Grammar parses for passage 10.13.1
Open translation for this passage
βίσωνος δὲ ταύρου τῶν Παιονικῶν χαλκοῦ πεποιημένην κεφαλὴν Δρωπίων Λέοντος ἔπεμψεν ἐς Δελφοὺς βασιλεὺς Παιόνων.
The syntax is somewhat loose: βασιλεὺς Παιόνων is treated as an additional nominative referring to the sender, while the object phrase contains stacked genitives modifying κεφαλήν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | βίσωνος | βίσων | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 κεφαλὴν | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent of κεφαλήν; form and syntax somewhat uncertain. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 11 ἔπεμψεν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ταύρου | ταῦρος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 βίσωνος | nmod | high | Genitive complement of βίσωνος. |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Παιονικῶν | det | high | Article with Παιονικῶν. |
| 5 | Παιονικῶν | Παιονικός | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ταύρου | amod | high | Attributive modifier in the genitive phrase. |
| 6 | χαλκοῦ | χαλκός | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 κεφαλὴν | nmod | high | Material genitive modifying κεφαλήν. |
| 7 | πεποιημένην | ποιέω | VERB | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 8 κεφαλὴν | amod | high | Perfect passive participle modifying κεφαλήν. |
| 8 | κεφαλὴν | κεφαλή | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἔπεμψεν | obj | high | Direct object of ἔπεμψεν. |
| 9 | Δρωπίων | Δρωπίων | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἔπεμψεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔπεμψεν. |
| 10 | Λέοντος | Λέων | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 Δρωπίων | nmod | medium | Likely patronymic/genitive dependent of Δρωπίων. |
| 11 | ἔπεμψεν | πέμπω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 12 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 13 Δελφοὺς | case | high | Preposition governing Δελφοὺς. |
| 13 | Δελφοὺς | Δελφοί | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἔπεμψεν | obl | high | Goal/endpoint of motion. |
| 14 | βασιλεὺς | βασιλεύς | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἔπεμψεν | nsubj | medium | Appositive or second nominative referring to the sender; syntax somewhat loose. |
| 15 | Παιόνων | Παίων | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 βασιλεὺς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of βασιλεὺς. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἔπεμψεν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
οὗτοι οἱ βίσωνες χαλεπώτατοι θηρίων εἰσὶν ἁλίσκεσθαι ζῶντες, καὶ δίκτυα οὐκ ἂν οὕτω γένοιτο ἰσχυρὰ ὡς ἀντισχεῖν τῇ ἐμβολῇ.
The clause after ὡς is difficult; ἀντισχεῖν τῇ ἐμβολῇ is treated as an infinitival complement/purpose-like clause modifying the degree expression on the second clause.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | P-D----N-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 3 βίσωνες | det | high | Demonstrative modifying βίσωνες. |
| 2 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 βίσωνες | det | high | Article with βίσωνες. |
| 3 | βίσωνες | βίσων | NOUN | N-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 εἰσὶν | nsubj | high | Subject of εἰσίν. |
| 4 | χαλεπώτατοι | χαλεπός | ADJ | A-P---MN-S | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 εἰσὶν | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective with copula; syntax somewhat compressed. |
| 5 | θηρίων | θηρίον | NOUN | N-P---GN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 χαλεπώτατοι | nmod | medium | Genitive of comparison depending on superlative. |
| 6 | εἰσὶν | εἰμί | VERB | V-3PPI-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main copular verb. |
| 7 | ἁλίσκεσθαι | ἁλίσκομαι | VERB | V--NPMN-- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 4 χαλεπώτατοι | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive with χαλεπώτατοι. |
| 8 | ζῶντες | ζάω | VERB | V-PAP-NM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 3 βίσωνες | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with βίσωνες. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 εἰσὶν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 γένοιτο | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 11 | δίκτυα | δίκτυον | NOUN | N-P---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 γένοιτο | nsubj | high | Subject of γένοιτο. |
| 12 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D------ | Polarity=Neg | 15 γένοιτο | advmod | high | Negative particle. |
| 13 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | T------- | Mood=Pot | 15 γένοιτο | advmod | high | Potential particle. |
| 14 | οὕτω | οὕτως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 15 γένοιτο | advmod | high | Adverb modifying γένοιτο. |
| 15 | γένοιτο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-3SAO-- | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second clause main verb. |
| 16 | ἰσχυρὰ | ἰσχυρός | ADJ | A-P---NA- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 δίκτυα | amod | high | Adjectival predicate/modifier of δίκτυα. |
| 17 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C--------- | _ | 18 ἀντισχεῖν | mark | high | Introduces purpose/result-like infinitival phrase. |
| 18 | ἀντισχεῖν | ἀντέχω | VERB | V--ANA--- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 16 ἰσχυρὰ | advcl | medium | Infinitival clause after ὡς; exact relation somewhat uncertain. |
| 19 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | RA-S---FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 ἐμβολῇ | det | high | Article with ἐμβολῇ. |
| 20 | ἐμβολῇ | ἐμβολή | NOUN | N-S---FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἀντισχεῖν | obl | high | Dative object/complement of ἀντισχεῖν. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 γένοιτο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
θηρεύονται δὲ οὗτοι τρόπον τοιόνδε.
Straightforward clause with a manner accusative modifying the verbal predicate.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | θηρεύονται | θηράω | VERB | V-PPM/P-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb, main predicate. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 1 θηρεύονται | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 1 θηρεύονται | nsubj | high | Demonstrative pronoun used substantively. |
| 4 | τρόπον | τρόπος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 θηρεύονται | obl | high | Accusative of manner. |
| 5 | τοιόνδε | τοῖος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 τρόπον | amod | medium | Deictic adjective agreeing with τρόπον; form lacks accent in input. |
| 6 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 θηρεύονται | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
ἐπειδὰν χωρίον οἱ ἀγρεύοντες πρανὲς εὕρωσι καθῆκον ἐς κοιλότητα, πρῶτα μὲν φράγματι ἰσχυρῷ πέριξ ὠχυρώσαντο, δεύτερον δὲ τὸ κάταντες καὶ τὸ περὶ τῷ πέρατι ὁμαλὸν αὐτοῦ νεοδάρτοις βύρσαις κατεστόρεσαν·
The sentence has a nested temporal protasis with an infinitive-like participial description and two coordinated main clauses marked by πρῶτα μὲν / δεύτερον δὲ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπειδὰν | ἐπειδάν | SCONJ | _ | _ | 6 εὕρωσι | mark | high | Introduces the temporal/provisional clause. |
| 2 | χωρίον | χωρίον | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 εὕρωσι | obj | medium | Likely object of εὕρωσι; syntax somewhat compressed. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 ἀγρεύοντες | det | high | Article with participle ἀγρεύοντες. |
| 4 | ἀγρεύοντες | ἀγρεύω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 6 εὕρωσι | nsubj | high | Subject of εὕρωσι. |
| 5 | πρανὲς | πρανής | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 2 χωρίον | amod | high | Attributive to χωρίον. |
| 6 | εὕρωσι | εὑρίσκω | VERB | _ | Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 16 ὠχυρώσαντο | advcl | high | Protasis verb governed by the main verb ὠχυρώσαντο. |
| 7 | καθῆκον | καθήκω | VERB | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 2 χωρίον | amod | medium | Participle agreeing with χωρίον; expressing 'sloping down'. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 9 κοιλότητα | case | high | Governed by κοιλότητα. |
| 9 | κοιλότητα | κοιλότης | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 καθῆκον | obl | medium | Directional complement with ἐς; attachment to καθῆκον is somewhat uncertain. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ὠχυρώσαντο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 11 | πρῶτα | πρῶτος | ADV | _ | _ | 16 ὠχυρώσαντο | advmod | high | Correlative marker in the first coordinate clause. |
| 12 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 11 πρῶτα | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 13 | φράγματι | φράγμα | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ὠχυρώσαντο | obl | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 14 | ἰσχυρῷ | ἰσχυρός | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 φράγματι | amod | high | Modifies φράγματι. |
| 15 | πέριξ | πέριξ | ADV | _ | _ | 16 ὠχυρώσαντο | advmod | high | Modifies ὠχυρώσαντο. |
| 16 | ὠχυρώσαντο | ὀχυρόω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first coordinated clause. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ὠχυρώσαντο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 18 | δεύτερον | δεύτερος | ADV | _ | _ | 31 κατεστόρεσαν | advmod | high | Correlative marker in second coordinate clause. |
| 19 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 18 δεύτερον | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 20 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 27 ὁμαλὸν | det | high | Article with κάταντες. |
| 21 | κάταντες | κάταντες | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 κατεστόρεσαν | obj | medium | Likely substantive adjective meaning 'the slope downward'. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 23 τὸ | cc | high | Coordinates the two objects. |
| 23 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 27 ὁμαλὸν | det | high | Article with ὁμαλόν. |
| 24 | περὶ | περί | ADP | _ | _ | 26 πέρατι | case | high | Introduces phrase modifying πέρατι. |
| 25 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 πέρατι | det | high | Article with πέρατι. |
| 26 | πέρατι | πέρας | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 ὁμαλὸν | obl | high | Complement in prepositional phrase περὶ τῷ πέρατι. |
| 27 | ὁμαλὸν | ὁμαλός | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 κάταντες | amod | medium | Attributive to κάταντες. |
| 28 | αὐτοῦ | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 27 ὁμαλὸν | nmod | medium | Possessive/genitive modifying ὁμαλόν or the phrase as a whole. |
| 29 | νεοδάρτοις | νεόδαρτος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 30 βύρσαις | amod | high | Modifies βύρσαις. |
| 30 | βύρσαις | βύρσα | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 31 κατεστόρεσαν | obl | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 31 | κατεστόρεσαν | καταστορέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 16 ὠχυρώσαντο | conj | high | Second coordinated main verb. |
| 32 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ὠχυρώσαντο | punct | high | Punctuation. |