Grammar parses for passage 1.9.5
Open translation for this passage
ὁ δὲ Λυσίμαχος οὗτος γένος τε ἦν Μακεδὼν καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου δορυφόρος,
Copular clause: οὗτος modifies Λυσίμαχος; γένος is a predicate nominative with ἦν, and the coordinated predicates Μακεδών and δορυφόρος are linked by τε ... καί. The phrase Ἀλεξάνδρου δορυφόρος means ‘Alexander’s spear-bearer’; Ἀλεξάνδρου is a dependent genitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Λυσίμαχος | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 Λυσίμαχος | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Λυσίμαχος | Λυσίμαχος | PROPN | N-----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | οὗτος | οὗτος | DET | A-----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 3 Λυσίμαχος | det | high | Demonstrative used attributively. |
| 5 | γένος | γένος | NOUN | N-----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | nsubj | medium | Predicate nominative, coordinated with Μακεδών and δορυφόρος; parsers may label it as a nominal complement. |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 γένος | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 7 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V3SIAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | Μακεδὼν | Μακεδών | NOUN | N-----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | xcomp | high | Predicate nominative/adjectival complement of ἦν. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 11 δορυφόρος | cc | high | Coordinates δορυφόρος with the preceding predicate phrase. |
| 10 | Ἀλεξάνδρου | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | N-----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 δορυφόρος | nmod | high | Possessive/objective genitive with δορυφόρος. |
| 11 | δορυφόρος | δορυφόρος | NOUN | N-----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | conj | high | Second predicate nominative, coordinated with Μακεδών. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἦν | punct | high |
τελευτήσαντος δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου Θρᾳκῶν ἐβασίλευεν ὁ Λυσίμαχος τῶν προσοίκων Μακεδόσιν, ὅσων ἦρχεν Ἀλέξανδρος καὶ ἔτι πρότερον Φίλιππος· εἶεν δʼ ἂν οὗτοι τοῦ Θρᾴκιου μοῖρα οὐ μεγάλη.
Primary analysis takes τελευτήσαντος Ἀλεξάνδρου as a genitive absolute, ἐβασίλευεν as governing Θρᾳκῶν and Μακεδόσιν, and τῶν προσοίκων as an appositional/partitive specification. The final clause is optative potential: οὗτοι ... μοῖρα ... εἶεν ἄν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τελευτήσαντος | τελευτάω | VERB | V-PAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 5 ἐβασίλευεν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with Ἀλεξάνδρου. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 5 ἐβασίλευεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | Ἀλεξάνδρου | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | NP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 τελευτήσαντος | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 4 | Θρᾳκῶν | Θρᾷξ | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐβασίλευεν | obj | medium | Genitive with βασιλεύω, indicating the people ruled. |
| 5 | ἐβασίλευεν | βασιλεύω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Λυσίμαχος | det | high | |
| 7 | Λυσίμαχος | Λυσίμαχος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἐβασίλευεν | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 προσοίκων | det | high | |
| 9 | προσοίκων | προσοῖκος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Θρᾳκῶν | amod | medium | Substantivized adjective, likely specifying neighboring Thracians. |
| 10 | Μακεδόσιν | Μακεδών | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐβασίλευεν | obl | high | Dative of the people over whom he ruled. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐβασίλευεν | punct | high | |
| 12 | ὅσων | ὅσος | PRON | Q-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἦρχεν | obj | high | Relative genitive object with ἦρχεν. |
| 13 | ἦρχεν | ἄρχω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 5 ἐβασίλευεν | acl:relcl | high | Relative clause modifying the preceding genitive group. |
| 14 | Ἀλέξανδρος | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | NP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἦρχεν | nsubj | high | |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 13 ἦρχεν | cc | high | Coordinates the second subject. |
| 16 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D--------- | _ | 17 πρότερον | advmod | high | |
| 17 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | D--------- | _ | 18 Φίλιππος | advmod | high | Adverbial comparative, 'earlier/before'. |
| 18 | Φίλιππος | Φίλιππος | PROPN | NP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἦρχεν | conj | high | Coordinated subject of ἦρχεν. |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐβασίλευεν | punct | high | |
| 20 | εἶεν | εἰμί | AUX | V-POA-3P | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | New clause after punctuation; optative of potential conclusion with ἄν. |
| 21 | δʼ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 20 εἶεν | cc | high | |
| 22 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | X--------- | _ | 20 εἶεν | aux | high | Potential particle with optative. |
| 23 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | RD-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 εἶεν | nsubj | high | Subject, referring to the previously mentioned peoples. |
| 24 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 Θρᾴκιου | det | high | |
| 25 | Θρᾴκιου | Θρᾴκιος | ADJ | A-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 26 μοῖρα | amod | high | Neuter adjective agreeing with μοῖρα. |
| 26 | μοῖρα | μοῖρα | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 εἶεν | predicative | medium | Predicate noun; semantically 'a part/portion of the Thracian [realm].' |
| 27 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | T--------- | _ | 28 μεγάλη | advmod | high | |
| 28 | μεγάλη | μέγας | ADJ | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 μοῖρα | amod | high | Agrees with μοῖρα. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 εἶεν | punct | high |
Θρᾳκῶν δὲ τῶν πάντων οὐδένες πλείους εἰσὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὅτι μὴ Κελτοὶ πρὸς ἄλλο ἔθνος ἓν ἀντεξετάζοντι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὐδείς πω πρότερος Θρᾷκας Ῥωμαίων κατεστρέψατο ἀθρόους·
The opening comparative clause is syntactically compressed, and ἀντεξετάζοντι is morphologically discordant with Κελτοί; annotation preserves the transmitted form and marks that uncertainty.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Θρᾳκῶν | Θρᾷξ | PROPN | N-Gen.Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 οὐδένες | nmod | high | Partitive/genitive with οὐδένες. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 εἰσὶ | cc | high | |
| 3 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-Gen.Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 πάντων | det | high | |
| 4 | πάντων | πᾶς | ADJ | A-Gen.Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 Θρᾳκῶν | amod | high | Modifies Θρᾳκῶν. |
| 5 | οὐδένες | οὐδείς | PRON | A-Nom.Pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 εἰσὶ | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | πλείους | πολύς | ADJ | A-Acc.Pl.Cmp | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 εἰσὶ | xcomp | medium | Comparative predicate with εἰσί; accusative form is textually/grammatically difficult. |
| 7 | εἰσὶ | εἰμί | VERB | V- pres ind act 3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-Gen.Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀνθρώπων | det | high | |
| 9 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-Gen.Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 πλείους | obl | high | Genitive of comparison. |
| 10 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 Κελτοὶ | mark | medium | Introduces an elliptical comparative exception clause. |
| 11 | μὴ | μή | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 12 Κελτοὶ | advmod | high | |
| 12 | Κελτοὶ | Κελτός | PROPN | N-Nom.Pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 πλείους | nsubj | medium | Subject of elliptical clause; syntax of the comparative exception is compressed. |
| 13 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | PREP | _ | 15 ἔθνος | case | high | |
| 14 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-Acc.Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἔθνος | amod | high | |
| 15 | ἔθνος | ἔθνος | NOUN | N-Acc.Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ἀντεξετάζοντι | obl | high | Object of πρὸς. |
| 16 | ἓν | εἷς | NUM | A-Acc.Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|NumType=Card|Number=Sing | 15 ἔθνος | nummod | high | Numeral modifying ἔθνος. |
| 17 | ἀντεξετάζοντι | ἀντεξετάζω | VERB | V-Part-Pres-Act-Dat.Sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 Κελτοὶ | acl | low | Form is dative singular participle, discordant with Κελτοί; likely corrupt or difficultly construed text. |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἀντεξετάζοντι | punct | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 27 κατεστρέψατο | cc | high | |
| 20 | διὰ | διά | ADP | PREP | _ | 21 τοῦτο | case | high | |
| 21 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | D-Acc.Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 κατεστρέψατο | obl | high | Causal διά with accusative. |
| 22 | οὐδείς | οὐδείς | PRON | A-Nom.Sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 κατεστρέψατο | nsubj | high | |
| 23 | πω | πω | ADV | ADV | _ | 27 κατεστρέψατο | advmod | high | With πρότερος, ‘yet/before’. |
| 24 | πρότερος | πρότερος | ADJ | A-Nom.Sg.Cmp | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 κατεστρέψατο | advmod | medium | Adverbial comparative, ‘previously/earlier’. |
| 25 | Θρᾷκας | Θρᾷξ | PROPN | N-Acc.Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 κατεστρέψατο | obj | high | |
| 26 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N-Gen.Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 κατεστρέψατο | nmod | high | Possessive/subjective genitive with Θρᾷκας. |
| 27 | κατεστρέψατο | καταστρέφω | VERB | V-Aor-Ind-Med-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb; subject οὐδείς. |
| 28 | ἀθρόους | ἀθρόος | ADJ | A-Acc.Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 Θρᾷκας | amod | high | |
| 29 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 κατεστρέψατο | punct | high |
Ῥωμαίοις δὲ Θρᾴκη τε πᾶσά ἐστιν ὑποχείριος, καὶ Κελτῶν ὅσον μὲν ἀχρεῖον νομίζουσι διά τε ὑπερβάλλον ψῦχος καὶ γῆς φαυλότητα, ἑκουσίως παρῶπταί σφισι, τὰ δὲ ἀξιόκτητα ἔχουσι καὶ τούτων.
The sentence has an omitted/copular relation in the second clause: Κελτῶν ὅσον ... ἀχρεῖον is the object/content of νομίζουσι, while τὰ ... ἀξιόκτητα is the object of ἔχουσι; παρῶπταί is a passive/perfect form with σφισι as the dative experiencer/possessor. The exact attachment of τε and the participle ὑπερβάλλον is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ῥωμαίοις | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | Nb-p | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ὑποχείριος | obl | high | Dative of reference/possession with ὑποχείριος ἐστιν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 ἐστιν | cc | high | |
| 3 | Θρᾴκη | Θρᾴκη | PROPN | Nb-s | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 Θρᾴκη | cc | medium | Postpositive connective, linking this clause with the following καί-clause. |
| 5 | πᾶσά | πᾶς | ADJ | Afs--n | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 Θρᾴκη | amod | high | |
| 6 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copula; predicate adjective is ὑποχείριος. |
| 7 | ὑποχείριος | ὑποχείριος | ADJ | Afs---n | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐστιν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐστιν | punct | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 νομίζουσι | cc | high | Coordinates the second finite clause. |
| 10 | Κελτῶν | Κέλτης | PROPN | Nb-p | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ὅσον | nmod | medium | Partitive/genitival complement with ὅσον, within the object phrase of νομίζουσι. |
| 11 | ὅσον | ὅσος | PRON | P---na-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἀχρεῖον | det | medium | Substantivized neuter quantifier, ‘as much/as far as’; governs the following nominal phrase. |
| 12 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 13 ἀχρεῖον | advmod | high | Correlative particle, balanced by δὲ at token 28. |
| 13 | ἀχρεῖον | ἀχρεῖος | ADJ | A-s---na | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 νομίζουσι | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter adjective, object/content of νομίζουσι; ὅσον specifies its extent. |
| 14 | νομίζουσι | νομίζω | VERB | V3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 30 ἔχουσι | ccomp | high | Finite verb of the subordinate/content clause; subject is implicit Romans. |
| 15 | διά | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 17 ὑπερβάλλον | case | high | With accusative ὑπερβάλλον ψῦχος, causal. |
| 16 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ὑπερβάλλον | cc | medium | Links the two causal grounds διά ... καὶ ...; exact scope is slightly uncertain. |
| 17 | ὑπερβάλλον | ὑπερβάλλω | VERB | V-sppana- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 18 ψῦχος | amod | medium | Agreeing with ψῦχος; functioning adjectivally, ‘excessive’. |
| 18 | ψῦχος | ψῦχος | NOUN | N-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἀχρεῖον | obl | medium | Object of διά in the causal phrase; attached to the judged-as-worthless phrase. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 γῆς | cc | high | |
| 20 | γῆς | γῆ | NOUN | N-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 φαυλότητα | nmod | high | Dependent genitive with φαυλότητα. |
| 21 | φαυλότητα | φαυλότης | NOUN | N-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀχρεῖον | obl | high | Second causal object of διά, coordinated with ψῦχος. |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 νομίζουσι | punct | high | |
| 23 | ἑκουσίως | ἑκουσίως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 24 παρῶπταί | advmod | high | Manner adverb, ‘willingly/voluntarily’. |
| 24 | παρῶπταί | παροράω | VERB | V3srmi--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 30 ἔχουσι | conj | medium | Perfect middle/passive form; singular despite plural dative σφισι, likely impersonal or with an unexpressed neuter subject (‘is overlooked’). |
| 25 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | Pp3-pd-- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 24 παρῶπταί | iobj | high | Dative pronoun, ‘for/to them’, referring to the Romans. |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 παρῶπταί | punct | high | |
| 27 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 29 ἀξιόκτητα | det | high | Article substantivizing/marking the neuter plural object phrase. |
| 28 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 30 ἔχουσι | cc | high | Contrasts with μὲν at token 12. |
| 29 | ἀξιόκτητα | ἀξιόκτητος | ADJ | A-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 30 ἔχουσι | obj | high | Substantivized neuter plural adjective, object of ἔχουσι. |
| 30 | ἔχουσι | ἔχω | VERB | V3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 ἐστιν | conj | high | Coordinated finite predicate; subject is implicit Romans. |
| 31 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 30 ἔχουσι | cc | high | Coordinates the preceding νομίζουσι/παρῶπταί material with ἔχουσι. |
| 32 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | Pd-p--ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 29 ἀξιόκτητα | nmod | medium | Partitive genitive, ‘of these’; refers to the Celtic territories/things. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐστιν | punct | high |