Grammar parses for passage 1.4.2
Open translation for this passage
Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ μάλιστα μὲν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀπειρήκεσαν μήκει τοῦ Μακεδονικοῦ πολέμου καὶ προσπταίοντες τὰ πολλὰ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις, ἐξιέναι δὲ ὅμως ὥρμηντο ἐς τὰς Θερμοπύλας σὺν τοῖς ἐλθοῦσι τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἑλόμενοι σφίσι τὸν Κάλλιππον τοῦτον ἡγεῖσθαι.
The sentence has a concessive/contrastive structure: ἀπειρήκεσαν governs μήκει with genitive τοῦ πολέμου; ἐξιέναι is the complementary infinitive of ὥρμηντο, while ἑλόμενοι introduces an accusative-and-infinitive construction with Κάλλιππον as subject of ἡγεῖσθαι. The precise force of προσπταίοντες τὰ πολλὰ is somewhat idiomatic.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ἀθηναῖοι | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | N--MP--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ὥρμηντο | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 ὥρμηντο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 7 ἀπειρήκεσαν | advmod | high | |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 7 ἀπειρήκεσαν | discourse | high | Correlative with δὲ at token 21. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 Ἑλλήνων | det | high | |
| 6 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N-GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἀπειρήκεσαν | obl | high | Partitive genitive with μάλιστα. |
| 7 | ἀπειρήκεσαν | ἀπαγορεύω | VERB | V3PLIAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Plup|Voice=Act | 23 ὥρμηντο | advcl | medium | Pluperfect form; idiom means ‘had become exhausted/held out no longer’. |
| 8 | μήκει | μῆκος | NOUN | NDS--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἀπειρήκεσαν | obl | high | Dative of cause or respect. |
| 9 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-GSM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 πολέμου | det | high | |
| 10 | Μακεδονικοῦ | Μακεδονικός | ADJ | A-GSM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 πολέμου | amod | high | |
| 11 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-GSM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 μήκει | nmod | high | |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 προσπταίοντες | cc | high | |
| 13 | προσπταίοντες | προσπταίω | VERB | V-PAPMPN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 ὥρμηντο | advcl | medium | Participial circumstance; τὰ πολλὰ is an adverbial accusative. |
| 14 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-APN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 15 πολλὰ | det | high | |
| 15 | πολλὰ | πολύς | ADJ | A-APN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 προσπταίοντες | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, ‘for the most part/often’; adverbial accusative. |
| 16 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 μάχαις | case | high | |
| 17 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | L-DPF--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 18 μάχαις | det | high | |
| 18 | μάχαις | μάχη | NOUN | N-DPF--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 προσπταίοντες | obl | high | |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 προσπταίοντες | punct | high | |
| 20 | ἐξιέναι | ἔξειμι | VERB | V--PAN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 23 ὥρμηντο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive of ὥρμηντο. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 ὥρμηντο | cc | high | Correlative with μέν at token 4. |
| 22 | ὅμως | ὅμως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 23 ὥρμηντο | advmod | high | Concessive adverb. |
| 23 | ὥρμηντο | ὁρμάω | VERB | V3PIIM--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 24 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 Θερμοπύλας | case | high | |
| 25 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | L-APF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 26 Θερμοπύλας | det | high | |
| 26 | Θερμοπύλας | Θερμοπύλαι | PROPN | N-APF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 23 ὥρμηντο | obl | high | |
| 27 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 29 ἐλθοῦσι | case | high | |
| 28 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L-DPM--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 29 ἐλθοῦσι | det | high | |
| 29 | ἐλθοῦσι | ἔρχομαι | VERB | V-2AAPMD-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 ὥρμηντο | obl | high | Substantivized participle, ‘those who had come’. |
| 30 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 31 Ἑλλήνων | det | high | |
| 31 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N-GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 ἐλθοῦσι | nmod | high | Partitive/appositional genitive with the substantivized participle. |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 ἑλόμενοι | punct | high | |
| 33 | ἑλόμενοι | αἱρέω | VERB | V-2ADMPN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 23 ὥρμηντο | advcl | high | Participial adjunct, expressing the accompanying choice/arrangement. |
| 34 | σφίσι | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3DP---- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 38 ἡγεῖσθαι | iobj | high | Reflexive/third-person pronoun referring to Ἀθηναῖοι. |
| 35 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | L-ASM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 36 Κάλλιππον | det | high | |
| 36 | Κάλλιππον | Κάλλιππος | PROPN | N-ASM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 38 ἡγεῖσθαι | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 37 | τοῦτον | οὗτος | DET | A-ASM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 36 Κάλλιππον | det | high | Attributive demonstrative. |
| 38 | ἡγεῖσθαι | ἡγέομαι | VERB | V--PMN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 33 ἑλόμενοι | xcomp | high | Infinitive dependent on ἑλόμενοι. |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ὥρμηντο | punct | high |
καταλαβόντες δὲ ᾗ στενώτατον ἦν, τῆς ἐσόδου τῆς ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα εἶργον τοὺς βαρβάρους·
The participle καταλαβόντες introduces the circumstance, while ᾗ στενώτατον ἦν is a relative adverbial clause locating the action; τῆς ἐσόδου τῆς ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα is the genitive complement of εἶργον.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καταλαβόντες | καταλαμβάνω | VERB | VAANPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plural|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 13 εἶργον | advcl | high | Aorist circumstantial participle, subject coreferential with the finite verb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 εἶργον | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ᾗ | ὅς | ADV | P+DATF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 5 ἦν | advmod | medium | Relative adverbial form, ‘where’; feminine dative agreeing elliptically with a place/point. |
| 4 | στενώτατον | στενός | ADJ | A-SNS | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἦν | xcomp | medium | Predicative neuter superlative with ἦν; understood subject is the place/way. |
| 5 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SIAI | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 13 εἶργον | advcl | high | Finite verb of the relative adverbial clause. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 εἶργον | punct | high | |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 ἐσόδου | det | high | |
| 8 | ἐσόδου | ἔσοδος | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 εἶργον | obl | high | Genitive with εἴργω, expressing what is blocked or access from which someone is excluded. |
| 9 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 ἐσόδου | det | high | |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 12 Ἑλλάδα | case | high | |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 Ἑλλάδα | det | high | |
| 12 | Ἑλλάδα | Ἑλλάς | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|NameType=Geo|Number=Sing | 8 ἐσόδου | nmod | high | Ἑλλάδα specifies the destination of the entrance. |
| 13 | εἶργον | εἴργω | VERB | V3PPIA | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb, ‘they were preventing/holding back’. |
| 14 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural|PronType=Art | 15 βαρβάρους | det | high | |
| 15 | βαρβάρους | βάρβαρος | ADJ | A-APM | substantivized=Yes|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 13 εἶργον | obj | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the barbarians’. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 εἶργον | punct | high |
ἀνευρόντες δὲ οἱ Κελτοὶ τὴν ἀτραπόν, ἣν καὶ Μήδοις ποτὲ Ἐφιάλτης ἡγήσατο ὁ Τραχίνιος, καὶ βιασάμενοι Φωκέων τοὺς τεταγμένους ἐπʼ αὐτῇ λανθάνουσι τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὑπερβαλόντες τὴν Οἴτην.
The participles ἀνευρόντες, βιασάμενοι, and ὑπερβαλόντες are circumstantial with the main verb λανθάνουσι; ἣν introduces a relative clause whose subject is Ἐφιάλτης and whose object is the antecedent ἀτραπόν. In the idiom λανθάνω τινά + participle, τοὺς Ἕλληνας is the accusative object of λανθάνουσι, while ὑπερβαλόντες is its supplementary participle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀνευρόντες | ἀνευρίσκω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 24 λανθάνουσι | advcl | high | Circumstantial aorist participle, subject οἱ Κελτοί. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 λανθάνουσι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Κελτοὶ | det | high | |
| 4 | Κελτοὶ | Κελτός | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 λανθάνουσι | nsubj | high | Subject of λανθάνουσι. |
| 5 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἀτραπόν | det | high | |
| 6 | ἀτραπόν | ἀτραπός | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἀνευρόντες | obj | high | Object of ἀνευρόντες and antecedent of ἣν. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀνευρόντες | punct | high | |
| 8 | ἣν | ὅς | PRON | R-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἡγήσατο | obj | high | Relative object, referring to ἀτραπόν. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 Μήδοις | cc | high | Adverbial καί, ‘also’. |
| 10 | Μήδοις | Μῆδος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἡγήσατο | iobj | high | Dative with ἡγήσατο, ‘for the Medes’. |
| 11 | ποτὲ | ποτε | ADV | ADV | _ | 13 ἡγήσατο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 12 | Ἐφιάλτης | Ἐφιάλτης | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἡγήσατο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἡγήσατο. |
| 13 | ἡγήσατο | ἡγέομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 1 ἀνευρόντες | acl:relcl | high | Aorist middle, governing the relative clause. |
| 14 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 Τραχίνιος | det | high | |
| 15 | Τραχίνιος | Τραχίνιος | PROPN | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 Ἐφιάλτης | appos | high | Apposition identifying Ἐφιάλτης. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἡγήσατο | punct | high | |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 βιασάμενοι | cc | high | Coordinates the participial adjuncts. |
| 18 | βιασάμενοι | βιάζομαι | VERB | V-AMP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 24 λανθάνουσι | advcl | high | Aorist middle participle, subject οἱ Κελτοί. |
| 19 | Φωκέων | Φωκεύς | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 τεταγμένους | nmod | high | Genitive of the defenders overpowered. |
| 20 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 τεταγμένους | det | high | |
| 21 | τεταγμένους | τάσσω | VERB | V-RPP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 18 βιασάμενοι | obj | high | Substantivized perfect passive participle, ‘those stationed’. |
| 22 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 23 αὐτῇ | case | high | Elided before αὐτῇ. |
| 23 | αὐτῇ | αὐτός | PRON | P-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 21 τεταγμένους | obl | high | Refers to the path; ἐπὶ αὐτῇ, ‘on it’. |
| 24 | λανθάνουσι | λανθάνω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 25 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 Ἕλληνας | det | high | |
| 26 | Ἕλληνας | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 λανθάνουσι | obj | high | Accusative person object in λανθάνω τινά. |
| 27 | ὑπερβαλόντες | ὑπερβάλλω | VERB | V-2AAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 24 λανθάνουσι | xcomp | high | Supplementary aorist participle with λανθάνουσι; subject οἱ Κελτοί. |
| 28 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 Οἴτην | det | high | |
| 29 | Οἴτην | Οἴτη | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 ὑπερβαλόντες | obj | high | Object of ὑπερβαλόντες. |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 λανθάνουσι | punct | high |