Grammar parses for passage 1.7.3
Open translation for this passage
Μάγας δὲ ἤδη γυναῖκα ἔχων Ἀπάμην Ἀντιόχου τοῦ Σελεύκου θυγατέρα, ἔπεισεν Ἀντίοχον παραβάντα ἃς ὁ πατήρ οἱ Σέλευκος ἐποιήσατο συνθήκας πρὸς Πτολεμαῖον, ἐλαύνειν ἐπʼ Αἴγυπτον.
Μάγας is the subject of ἔπεισεν; ἔχων is a circumstantial participle. Ἀντίοχον is the accusative subject of the infinitive ἐλαύνειν, with παραβάντα agreeing with it. ἃς ... συνθήκας is the object of παραβάντα; οἱ is a dative possessor with πατήρ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Μάγας | Μάγας | PROPN | N------S-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἔπεισεν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 12 ἔπεισεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-------- | _ | 5 ἔχων | advmod | high | |
| 4 | γυναῖκα | γυνή | NOUN | N--ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἔχων | obj | high | Accusative object of ἔχων. |
| 5 | ἔχων | ἔχω | VERB | V-PAP-NMS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 ἔπεισεν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with Μάγας. |
| 6 | Ἀπάμην | Ἀπάμη | PROPN | N---ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 θυγατέρα | appos | medium | Personal name in apposition to θυγατέρα. |
| 7 | Ἀντιόχου | Ἀντίοχος | PROPN | N---GMS--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 θυγατέρα | nmod | high | |
| 8 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSMS--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 Σελεύκου | det | high | |
| 9 | Σελεύκου | Σέλευκος | PROPN | N---GMS--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Ἀντιόχου | nmod | high | In the phrase Ἀντιόχου τοῦ Σελεύκου. |
| 10 | θυγατέρα | θυγάτηρ | NOUN | N---ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἔχων | obj | high | Second accusative object/complement with ἔχων; appositional to Ἀπάμην. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἔπεισεν | punct | high | |
| 12 | ἔπεισεν | πείθω | VERB | V-AAI-3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | Ἀντίοχον | Ἀντίοχος | PROPN | N---ASM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἔπεισεν | obj | high | Accusative person persuaded. |
| 14 | παραβάντα | παραβαίνω | VERB | V-AAP-ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 25 ἐλαύνειν | advcl | high | Participial adjunct agreeing with Ἀντίοχον; accusative subject of ἐλαύνειν. |
| 15 | ἃς | ὅς | PRON | P-RAFP--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 21 συνθήκας | det | medium | Relative pronoun functioning as determiner with συνθήκας; semantically object of παραβάντα. |
| 16 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NMS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 πατήρ | det | high | |
| 17 | πατήρ | πατήρ | NOUN | N-NMS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ἐποιήσατο | nsubj | high | |
| 18 | οἱ | οἱ | PRON | P-3---DS-- | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 17 πατήρ | nmod | high | Dative possessor, ‘his father’. |
| 19 | Σέλευκος | Σέλευκος | PROPN | N-NMS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ἐποιήσατο | nsubj | high | |
| 20 | ἐποιήσατο | ποιέω | VERB | V-AMI-3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 21 συνθήκας | acl:relcl | high | Relative-clause verb with συνθήκας as object. |
| 21 | συνθήκας | συνθήκη | NOUN | N-AFP--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 παραβάντα | obj | high | Object of παραβάντα, resumed/introduced by relative ἃς. |
| 22 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 23 Πτολεμαῖον | case | high | |
| 23 | Πτολεμαῖον | Πτολεμαῖος | PROPN | N---ASM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 συνθήκας | nmod | high | Object of πρὸς. |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἔπεισεν | punct | high | |
| 25 | ἐλαύνειν | ἐλαύνω | VERB | V-PAN--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 12 ἔπεισεν | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of ἔπεισεν. |
| 26 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 27 Αἴγυπτον | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί. |
| 27 | Αἴγυπτον | Αἴγυπτος | PROPN | N---ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ἐλαύνειν | obl | high | Motion toward Egypt with ἐπί + accusative. |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἔπεισεν | punct | high |
ὡρμημένου δὲ Ἀντιόχου στρατεύειν, Πτολεμαῖος διέπεμψεν ἐς ἅπαντας ὧν ἦρχεν Ἀντίοχος, τοῖς μὲν ἀσθενεστέροις λῃστὰς κατατρέχειν τὴν γῆν, οἳ δὲ ἦσαν δυνατώτεροι στρατιᾷ κατεῖργεν, ὥστε Ἀντιόχῳ μήποτε ἐγγενέσθαι στρατεύειν ἐπʼ Αἴγυπτον.
Genitive absolute ὡρμημένου ... Ἀντιόχου; διέπεμψεν governs an accusative destination/group and coordinated infinitival directives. The relative clause ὧν ἦρχεν Ἀντίοχος modifies ἅπαντας; ὥστε introduces a result infinitive. The forms τοῖς μὲν ... οἳ δὲ and the singular κατεῖργεν are syntactically difficult; the latter is retained as a finite verb with an understood/collective subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡρμημένου | ὁρμάω | VERB | V-PPM-GSM | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Mood=Participle|Number=Singular|Tense=Perfect|Voice=Middle | 3 Ἀντιόχου | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ὡρμημένου | cc | high | |
| 3 | Ἀντιόχου | Ἀντίοχος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 1 ὡρμημένου | nsubj | high | Genitive-absolute subject. |
| 4 | στρατεύειν | στρατεύω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 1 ὡρμημένου | xcomp | high | Infinitive complementary to ὡρμημένου. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 διέπεμψεν | punct | high | |
| 6 | Πτολεμαῖος | Πτολεμαῖος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 7 διέπεμψεν | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | διέπεμψεν | διαπέμπω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 9 ἅπαντας | case | high | |
| 9 | ἅπαντας | ἅπας | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 7 διέπεμψεν | obl | high | Substantival adjective, object/group addressed. |
| 10 | ὧν | ὅς | PRON | R-GPM | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 11 ἦρχεν | obj | high | Relative pronoun governed by ἦρχεν. |
| 11 | ἦρχεν | ἄρχω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 9 ἅπαντας | acl:relcl | high | |
| 12 | Ἀντίοχος | Ἀντίοχος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 11 ἦρχεν | nsubj | high | |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 διέπεμψεν | punct | high | |
| 14 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 16 ἀσθενεστέροις | det | high | Dative paired contrast constituent. |
| 15 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 16 ἀσθενεστέροις | discourse | high | Paired with δὲ at token 23. |
| 16 | ἀσθενεστέροις | ἀσθενής | ADJ | A-DPM-C | Case=Dative|Degree=Comparative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 18 κατατρέχειν | obl | medium | Substantival dative; recipient/target of directive. |
| 17 | λῃστὰς | λῃστής | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 18 κατατρέχειν | obj | high | |
| 18 | κατατρέχειν | κατατρέχω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 7 διέπεμψεν | xcomp | high | Infinitival directive coordinated with κατεῖργεν construction. |
| 19 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 20 γῆν | det | high | |
| 20 | γῆν | γῆ | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 18 κατατρέχειν | obj | high | Object of κατατρέχειν. |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 κατεῖργεν | punct | high | |
| 22 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | R-NPM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 27 κατεῖργεν | nsubj | medium | Relative/contrastive subject corresponding to τοῖς ... ἀσθενεστέροις; case mismatch is textually/syntactically difficult. |
| 23 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 οἳ | cc | high | Paired with μέν at token 15. |
| 24 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 25 δυνατώτεροι | cop | high | |
| 25 | δυνατώτεροι | δυνατός | ADJ | A-NPM-C | Case=Nominative|Degree=Comparative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 27 κατεῖργεν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with ἦσαν. |
| 26 | στρατιᾷ | στρατιά | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 27 κατεῖργεν | obl | medium | Instrumental dative: by/with an army. |
| 27 | κατεῖργεν | κατείργω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 7 διέπεμψεν | conj | medium | Singular form despite plural οἳ; likely textual or attraction/collective difficulty. |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 ὥστε | punct | high | |
| 29 | ὥστε | ὥστε | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 32 ἐγγενέσθαι | mark | high | Introduces result infinitive. |
| 30 | Ἀντιόχῳ | Ἀντίοχος | PROPN | D-DSM | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 32 ἐγγενέσθαι | obl | high | Dative subject of the infinitive. |
| 31 | μήποτε | μήποτε | PART | PART | _ | 32 ἐγγενέσθαι | advmod | high | Negative/adverbial particle. |
| 32 | ἐγγενέσθαι | ἐγγίγνομαι | VERB | V-2AMN | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Middle | 7 διέπεμψεν | advcl | high | Result infinitive after ὥστε. |
| 33 | στρατεύειν | στρατεύω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 32 ἐγγενέσθαι | xcomp | high | Infinitive dependent on ἐγγενέσθαι. |
| 34 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 35 Αἴγυπτον | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί. |
| 35 | Αἴγυπτον | Αἴγυπτος | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 33 στρατεύειν | obl | high | |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 διέπεμψεν | punct | high |
οὗτος ὁ Πτολεμαῖος καὶ πρότερον εἴρηταί μοι ὡς ναυτικὸν ἔστειλεν ἐς τὴν Ἀθηναίων συμμαχίαν ἐπʼ Ἀντίγονον καὶ Μακεδόνας· ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ οὐδὲν μέγα ἐγένετο ἐς σωτηρίαν Ἀθηναίοις.
The passage contains two coordinated finite clauses: εἴρηταί μοι with a ὡς-content clause, followed after the semicolon by ἀλλὰ γάρ ... ἐγένετο; the first clause's subject Πτολεμαῖος is understood as the subject of ἔστειλεν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | PD.NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 3 Πτολεμαῖος | det | high | |
| 2 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | DA.NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Πτολεμαῖος | det | high | |
| 3 | Πτολεμαῖος | Πτολεμαῖος | PROPN | N.NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 εἴρηταί | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 εἴρηταί | cc | high | |
| 5 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 6 εἴρηταί | advmod | high | |
| 6 | εἴρηταί | λέγω | VERB | V-RMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect middle/passive of λέγω, used impersonally: 'it has been said/mentioned to me'. |
| 7 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P-1DS | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 6 εἴρηταί | iobj | high | |
| 8 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 ἔστειλεν | mark | high | Introduces the content clause. |
| 9 | ναυτικὸν | ναυτικός | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἔστειλεν | obj | high | Substantivized neuter adjective, 'naval force/fleet'. |
| 10 | ἔστειλεν | στέλλω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 6 εἴρηταί | ccomp | high | |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 συμμαχίαν | case | high | |
| 12 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | DA-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 συμμαχίαν | det | high | |
| 13 | Ἀθηναίων | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 συμμαχίαν | nmod | high | Possessive/associative genitive. |
| 14 | συμμαχίαν | συμμαχία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἔστειλεν | obl | high | Goal/destination with εἰς. |
| 15 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 16 Ἀντίγονον | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί. |
| 16 | Ἀντίγονον | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἔστειλεν | obl | high | With ἐπί, indicating hostile campaign against. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 Μακεδόνας | cc | high | |
| 18 | Μακεδόνας | Μακεδών | PROPN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 Ἀντίγονον | conj | high | |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 εἴρηταί | punct | high | |
| 20 | ἀλλὰ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 26 ἐγένετο | cc | high | Adversative connector to the second clause. |
| 21 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | PART | _ | 26 ἐγένετο | discourse | high | |
| 22 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 23 αὐτοῦ | case | high | Elided form of ἀπό. |
| 23 | αὐτοῦ | αὐτός | PRON | P-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 26 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Source/agency: 'from him'. |
| 24 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | PI-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 26 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Substantive neuter subject, 'nothing'. |
| 25 | μέγα | μέγας | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 24 οὐδὲν | amod | high | Agrees with οὐδέν. |
| 26 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second finite clause; coordination is punctuation/contrast-linked to the preceding clause. |
| 27 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 28 σωτηρίαν | case | high | |
| 28 | σωτηρίαν | σωτηρία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Purpose/result complement with εἰς. |
| 29 | Ἀθηναίοις | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 ἐγένετο | iobj | high | Beneficiary/dative of advantage. |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 26 ἐγένετο | punct | high |
τὴν δέ οἱ συνοικήσασαν ἀδελφὴν κατέλαβεν ἔτι πρότερον ἀποθανεῖν ἄπαιδα, καὶ νομός ἐστιν ἀπʼ αὐτῆς Ἀρσινοΐτης Αἰγυπτίοις.
The first clause has an accusative subject/object structure: τὴν ... ἀδελφὴν is the object of κατέλαβεν, with ἀποθανεῖν as a complementary infinitive and ἄπαιδα as its predicative adjunct; Ἀρσινοΐτης is a predicate nominative with ἐστιν, while Αἰγυπτίοις is a dative of reference/possession. The form οἱ is taken as an indirect-object pronoun with κατέλαβεν, though its antecedent is context-dependent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 ἀδελφὴν | det | high | |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 κατέλαβεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | οἱ | οἱ | PRON | RP3MSA | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 6 κατέλαβεν | iobj | medium | Enclitic third-person dative pronoun; antecedent is context-dependent. |
| 4 | συνοικήσασαν | συνοικέω | VERB | VAAP-SFA | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 5 ἀδελφὴν | acl | high | |
| 5 | ἀδελφὴν | ἀδελφή | NOUN | N-----FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 κατέλαβεν | obj | high | |
| 6 | κατέλαβεν | καταλαμβάνω | VERB | VAAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 πρότερον | advmod | high | |
| 8 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Cmp | 9 ἀποθανεῖν | advmod | medium | Adverbial comparative, modifying the temporal relation of the infinitive. |
| 9 | ἀποθανεῖν | ἀποθνῄσκω | VERB | V有AAN | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 6 κατέλαβεν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive governed by κατέλαβεν. |
| 10 | ἄπαιδα | ἄπαις | ADJ | A-----FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἀποθανεῖν | xcomp | medium | Predicative accusative with the infinitive; agrees with the understood feminine subject. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 κατέλαβεν | punct | high | |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 νομός | cc | high | |
| 13 | νομός | νομός | NOUN | N-----MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | |
| 14 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | VPAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 6 κατέλαβεν | conj | high | Finite verb of the coordinated second clause. |
| 15 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 16 αὐτῆς | case | high | |
| 16 | αὐτῆς | αὐτός | PRON | P------FA- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 13 νομός | nmod | high | Genitive governed by ἀπό. |
| 17 | Ἀρσινοΐτης | Ἀρσινοΐτης | PROPN | N-----MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἐστιν | attr | high | Predicate nominative/name of the νομός. |
| 18 | Αἰγυπτίοις | Αἰγύπτιος | PROPN | A-----MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἐστιν | obl | medium | Dative of reference or possession; adjectival ethnic form substantivized. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἐστιν | punct | high |