθρός | ADJ | A-SF-A | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 θάλασσαν | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying θάλασσαν. |
| 11 | κατοικοῦσιν | κατοικέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 Ἰχθυοφάγοι | acl | high | Relative/clausal modifier of Ἰχθυοφάγοι. |
| 12 | Ἰχθυοφάγοι | Ἰχθυοφάγος | NOUN | N-PL-NM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ὀνομάζεται | nsubj | high | Subject of κατοικοῦσιν and coreferential with later Ἰχθυοφάγων. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 Ἰχθυοφάγοι | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | COORD | _ | 20 ὀνομάζεται | cc | high | Coordinates clauses. |
| 15 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | L-SM-N | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 κόλπος | det | high | Article modifying κόλπος. |
| 16 | κόλπος | κόλπος | NOUN | N-SM-N | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ὀνομάζεται | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of ὀνομάζεται. |
| 17 | ὃν | ὅς | PRON | P-SM-A | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 περιοικοῦσιν | obj | high | Relative pronoun object of περιοικοῦσιν. |
| 18 | περιοικοῦσιν | περιοικέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 16 κόλπος | acl:relcl | high | Relative clause modifying κόλπος. |
| 19 | Ἰχθυοφάγων | Ἰχθυοφάγος | NOUN | N-PL-GM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 περιοικοῦσιν | nsubj | low | Likely subject of περιοικοῦσιν despite genitive form, if understood as partitive/possessive in idiom; uncertain. |
| 20 | ὀνομάζεται | ὀνομάζω | VERB | V-PPM-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate of second clause. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ὀνομάζεται | punct | high | Punctuation. |
οἱ δὲ δικαιότατοι Μερόην πόλιν καὶ πεδίον Αἰθιοπικὸν καλούμενον οἰκοῦσιν· οὗτοι καὶ τὴν ἡλίου τράπεζάν εἰσιν οἱ δεικνύντες, οὐδέ σφισιν ἔστιν οὔτε θάλασσα οὔτε ποταμὸς ἄλλος γε ἢ Νεῖλος.
The last clause is syntactically compressed: οὔτε ... οὔτε ... and ἢ Νεῖλος are treated as coordinated subject-like nouns under ἔστιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 δικαιότατοι | det | high | Article modifying δικαιότατοι. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | g--------- | _ | 3 δικαιότατοι | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | δικαιότατοι | δίκαιος | ADJ | a-p---mn-s | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 οἰκοῦσιν | nsubj | high | Predicate adjective used substantively with article. |
| 4 | Μερόην | Μερόη | PROPN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 οἰκοῦσιν | obj | high | Proper name in accusative. |
| 5 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 Μερόην | appos | high | Apposition to Μερόην. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c--------- | _ | 7 πεδίον | cc | high | Links Μερόην πόλιν with πεδίον. |
| 7 | πεδίον | πεδίον | NOUN | n-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 οἰκοῦσιν | obj | high | Second coordinated object. |
| 8 | Αἰθιοπικὸν | Αἰθιοπικός | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 πεδίον | amod | high | Adjective modifying πεδίον. |
| 9 | καλούμενον | καλέω | VERB | v-spppna- | Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 7 πεδίον | acl | high | Participial modifier of πεδίον. |
| 10 | οἰκοῦσιν | οἰκέω | VERB | v3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the first clause. |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 οἰκοῦσιν | punct | high | Clause separator. |
| 12 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | p-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 17 εἰσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of εἰσιν. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c--------- | _ | 19 δεικνύντες | cc | high | Links predicate and participial phrase. |
| 14 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 τράπεζάν | det | high | Article modifying τράπεζάν. |
| 15 | ἡλίου | ἥλιος | NOUN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 τράπεζάν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of τράπεζαν. |
| 16 | τράπεζάν | τράπεζα | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 δεικνύντες | obj | high | Object of δεικνύντες. |
| 17 | εἰσιν | εἰμί | AUX | v3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 19 δεικνύντες | cop | high | Copular auxiliary in predicate phrase. |
| 18 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 19 δεικνύντες | det | high | Article with participle. |
| 19 | δεικνύντες | δείκνυμι | VERB | v-pppamn- | Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 17 εἰσιν | xcomp | high | Predicative participle with εἰσιν. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 δεικνύντες | punct | high | Comma. |
| 21 | οὐδέ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | c--------- | _ | 23 ἔστιν | cc | high | Negative coordinator. |
| 22 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | p-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 23 ἔστιν | iobj | high | Dative pronoun governed by ἔστιν. |
| 23 | ἔστιν | εἰμί | AUX | v3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Root of the final clause. |
| 24 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | c--------- | _ | 25 θάλασσα | cc | high | First member of negated coordination. |
| 25 | θάλασσα | θάλασσα | NOUN | n-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἔστιν | nsubj | high | First coordinated subject-like noun with ἔστιν. |
| 26 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | c--------- | _ | 27 ποταμὸς | cc | high | Second member of coordination. |
| 27 | ποταμὸς | ποταμός | NOUN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 θάλασσα | conj | high | Coordinated with θάλασσα. |
| 28 | ἄλλος | ἄλλος | ADJ | a-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 ποταμὸς | amod | high | Modifies ποταμός. |
| 29 | γε | γε | PART | g--------- | _ | 27 ποταμὸς | discourse | high | Enclitic emphasizing ποταμός. |
| 30 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | c--------- | _ | 31 Νεῖλος | cc | high | Comparative coordinator. |
| 31 | Νεῖλος | Νεῖλος | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 ποταμὸς | conj | high | Alternative/exceptive coordination with ποταμός. |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἔστιν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |