Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 1.43.1

← 1.42.7 1.43.2 →

Passage 1.43.1

Open translation for this passage

4sentences parsed

123Greek tokens

3,555input tokens

8,498output tokens

Sentence 1

1.43.1 sentence 1

Tokens: 14
Input: 696
Output: 1,042
Total: 1,738

λέγουσι δὲ εἶναι καὶ Ἰφιγενείας ἡρῷον· ἀποθανεῖν γὰρ καὶ ταύτην ἐν Μεγάροις.

The first infinitival clause is an accusative-and-infinitive construction with λέγουσι; the second explanatory γάρ clause has an understood subject referring to Iphigenia and ταύτην as the accusative subject of ἀποθανεῖν. The antecedent of καί in token 10 is somewhat elliptical/uncertain.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	λέγουσι	λέγω	VERB	V-PAI-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	1 λέγουσι	cc	high	Postpositive connective.
3	εἶναι	εἰμί	AUX	V-PAN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	1 λέγουσι	ccomp	high	Infinitive in reported-speech construction.
4	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	6 ἡρῷον	cc	medium	Coordinates the predicate with the preceding understood material.
5	Ἰφιγενείας	Ἰφιγένεια	PROPN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	6 ἡρῷον	nmod	high	Genitive dependent on ἡρῷον.
6	ἡρῷον	ἡρῷον	NOUN	N-ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	3 εἶναι	obj	high	Accusative predicate/subject of εἶναι in the infinitival clause.
7	·	·	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	1 λέγουσι	punct	high
8	ἀποθανεῖν	ἀποθνῄσκω	VERB	V-2AAN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	1 λέγουσι	ccomp	medium	Explanatory infinitive after γάρ; syntactically coordinated with the preceding reported content.
9	γὰρ	γάρ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	8 ἀποθανεῖν	cc	high	Postpositive explanatory conjunction.
10	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	8 ἀποθανεῖν	cc	medium	Adverbial or connective καί; exact scope is elliptical.
11	ταύτην	οὗτος	PRON	D-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	8 ἀποθανεῖν	nsubj	high	Accusative subject of the infinitive ἀποθανεῖν.
12	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	PREP	_	13 Μεγάροις	case	high
13	Μεγάροις	Μέγαρα	PROPN	N-DPN	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	8 ἀποθανεῖν	obl	high	Locative adjunct with ἐν.
14	.	.	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	1 λέγουσι	punct	high

Sentence 2

1.43.1 sentence 2

Tokens: 55
Input: 1,183
Output: 3,591
Total: 4,774

ἐγὼ δὲ ἤκουσα μὲν καὶ ἄλλον ἐς Ἰφιγένειαν λόγον ὑπὸ Ἀρκάδων λεγόμενον, οἶδα δὲ Ἡσίοδον ποιήσαντα ἐν καταλόγῳ γυναικῶν Ἰφιγένειαν οὐκ ἀποθανεῖν, γνώμῃ δὲ Ἀρτέμιδος Ἑκάτην εἶναι· τούτοις δὲ Ἡρόδοτος ὁμολογοῦντα ἔγραψε Ταύρους τοὺς πρὸς τῇ Σκυθικῇ θύειν παρθένῳ τοὺς ναυαγούς, φάναι δὲ αὐτοὺς τὴν παρθένον Ἰφιγένειαν εἶναι τὴν Ἀγαμέμνονος.

Long coordination with reported infinitival clauses; ὁμολογοῦντα is treated as agreeing with Ἡρόδοτος (accusative subject of φάναι), though the transmitted construction is syntactically difficult.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἐγὼ	ἐγώ	PRON	Pp1ns	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Person=1	3 ἤκουσα	nsubj	high
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	3 ἤκουσα	cc	high
3	ἤκουσα	ἀκούω	VERB	V-AAI-1S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=1\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
4	μὲν	μέν	CCONJ	C--------	_	3 ἤκουσα	cc	high
5	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	3 ἤκουσα	cc	high
6	ἄλλον	ἄλλος	ADJ	A---ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	9 λόγον	amod	high
7	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R--------	_	8 Ἰφιγένειαν	case	high
8	Ἰφιγένειαν	Ἰφιγένεια	PROPN	Neafsa	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	9 λόγον	obl	high
9	λόγον	λόγος	NOUN	N----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	3 ἤκουσα	obj	high
10	ὑπὸ	ὑπό	ADP	R--------	_	11 Ἀρκάδων	case	high
11	Ἀρκάδων	Ἀρκάς	PROPN	Neogpm	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	12 λεγόμενον	obl:agent	high
12	λεγόμενον	λέγω	VERB	V-PPP-ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Pass	9 λόγον	acl	high
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	3 ἤκουσα	punct	high
14	οἶδα	οἶδα	VERB	V-RIA-1S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=1\|Tense=Perf\|Voice=Act	3 ἤκουσα	conj	high
15	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	14 οἶδα	cc	high
16	Ἡσίοδον	Ἡσίοδος	PROPN	Neosm	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	17 ποιήσαντα	obj	high
17	ποιήσαντα	ποιέω	VERB	V-AAP-ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	14 οἶδα	ccomp	high	Accusative participle with implicit/raised subject Hesiod; governs the infinitival content.
18	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	R--------	_	19 καταλόγῳ	case	high
19	καταλόγῳ	κατάλογος	NOUN	N----DSM-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	17 ποιήσαντα	obl	high
20	γυναικῶν	γυνή	NOUN	N----GPF-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	19 καταλόγῳ	nmod	high
21	Ἰφιγένειαν	Ἰφιγένεια	PROPN	Neafsa	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	23 ἀποθανεῖν	obj	high
22	οὐκ	οὐ	PART	D--------	_	23 ἀποθανεῖν	advmod	high
23	ἀποθανεῖν	ἀποθνῄσκω	VERB	V-2AAN--	Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	17 ποιήσαντα	xcomp	high
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	14 οἶδα	punct	high
25	γνώμῃ	γνώμη	NOUN	N----DSF-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	29 εἶναι	obl	high	Dative of agency/judgment: according to Artemis’s will.
26	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	29 εἶναι	cc	high
27	Ἀρτέμιδος	Ἄρτεμις	PROPN	Neafsg	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	25 γνώμῃ	nmod	high
28	Ἑκάτην	Ἑκάτη	PROPN	Neafsa	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	29 εἶναι	obj	high
29	εἶναι	εἰμί	AUX	V-PAN--	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	17 ποιήσαντα	xcomp	high
30	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	14 οἶδα	punct	high
31	τούτοις	οὗτος	PRON	Pd----dp	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	35 ἔγραψε	obl	high	Dative of agreement/reference.
32	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	35 ἔγραψε	cc	high
33	Ἡρόδοτος	Ἡρόδοτος	PROPN	Neosm	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	35 ἔγραψε	nsubj	high
34	ὁμολογοῦντα	ὁμολογέω	VERB	V-PAP-ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	33 Ἡρόδοτος	amod	low	Form is accusative masculine singular; its syntactic attachment is uncertain in the transmitted wording.
35	ἔγραψε	γράφω	VERB	V-AAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	14 οἶδα	conj	high
36	Ταύρους	Ταῦρος	PROPN	Neompa	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	35 ἔγραψε	obj	high	Ethnic noun, accusative plural.
37	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	P---AMP-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	44 ναυαγούς	det	high
38	πρὸς	πρός	ADP	R--------	_	40 Σκυθικῇ	case	high
39	τῇ	ὁ	DET	P---DSF-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	40 Σκυθικῇ	det	high
40	Σκυθικῇ	Σκυθικός	ADJ	A---DSF-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	36 Ταύρους	obl	high	Substantivized adjective: the Scythian region/territory.
41	θύειν	θύω	VERB	V-PAN--	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	35 ἔγραψε	ccomp	high	Infinitive in reported content; subject is τοὺς ναυαγούς.
42	παρθένῳ	παρθένος	NOUN	N---DSF-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	41 θύειν	obl	high	Dative recipient/ritual object.
43	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	P---AMP-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	44 ναυαγούς	det	high
44	ναυαγούς	ναυαγός	NOUN	N---AMP-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	41 θύειν	nsubj	high	Accusative subject of the infinitive θύειν.
45	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	35 ἔγραψε	punct	high
46	φάναι	φημί	VERB	V-PAN--	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	35 ἔγραψε	conj	high	Second reported infinitive coordinated with θύειν.
47	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	46 φάναι	cc	high
48	αὐτοὺς	αὐτός	PRON	P---AM--	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	46 φάναι	obj	high	Accusative subject of φάναι.
49	τὴν	ὁ	DET	P---ASF-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	50 παρθένον	det	high
50	παρθένον	παρθένος	NOUN	N---ASF-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	52 εἶναι	xcomp	high
51	Ἰφιγένειαν	Ἰφιγένεια	PROPN	Neafsa	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	52 εἶναι	obj	high	Predicate accusative with εἶναι.
52	εἶναι	εἰμί	AUX	V-PAN--	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	46 φάναι	ccomp	high
53	τὴν	ὁ	DET	P---ASF-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	54 Ἀγαμέμνονος	det	high
54	Ἀγαμέμνονος	Ἀγαμέμνων	PROPN	Neosgm	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	51 Ἰφιγένειαν	nmod	high
55	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	35 ἔγραψε	punct	high

Sentence 3

1.43.1 sentence 3

Tokens: 36
Input: 909
Output: 2,473
Total: 3,382

ἔχει δὲ παρὰ Μεγαρεῦσι καὶ Ἄδραστος τιμάς· φασὶ δὲ ἀποθανεῖν παρὰ σφίσι καὶ τοῦτον, ὅτε ἑλὼν Θήβας ἀπῆγεν ὀπίσω τὸν στρατόν, αἴτια δέ οἱ τοῦ θανάτου γῆρας καὶ τὴν Αἰγιαλέως γενέσθαι τελευτήν.

Two coordinated clauses: ἔχει takes τιμάς with παρὰ + dative; φασί introduces an infinitival report with τοῦτον as accusative subject. The final nominal clause gives γῆρας and τὴν ... τελευτήν as coordinated causes, with οἱ dative of reference. The syntax of αἴτια is nominative plural agreeing with the coordinated causes.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἔχει	ἔχω	VERB	V-PAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	1 ἔχει	cc	high
3	παρὰ	παρά	ADP	PREP	_	4 Μεγαρεῦσι	case	high
4	Μεγαρεῦσι	Μεγαρεύς	PROPN	N-DPM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	1 ἔχει	obl	high	Ethnic name used substantivally: 'among the Megarians'.
5	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	6 Ἄδραστος	cc	high
6	Ἄδραστος	Ἄδραστος	PROPN	N-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	1 ἔχει	nsubj	high
7	τιμάς	τιμή	NOUN	N-APF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	1 ἔχει	obj	high
8	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	1 ἔχει	punct	high
9	φασὶ	φημί	VERB	V-PAI-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	1 ἔχει	parataxis	high
10	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	9 φασὶ	cc	high
11	ἀποθανεῖν	ἀποθνῄσκω	VERB	V-AAN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	9 φασὶ	ccomp	high
12	παρὰ	παρά	ADP	PREP	_	13 σφίσι	case	high
13	σφίσι	σφεῖς	PRON	P-D3P	Case=Dat\|Number=Plur\|Person=3	11 ἀποθανεῖν	obl	high	Reflexive/third-person plural pronoun, here 'among them'.
14	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	15 τοῦτον	cc	high
15	τοῦτον	οὗτος	PRON	P-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	11 ἀποθανεῖν	nsubj	high	Accusative subject of the infinitive.
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	15 τοῦτον	punct	high
17	ὅτε	ὅτε	SCONJ	ADV	_	20 ἀπῆγεν	mark	high
18	ἑλὼν	αἱρέω	VERB	V-AAP-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	20 ἀπῆγεν	advcl	high	Aorist participle agreeing with the understood subject Adrastus.
19	Θήβας	Θῆβαι	PROPN	N-APF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	18 ἑλὼν	obj	high
20	ἀπῆγεν	ἀπάγω	VERB	V-IAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	11 ἀποθανεῖν	advcl	high	Temporal ὅτε-clause.
21	ὀπίσω	ὀπίσω	ADV	ADV	_	20 ἀπῆγεν	advmod	high
22	τὸν	ὁ	DET	T-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	23 στρατόν	det	high
23	στρατόν	στρατός	NOUN	N-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	20 ἀπῆγεν	obj	high
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	20 ἀπῆγεν	punct	high
25	αἴτια	αἴτιος	ADJ	A-NPN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	11 ἀποθανεῖν	parataxis	medium	Predicative nominal expression: 'the causes of his death were...'.
26	δέ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	25 αἴτια	cc	high
27	οἱ	οἱ	PRON	P-DSM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	25 αἴτια	iobj	medium	Dative of reference, 'for him'; could alternatively be analyzed with θανάτου.
28	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	T-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	29 θανάτου	det	high
29	θανάτου	θάνατος	NOUN	N-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	25 αἴτια	nmod	high	Genitive dependent on αἴτια: 'causes of death'.
30	γῆρας	γῆρας	NOUN	N-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	25 αἴτια	nsubj	high
31	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	35 τελευτήν	cc	high
32	τὴν	ὁ	DET	T-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	35 τελευτήν	det	high
33	Αἰγιαλέως	Αἰγιαλεύς	PROPN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	35 τελευτήν	nmod	medium	Proper name is morphologically ambiguous in form; taken here as feminine genitive modifying τελευτήν.
34	γενέσθαι	γίγνομαι	VERB	V-AMN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Mid	35 τελευτήν	acl	medium	Infinitive within the nominal cause phrase; exact attachment is syntactically compressed.
35	τελευτήν	τελευτή	NOUN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	25 αἴτια	conj	medium	Accusative form retained as transmitted; likely part of a compressed construction with γενέσθαι.
36	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	25 αἴτια	punct	high

Sentence 4

1.43.1 sentence 4

Tokens: 18
Input: 767
Output: 1,392
Total: 2,159

καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν ὁ Ἀγαμέμνων ἐποίησεν, ἡνίκα ἦλθε Κάλχαντα οἰκοῦντα ἐν Μεγάροις ἐς Ἴλιον ἕπεσθαι πείσων.

ἡνίκα introduces a temporal clause. ἦλθε takes the accusative object Κάλχαντα and the complementary infinitive ἕπεσθαι, with πείσων as a future active participle expressing purpose; οἰκοῦντα modifies Κάλχαντα. The subject of ἦλθε is understood ὁ Ἀγαμέμνων.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Conj	_	6 ἐποίησεν	cc	high
2	Ἀρτέμιδος	Ἄρτεμις	PROPN	N-GenSgF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	3 ἱερὸν	nmod	high	Divine name in the genitive.
3	ἱερὸν	ἱερόν	NOUN	N-AccSgN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	6 ἐποίησεν	obj	high
4	ὁ	ὁ	DET	Art-NomSgM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	5 Ἀγαμέμνων	det	high
5	Ἀγαμέμνων	Ἀγαμέμνων	PROPN	N-NomSgM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	6 ἐποίησεν	nsubj	high
6	ἐποίησεν	ποιέω	VERB	V-AorActInd-3Sg	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	6 ἐποίησεν	punct	high
8	ἡνίκα	ἡνίκα	SCONJ	Adv	_	9 ἦλθε	mark	high	Temporal subordinator.
9	ἦλθε	ἔρχομαι	VERB	V-AorActInd-3Sg	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	6 ἐποίησεν	advcl	high	Subject understood as ὁ Ἀγαμέμνων.
10	Κάλχαντα	Κάλχας	PROPN	N-AccSgM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	16 ἕπεσθαι	nsubj	medium	Accusative subject of the complementary infinitive.
11	οἰκοῦντα	οἰκέω	VERB	V-PresActPtcp-AccSgM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	10 Κάλχαντα	acl	high	Participial modifier of Κάλχαντα.
12	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	Prep	_	13 Μεγάροις	case	high
13	Μεγάροις	Μέγαρα	PROPN	N-DatPlN	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	11 οἰκοῦντα	obl	high	Place name governed by ἐν.
14	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	Prep	_	15 Ἴλιον	case	high
15	Ἴλιον	Ἴλιος	PROPN	N-AccSgN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	16 ἕπεσθαι	obl	high	Destination governed by ἐς.
16	ἕπεσθαι	ἕπομαι	VERB	V-PresMidInf	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Mid	9 ἦλθε	xcomp	high	Complementary infinitive of ἦλθε.
17	πείσων	πείθω	VERB	V-FutActPtcp-NomSgM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Fut\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	9 ἦλθε	advcl	medium	Future participle of purpose; subject is understood as Agamemnon.
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	6 ἐποίησεν	punct	high

← 1.42.7 1.43.2 →