Grammar parses for passage 1.41.9
Open translation for this passage
καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐτελεύτησεν ἐν τοῖς Μεγάροις αὐτοχειρίᾳ.
The μέν marks an incomplete contrastive pairing; ὁ is a substantivized masculine singular nominative article, and αὐτοχειρίᾳ is an instrumental dative meaning 'by his own hand'. Μεγάροις is the dative plural of Μέγαρα, governed by ἐν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐτελεύτησεν | cc | high | |
| 2 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἐτελεύτησεν | nsubj | high | Substantivized article/pronominal subject. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 4 ἐτελεύτησεν | discourse | high | Contrastive particle; corresponding δέ is outside this sentence. |
| 4 | ἐτελεύτησεν | τελευτάω | VERB | V-AIA-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P---Dat | _ | 7 Μεγάροις | case | high | |
| 6 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T---DPN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 Μεγάροις | det | high | |
| 7 | Μεγάροις | Μέγαρα | PROPN | Ne-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 ἐτελεύτησεν | obl | high | Place name, dative governed by ἐν. |
| 8 | αὐτοχειρίᾳ | αὐτοχειρία | NOUN | N-D S- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἐτελεύτησεν | obl | medium | Instrumental/means dative: 'by his own hand'. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 4 ἐτελεύτησεν | punct | high |
καί οἱ τάφον αὐτίκα ἔχωσαν καὶ θύουσιν ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος, ψηφῖσιν ἐν τῇ θυσίᾳ ἀντὶ οὐλῶν χρώμενοι.
The first καί coordinates the omitted-subject clause with the preceding context; οἱ is a third-person plural pronoun, while ψηφῖσιν ... χρώμενοι is a supplementary circumstantial participial phrase. The form ψηφῖσιν is interpreted as instrumental dative plural of ψῆφος, and ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος as a distributive temporal phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καί | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 5 ἔχωσαν | cc | high | |
| 2 | οἱ | ἐγώ | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 5 ἔχωσαν | nsubj | medium | Third-person plural personal pronoun; lemma conventions vary between οἱ and αὐτός. |
| 3 | τάφον | τάφος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἔχωσαν | obj | high | |
| 4 | αὐτίκα | αὐτίκα | ADV | _ | _ | 5 ἔχωσαν | advmod | high | |
| 5 | ἔχωσαν | χώννυμι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Aorist active of χώννυμι, ‘buried/covered’; exact lexical analysis may be represented as χώννυμι or χόω. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 7 θύουσιν | cc | high | |
| 7 | θύουσιν | θύω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 5 ἔχωσαν | conj | high | |
| 8 | ἀνὰ | ἀνά | ADP | _ | _ | 10 ἔτος | case | high | Preposition governing the accusative in the distributive phrase. |
| 9 | πᾶν | πᾶς | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Tot | 10 ἔτος | det | high | |
| 10 | ἔτος | ἔτος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 θύουσιν | obl | high | |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 χρώμενοι | punct | high | |
| 12 | ψηφῖσιν | ψῆφος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 χρώμενοι | obl | medium | Instrumental dative plural, ‘with pebbles/ballots’; spelling and accent are taken as the supplied form. |
| 13 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | _ | 15 θυσίᾳ | case | high | |
| 14 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 θυσίᾳ | det | high | |
| 15 | θυσίᾳ | θυσία | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 χρώμενοι | obl | high | |
| 16 | ἀντὶ | ἀντί | ADP | _ | _ | 17 οὐλῶν | case | high | |
| 17 | οὐλῶν | οὖλον | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 χρώμενοι | obl | medium | Genitive complement of ἀντί; οὖλον is understood as sacrificial cake/offering. |
| 18 | χρώμενοι | χράομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 7 θύουσιν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with the understood subject of θύουσιν. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἔχωσαν | punct | high |
καὶ τὸν ἔποπα τὸν ὄρνιθα ἐνταῦθα φανῆναι πρῶτον λέγουσιν.
λέγουσιν takes the accusative-and-infinitive construction: ἔποπα (with appositional ὄρνιθα) is the accusative subject of φανῆναι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 λέγουσιν | cc | high | |
| 2 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἔποπα | det | high | |
| 3 | ἔποπα | ἔποψ | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 φανῆναι | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 4 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ὄρνιθα | det | high | |
| 5 | ὄρνιθα | ὄρνις | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἔποπα | appos | medium | Appositional identification of ἔποπα; form is masculine accusative singular here. |
| 6 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | ADV | _ | 7 φανῆναι | advmod | high | |
| 7 | φανῆναι | φαίνω | VERB | V-ANM | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 9 λέγουσιν | ccomp | high | Infinitive governed by λέγουσιν. |
| 8 | πρῶτον | πρῶτος | ADV | A-ASM | Degree=Pos | 7 φανῆναι | advmod | medium | Neuter accusative used adverbially, ‘first’. |
| 9 | λέγουσιν | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 λέγουσιν | punct | high |
αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἐς μὲν Ἀθήνας ἀφίκοντο, θρηνοῦσαι δὲ οἷα ἔπαθον καὶ οἷα ἀντέδρασαν, ὑπὸ δακρύων διαφθείρονται.
The sentence has a coordinated concessive/contrastive structure: αἱ γυναῖκες are subject of ἀφίκοντο and διαφθείρονται; θρηνοῦσαι is a circumstantial participle, while οἷα ἔπαθον καὶ οἷα ἀντέδρασαν are coordinated content clauses functioning with θρηνοῦσαι. ἐς μὲν ... δὲ marks contrast; ὑπό with the genitive expresses the cause/agent of being overcome or wasted by tears.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 γυναῖκες | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 ἀφίκοντο | cc | high | First contrastive δέ; coordinated discourse marker. |
| 3 | γυναῖκες | γυνή | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ἀφίκοντο | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 6 Ἀθήνας | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 5 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 7 ἀφίκοντο | advmod | high | Correlative with token 10 δέ. |
| 6 | Ἀθήνας | Ἀθήναι | PROPN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ἀφίκοντο | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 7 | ἀφίκοντο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἀφίκοντο | punct | high | |
| 9 | θρηνοῦσαι | θρηνέω | VERB | V-PAP-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 7 ἀφίκοντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with γυναῖκες. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 θρηνοῦσαι | cc | high | Contrasts the arrival with the accompanying lament. |
| 11 | οἷα | οἷος | PRON | A-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἔπαθον | obj | medium | Neuter plural accusative substantive/relative form, introducing the content of lament. |
| 12 | ἔπαθον | πάσχω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 9 θρηνοῦσαι | ccomp | high | First coordinated content predicate. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἀντέδρασαν | cc | high | |
| 14 | οἷα | οἷος | PRON | A-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 ἀντέδρασαν | obj | medium | Parallel accusative substantive/relative form. |
| 15 | ἀντέδρασαν | ἀντιδράω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 12 ἔπαθον | conj | high | Second coordinated content predicate; subject is understood γυναῖκες. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 θρηνοῦσαι | punct | high | |
| 17 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 18 δακρύων | case | high | With genitive, marks cause/agent. |
| 18 | δακρύων | δάκρυον | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 διαφθείρονται | obl | high | Genitive complement of ὑπό. |
| 19 | διαφθείρονται | διαφθείρω | VERB | V-PEI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=MidPass | 9 θρηνοῦσαι | parataxis | medium | Finite clause coordinated loosely after the participial lament clause; middle-passive may mean ‘are overcome/wasted’. |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἀφίκοντο | punct | high |
καί σφισι τὴν ἐς ἀηδόνα καὶ χελιδόνα μεταβολὴν ἐπεφήμισαν, ὅτι, οἶμαι, καὶ αὗται αἱ ὄρνιθες ἐλεεινὸν καὶ θρήνῳ ὅμοιον ᾄδουσιν.
The ὅτι-clause explains the attribution: the birds sing something mournful and like a lament; οἶμαι is parenthetical, and καί before αὗται is adverbial.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καί | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 9 ἐπεφήμισαν | cc | high | |
| 2 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 9 ἐπεφήμισαν | iobj | medium | Dative plural third-person pronoun; spelling is epic/poetic. |
| 3 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 μεταβολὴν | det | high | |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 5 ἀηδόνα | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 5 | ἀηδόνα | ἀηδών | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 μεταβολὴν | obl | high | |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 7 χελιδόνα | cc | high | |
| 7 | χελιδόνα | χελιδών | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἀηδόνα | conj | high | |
| 8 | μεταβολὴν | μεταβολή | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἐπεφήμισαν | obj | high | Object of ἐπεφήμισαν, with ἐς marking the resulting transformation. |
| 9 | ἐπεφήμισαν | ἐπιφημίζω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Aorist active indicative, third plural; subject is implicit/contextual. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπεφήμισαν | punct | high | |
| 11 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | _ | _ | 23 ᾄδουσιν | mark | high | Introduces the explanatory subordinate clause. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 οἶμαι | punct | high | |
| 13 | οἶμαι | οἴομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 23 ᾄδουσιν | parataxis | medium | Parenthetical first-person verb. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 οἶμαι | punct | high | |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 23 ᾄδουσιν | advmod | medium | Adverbial καί, meaning 'also/even'. |
| 16 | αὗται | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 18 ὄρνιθες | det | high | |
| 17 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 18 ὄρνιθες | det | high | |
| 18 | ὄρνιθες | ὄρνις | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 23 ᾄδουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 19 | ἐλεεινὸν | ἐλεεινός | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ᾄδουσιν | obj | medium | Substantivized/neuter adjective, object of ᾄδουσιν. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 22 ὅμοιον | cc | high | |
| 21 | θρήνῳ | θρῆνος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ὅμοιον | obl | high | Dative of comparison with ὅμοιον. |
| 22 | ὅμοιον | ὅμοιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 ἐλεεινὸν | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐλεεινόν; agrees with the understood neuter object. |
| 23 | ᾄδουσιν | ᾄδω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 9 ἐπεφήμισαν | ccomp | high | Finite verb of the ὅτι-clause. |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπεφήμισαν | punct | high |