Grammar parses for passage 10.1.3
Open translation for this passage
τὰ δὲ ἐπιφανέστατα Φωκεῦσίν ἐστιν ἐν κοινῷ·
The neuter plural substantivized superlative τὰ ἐπιφανέστατα is the subject of singular ἐστίν; Φωκεῦσιν is a dative participant and ἐν κοινῷ an adverbial phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 ἐπιφανέστατα | det | high | Neuter plural article with substantivized superlative. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἐπιφανέστατα | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐπιφανέστατα | ἐπιφανής | ADJ | A-NPN-S | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter plural superlative, subject of ἐστίν. |
| 4 | Φωκεῦσίν | Φωκεύς | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἐπιφανέστατα | iobj | medium | Dative plural of the ethnic name; likely ‘for/among the Phocians’. |
| 5 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular verb; plural neuter subject permits singular agreement. |
| 6 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 7 κοινῷ | case | high | Preposition governing κοινῷ. |
| 7 | κοινῷ | κοινός | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἐστιν | obl | high | Substantivized neuter dative with ἐν, ‘in common/publicly’. |
| 8 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐστιν | punct | high |
πολέμου γὰρ τοῦ πρὸς Ἰλίῳ μετεσχήκασι, καὶ Θεσσαλῶν ἐναντία ἐπολέμησαν πρότερον ἔτι ἢ ἐλάσαι τὸν Μῆδον ἐπὶ Ἕλληνας, ὅτε δὴ καὶ ἐπεδείξαντο οἱ Φωκεῖς ἔργα ἐς μνήμην.
The sentence coordinates μετεσχήκασι and ἐπολέμησαν, followed by an infinitival temporal comparison and a ὅτε-clause; the genitive Θεσσαλῶν with ἐναντία is an opposition/genitive construction.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | NOUN-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 μετεσχήκασι | obj | high | Genitive object of μετέχω. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | PART | _ | 6 μετεσχήκασι | discourse | high | |
| 3 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 Ἰλίῳ | det | high | |
| 4 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | PREP | _ | 5 Ἰλίῳ | case | high | |
| 5 | Ἰλίῳ | Ἴλιον | PROPN | PROPN-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 τοῦ | nmod | medium | Place-name in a prepositional phrase modifying τοῦ πολέμου. |
| 6 | μετεσχήκασι | μετέχω | VERB | V-RAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 μετεσχήκασι | punct | high | |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 ἐπολέμησαν | cc | high | |
| 9 | Θεσσαλῶν | Θεσσαλός | PROPN | PROPN-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἐπολέμησαν | obl | medium | Genitive of opposition/against, with ἐναντία. |
| 10 | ἐναντία | ἐναντίος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἐπολέμησαν | obj | high | Substantivized neuter plural, object of πολεμέω. |
| 11 | ἐπολέμησαν | πολεμέω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 6 μετεσχήκασι | conj | high | Aorist indicative; tense rendered as Past in UD features. |
| 12 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | ADV | _ | 11 ἐπολέμησαν | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative. |
| 13 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 12 πρότερον | advmod | high | |
| 14 | ἢ | ἤ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἐλάσαι | mark | high | Introduces the infinitival temporal comparison. |
| 15 | ἐλάσαι | ἐλαύνω | VERB | V-FAI | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 11 ἐπολέμησαν | advcl | medium | Infinitive in temporal construction with ἤ. |
| 16 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 Μῆδον | det | high | |
| 17 | Μῆδον | Μῆδος | PROPN | PROPN-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐλάσαι | obj | high | Subject/object ambiguity of the infinitive resolved as accusative subject of ἐλάσαι. |
| 18 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 19 Ἕλληνας | case | high | |
| 19 | Ἕλληνας | Ἕλλην | PROPN | PROPN-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐλάσαι | obl | high | Goal/target phrase with ἐπί. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἐπολέμησαν | punct | high | |
| 21 | ὅτε | ὅτε | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 ἐπεδείξαντο | mark | high | Temporal subordinator. |
| 22 | δὴ | δή | PART | PART | _ | 24 ἐπεδείξαντο | discourse | high | |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | PART | CONJ | _ | 24 ἐπεδείξαντο | advmod | high | Focusing/adverbial καί. |
| 24 | ἐπεδείξαντο | ἐπιδείκνυμι | VERB | V-AMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 11 ἐπολέμησαν | advcl | high | Temporal clause coordinated semantically with the preceding assertion. |
| 25 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 Φωκεῖς | det | high | |
| 26 | Φωκεῖς | Φωκεύς | PROPN | PROPN-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἐπεδείξαντο | nsubj | high | |
| 27 | ἔργα | ἔργον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 ἐπεδείξαντο | obj | high | |
| 28 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 29 μνήμην | case | high | |
| 29 | μνήμην | μνήμη | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἐπεδείξαντο | obl | high | Purpose/result phrase, ‘for remembrance’. |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 μετεσχήκασι | punct | high |
κατὰ γὰρ τὴν Ὑάμπολιν, ᾗ τοὺς Θεσσαλοὺς προσεδέχοντο ἐμβαλεῖν σφισιν ἐς τὴν χώραν, ὑδρίας κεράμου πεποιημένας κατορύξαντες καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτὰς γῆν ἐπιφορήσαντες ὑπέμενον τὴν ἵππον τῶν Θεσσαλῶν·
The relative clause with ᾗ is syntactically compressed: προσεδέχοντο governs the complementary infinitive ἐμβαλεῖν, while the two nominative aorist participles share the main-clause subject and describe the defensive preparation.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | AdpType=Prep | 4 Ὑάμπολιν | case | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 25 ὑπέμενον | discourse | high | |
| 3 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 Ὑάμπολιν | det | high | |
| 4 | Ὑάμπολιν | Ὑάμπολις | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ὑπέμενον | obl | high | Place-name governed by κατά. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 Ὑάμπολιν | punct | high | |
| 6 | ᾗ | ὅς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 9 προσεδέχοντο | obl | medium | Relative adverbial/dative reference to Ὑάμπολιν; locally introduces the accepted action. |
| 7 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 Θεσσαλοὺς | det | high | |
| 8 | Θεσσαλοὺς | Θεσσαλός | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἐμβαλεῖν | obj | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 9 | προσεδέχοντο | προσδέχομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 25 ὑπέμενον | acl:relcl | medium | Relative-clause predicate; governs the infinitive. |
| 10 | ἐμβαλεῖν | ἐμβάλλω | VERB | _ | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 9 προσεδέχοντο | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of προσδέχομαι. |
| 11 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 10 ἐμβαλεῖν | iobj | medium | Dative recipient/reference with ἐμβαλεῖν. |
| 12 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | AdpType=Prep | 14 χώραν | case | high | |
| 13 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 χώραν | det | high | |
| 14 | χώραν | χώρα | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἐμβαλεῖν | obl | high | |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ὑπέμενον | punct | high | |
| 16 | ὑδρίας | ὑδρία | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 πεποιημένας | obj | high | |
| 17 | κεράμου | κέραμος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ὑδρίας | nmod | high | Material genitive, ‘of pottery/clay’. |
| 18 | πεποιημένας | ποιέω | VERB | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 19 κατορύξαντες | obj | high | Perfect passive participle modifying ὑδρίας. |
| 19 | κατορύξαντες | κατορύσσω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 25 ὑπέμενον | advcl | high | Anterior participial action by the subject of ὑπέμενον. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 24 ἐπιφορήσαντες | cc | high | |
| 21 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | _ | AdpType=Prep | 23 γῆν | case | high | |
| 22 | αὐτὰς | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 23 γῆν | det | medium | Intensive/pronominal form used substantivally with the jars understood. |
| 23 | γῆν | γῆ | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἐπιφορήσαντες | obj | high | |
| 24 | ἐπιφορήσαντες | ἐπιφέρω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 25 ὑπέμενον | advcl | high | Coordinated with κατορύξαντες; subject shared with ὑπέμενον. |
| 25 | ὑπέμενον | ὑπομένω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 26 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 ἵππον | det | high | |
| 27 | ἵππον | ἵππος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ὑπέμενον | obj | high | Collective/cavalry sense, ‘the Thessalian cavalry’. |
| 28 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 Θεσσαλῶν | det | high | |
| 29 | Θεσσαλῶν | Θεσσαλός | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 ἵππον | nmod:poss | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 30 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ὑπέμενον | punct | high |
οἱ δέ, ἅτε οὐ προπεπυσμένοι τῶν Φωκέων τὴν τέχνην, ἐπελάσαντες τοὺς ἵππους λανθάνουσιν ἐπὶ τὰς ὑδρίας.
The sentence has a substantivized οἱ as subject; ἅτε marks the explanatory participle προπεπυσμένοι, while ἐπελάσαντες is a subsequent circumstantial participle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | D---NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 λανθάνουσιν | nsubj | high | Substantivized article, subject of λανθάνουσιν. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 1 οἱ | cc | high | |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | u-------- | _ | 15 λανθάνουσιν | punct | high | |
| 4 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 6 προπεπυσμένοι | mark | high | Introduces a causal/explanatory participial clause. |
| 5 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | T-------- | Polarity=Neg | 6 προπεπυσμένοι | advmod | high | |
| 6 | προπεπυσμένοι | προπυνθάνομαι | VERB | V-RMPNNM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 15 λανθάνουσιν | advcl | medium | Perfect middle participle, agreeing with οἱ; idiomatically ‘not having learned beforehand’. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | D---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 Φωκέων | det | high | |
| 8 | Φωκέων | Φωκεύς | PROPN | N---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 τέχνην | nmod | high | Genitive of reference/association with τὴν τέχνην. |
| 9 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | D---ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 τέχνην | det | high | |
| 10 | τέχνην | τέχνη | NOUN | N---ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 προπεπυσμένοι | obj | high | Object of προπεπυσμένοι. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | u-------- | _ | 15 λανθάνουσιν | punct | high | |
| 12 | ἐπελάσαντες | ἐπελαύνω | VERB | V-AAPNNM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 λανθάνουσιν | advcl | high | Aorist participle, subordinate to λανθάνουσιν. |
| 13 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | D---APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἵππους | det | high | |
| 14 | ἵππους | ἵππος | NOUN | N---APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐπελάσαντες | obj | high | Object of ἐπελάσαντες. |
| 15 | λανθάνουσιν | λανθάνω | VERB | V-PIA3P--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb; takes the destination phrase with ἐπί. |
| 16 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 ὑδρίας | case | high | With accusative, expresses motion toward. |
| 17 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | D---APF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 ὑδρίας | det | high | |
| 18 | ὑδρίας | ὑδρία | NOUN | N---APF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 λανθάνουσιν | obl | high | Accusative destination complement of ἐπί. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | u-------- | _ | 15 λανθάνουσιν | punct | high |
ἐνταῦθα ἀπεχωλοῦντο μὲν οἱ ἵπποι τῶν ποδῶν ἐσπιπτόντων σφίσιν ἐς τὰς ὑδρίας, ἐκτείνοντο δὲ καὶ ἀπέπιπτον οἱ ἄνδρες ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων.
The sentence has a μέν...δέ contrast: the horses are disabled while their feet fall into the water-jars, whereas the men stretch out and fall from the horses. The participial clause is a genitive absolute.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | Adverb | PronType=Dem | 2 ἀπεχωλοῦντο | advmod | high | |
| 2 | ἀπεχωλοῦντο | ἀποχωλόω | VERB | V- Impf Mid/Pass Ind 3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | First coordinated predicate; passive/middle in form, with οἱ ἵπποι as subject. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Particle | _ | 2 ἀπεχωλοῦντο | discourse | high | Correlative with δέ. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | Art Nom Masc Pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 ἵπποι | det | high | |
| 5 | ἵπποι | ἵππος | NOUN | N-Nom M Pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 2 ἀπεχωλοῦντο | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Art Gen Masc Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 ποδῶν | det | high | |
| 7 | ποδῶν | πούς | NOUN | N-Gen M Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἐσπιπτόντων | nsubj | high | Genitive subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 8 | ἐσπιπτόντων | ἐσπίπτω | VERB | V- Pres Act Part Gen M Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 2 ἀπεχωλοῦντο | advcl | high | Genitive absolute. |
| 9 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | Pron Dat 3Pl | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 8 ἐσπιπτόντων | iobj | medium | Refers to the horses; dative of affected recipient. |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | Prep Acc | _ | 12 ὑδρίας | case | high | |
| 11 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | Art Acc Fem Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 ὑδρίας | det | high | |
| 12 | ὑδρίας | ὑδρία | NOUN | N-Acc F Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 ἐσπιπτόντων | obl | high | |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 ἀπεχωλοῦντο | punct | high | |
| 14 | ἐκτείνοντο | ἐκτείνω | VERB | V- Impf Mid/Pass Ind 3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 2 ἀπεχωλοῦντο | conj | high | Second member of μέν...δέ coordination. |
| 15 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conjunction | _ | 14 ἐκτείνοντο | cc | high | Correlative counterpart to μέν. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conjunction | _ | 17 ἀπέπιπτον | cc | medium | Coordinates the following predicate with ἐκτείνοντο. |
| 17 | ἀπέπιπτον | ἀποπίπτω | VERB | V- Impf Act Ind 3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 14 ἐκτείνοντο | conj | high | Coordinated predicate, sharing οἱ ἄνδρες. |
| 18 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | Art Nom Masc Pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 19 ἄνδρες | det | high | |
| 19 | ἄνδρες | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-Nom M Pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἐκτείνοντο | nsubj | high | Subject shared by ἐκτείνοντο and ἀπέπιπτον. |
| 20 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | Prep Gen | _ | 22 ἵππων | case | high | |
| 21 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Art Gen Masc Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 22 ἵππων | det | high | |
| 22 | ἵππων | ἵππος | NOUN | N-Gen M Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 ἀπέπιπτον | obl | high | |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 ἀπεχωλοῦντο | punct | high |