Grammar parses for passage 1.4.3
Open translation for this passage
ἔνθα δὴ πλείστου παρέσχοντο αὑτοὺς Ἀθηναῖοι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀξίους, ἀμφοτέρωθεν ὡς ἐκυκλώθησαν ἀμυνόμενοι τοὺς βαρβάρους·
The main construction is παρέσχοντο αὑτοὺς ἀξίους τοῖς Ἕλλησιν; ἐκυκλώθησαν is embedded with ὡς, while ἀμυνόμενοι is a nominative circumstantial participle whose subject is Ἀθηναῖοι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔνθα | ἔνθα | ADV | D-Adverb | PronType=Rel | 4 παρέσχοντο | advmod | high | Relative adverb introducing the temporal/spatial subordinate clause. |
| 2 | δὴ | δή | PART | D-Particle | _ | 4 παρέσχοντο | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 3 | πλείστου | πολύς | ADJ | A-S---NGS | Case=Gen|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 παρέσχοντο | obl | medium | Genitive of value/extent in the idiom πλείστου παρέχεσθαι. |
| 4 | παρέσχοντο | παρέχω | VERB | V-AMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb; middle voice with reflexive/complementary construction. |
| 5 | αὑτοὺς | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | P----AM3P | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 4 παρέσχοντο | obj | high | Reflexive object of παρέσχοντο. |
| 6 | Ἀθηναῖοι | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | N-PMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 παρέσχοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of παρέσχοντο. |
| 7 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L----DM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 Ἕλλησιν | det | high | Article modifying Ἕλλησιν. |
| 8 | Ἕλλησιν | Ἕλλην | NOUN | N-DMI | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀξίους | iobj | high | Dative complement/recipient with ἀξίους. |
| 9 | ἀξίους | ἄξιος | ADJ | A-P---AM- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 αὑτοὺς | xcomp | high | Predicative accusative agreeing with αὑτούς. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 παρέσχοντο | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἀμφοτέρωθεν | ἀμφότερωθεν | ADV | D-Adverb | _ | 14 ἀμυνόμενοι | advmod | high | Adverb meaning ‘from both sides’. |
| 12 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C-Sub | _ | 13 ἐκυκλώθησαν | mark | high | Subordinator introducing the clause with ἐκυκλώθησαν. |
| 13 | ἐκυκλώθησαν | κυκλόω | VERB | V-API-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 14 ἀμυνόμενοι | advcl | medium | Aorist passive in a temporal/circumstantial clause; subject is understood Ἀθηναῖοι. |
| 14 | ἀμυνόμενοι | ἀμύνω | VERB | V-PMP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 4 παρέσχοντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, coordinated in sense with the surrounding military action. |
| 15 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | L----AM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 βαρβάρους | det | high | Article modifying βαρβάρους. |
| 16 | βαρβάρους | βάρβαρος | NOUN | A-P---AM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἀμυνόμενοι | obj | high | Object of ἀμυνόμενοι; substantivized adjective. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 παρέσχοντο | punct | high |
οἱ δέ σφισιν ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν μάλιστα ἐταλαιπώρουν ἅτε τοῦ κόλπου τοῦ Λαμιακοῦ τέλματος πρὸς ταῖς Θερμοπύλαις ὄντος·
Main clause: οἱ ... ἐταλαιπώρουν, with σφισιν as a dative of reference/affected persons and ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν as locative circumstance. The ἅτε-clause gives the causal circumstance, with τοῦ κόλπου ... τέλματος ... ὄντος as a genitive absolute; τέλματος is the predicate genitive, and πρὸς ταῖς Θερμοπύλαις is its location.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T----NM-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 ἐταλαιπώρουν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 ἐταλαιπώρουν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P----ND-- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 8 ἐταλαιπώρουν | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/affected persons; form may also be analyzed as an enclitic third-person plural pronoun. |
| 4 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 νεῶν | case | high | |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T----GN-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 νεῶν | det | high | |
| 6 | νεῶν | ναῦς | NOUN | N-----GF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 ἐταλαιπώρουν | obl | high | With ἐπί, locative circumstance. |
| 7 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 8 ἐταλαιπώρουν | advmod | high | |
| 8 | ἐταλαιπώρουν | ταλαιπωρέω | VERB | V3PIIA--- | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 18 ὄντος | mark | high | Introduces a causal circumstantial clause. |
| 10 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T----GM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 κόλπου | det | high | |
| 11 | κόλπου | κόλπος | NOUN | N-----GM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 τέλματος | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 12 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T----GM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 Λαμιακοῦ | det | high | |
| 13 | Λαμιακοῦ | Λαμιακός | ADJ | A----GM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 κόλπου | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of κόλπου. |
| 14 | τέλματος | τέλμα | NOUN | N-----GN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ὄντος | obl | medium | Predicate genitive in the genitive absolute: the gulf being a marsh/pool. |
| 15 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 17 Θερμοπύλαις | case | high | |
| 16 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T----DF-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 Θερμοπύλαις | det | high | |
| 17 | Θερμοπύλαις | Θερμοπύλαι | PROPN | N--DFP--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 τέλματος | obl | high | Locative complement of πρὸς; plural place-name. |
| 18 | ὄντος | εἰμί | AUX | V--PAGMS- | Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 ἐταλαιπώρουν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle; agrees with κόλπου. |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐταλαιπώρουν | punct | high |
αἴτιον δὲ ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν τὸ ὕδωρ ταύτῃ τὸ θερμὸν ἐκρέον ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν.
The construction is elliptical: αἴτιον is a predicative accusative with δοκεῖν, whose understood subject is τὸ ὕδωρ; ἐμοὶ is the experiencer/dative of opinion. ταύτῃ is an adverbial dative (‘in this way’), and τὸ θερμὸν is a substantivized adjective modifying the flowing water.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αἴτιον | αἴτιος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 δοκεῖν | xcomp | medium | Predicative accusative is expected with δοκεῖν, but the form is syncretic with neuter nominative; likely neuter singular accusative. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 αἴτιον | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐμοὶ | ἐγώ | PRON | P-1DS | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1 | 4 δοκεῖν | iobj | high | Dative of the person whose opinion is expressed. |
| 4 | δοκεῖν | δοκέω | VERB | V-PNA | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Infinitive used as the main predicative construction, with an elliptical governing context. |
| 5 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ὕδωρ | det | high | |
| 6 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκρέον | nsubj | medium | Accusative subject of the infinitive δοκεῖν; semantically the water is what flowed. |
| 7 | ταύτῃ | οὗτος | PRON | D-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκρέον | obl | medium | Likely adverbial dative (‘in this way’); feminine dative may refer to an understood manner or route. |
| 8 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 θερμὸν | det | high | |
| 9 | θερμὸν | θερμός | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκρέον | obj | medium | Substantivized adjective, ‘the hot [water]’; syntactically an accusative complement associated with ὕδωρ/ἐκρέον. |
| 10 | ἐκρέον | ἐκρέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 4 δοκεῖν | ccomp | medium | Imperfect indicative; the singular agrees with neuter singular τὸ ὕδωρ. |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 13 θάλασσαν | case | high | |
| 12 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 θάλασσαν | det | high | |
| 13 | θάλασσαν | θάλασσα | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκρέον | obl | high | Goal complement of ἐκρέον with ἐς. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 δοκεῖν | punct | high |
μείζονα οὖν εἶχον οὗτοι πόνον·
Straightforward clause: οὗτοι is the subject, εἶχον the root, and μείζονα modifies the object πόνον; οὖν is an inferential discourse particle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μείζονα | μέγας | ADJ | a-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 πόνον | amod | high | Comparative adjective agreeing with πόνον. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | g-------- | _ | 3 εἶχον | discourse | high | Inferential particle; relation treated as discourse. |
| 3 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | v1iaia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect active, third-person plural. |
| 4 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | pd----nm- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 3 εἶχον | nsubj | high | Demonstrative pronoun as subject. |
| 5 | πόνον | πόνος | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 εἶχον | obj | high | Direct object of εἶχον. |
| 6 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 εἶχον | punct | high |
ἀναλαβόντες γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰ καταστρώματα τοὺς Ἕλληνας ναυσὶν ὑπό τε ὅπλων βαρείαις καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἐβιάζοντο κατὰ τοῦ πηλοῦ πλεῖν.
The participle ἀναλαβόντες is a circumstantial nominative plural masculine participle with implicit subject; τοὺς Ἕλληνας is its object. ἐβιάζοντο governs πλεῖν, while ὑπό takes genitives ὅπλων and ἀνδρῶν as coordinated sources of coercion; βαρείαις is formally uncertain and likely an agreeing instrumental/dative adjective associated with ναυσίν, with textual or morphological irregularity.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀναλαβόντες | ἀναλαμβάνω | VERB | VPAP-PMN | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Mood=Participle|Number=Plural|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 15 ἐβιάζοντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial aorist participle, subject understood with ἐβιάζοντο. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 15 ἐβιάζοντο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory conjunction. |
| 3 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 καταστρώματα | case | high | Takes accusative with motion toward/on to. |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | P---NA-- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 5 καταστρώματα | det | high | |
| 5 | καταστρώματα | κατάστρωμα | NOUN | N---NA-- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 1 ἀναλαβόντες | obl | high | Destination/complement of ἐπὶ. |
| 6 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | P---AM-- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 7 Ἕλληνας | det | high | |
| 7 | Ἕλληνας | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N---AM-- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 1 ἀναλαβόντες | obj | high | Object of ἀναλαβόντες; ethnic noun used substantivally. |
| 8 | ναυσὶν | ναῦς | NOUN | N---FD-- | Case=Dative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Plural | 15 ἐβιάζοντο | obl | medium | Dative of means/instrument; the phrase with βαρείαις is syntactically difficult. |
| 9 | ὑπό | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 ὅπλων | case | high | Introduces a genitive source/agent of coercion. |
| 10 | τε | τε | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 14 ἀνδρῶν | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 11 | ὅπλων | ὅπλον | NOUN | N---PG-- | Case=Genitive|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 15 ἐβιάζοντο | obl | medium | Genitive complement of ὑπό, with ὑπό attached here as its case marker. |
| 12 | βαρείαις | βαρύς | ADJ | A---FD-- | Case=Dative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Plural | 8 ναυσὶν | amod | low | Form is dative feminine plural, agreeing with ναυσίν, but the intended syntax/reading is uncertain. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 14 ἀνδρῶν | cc | high | Coordinates ἀνδρῶν with ὅπλων. |
| 14 | ἀνδρῶν | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N---PG-- | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 11 ὅπλων | conj | high | Coordinated genitive under the ὑπό phrase. |
| 15 | ἐβιάζοντο | βιάζω | VERB | VIIP3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Middle | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb; middle voice here means were forced/compelled. |
| 16 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 πηλοῦ | case | high | Takes the genitive with downward movement along/down. |
| 17 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | P---SG-- | Case=Genitive|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 18 πηλοῦ | det | high | |
| 18 | πηλοῦ | πηλός | NOUN | N---SG-- | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 19 πλεῖν | obl | high | Object of κατά in the prepositional phrase. |
| 19 | πλεῖν | πλέω | VERB | VNPA | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 15 ἐβιάζοντο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive governed by ἐβιάζοντο. |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐβιάζοντο | punct | high |